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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The vndiQr desires to acknowledge his indebtedness 
the secretaries of the various Live Stock Assodations for infor- 
mation furnished, to the ovirners of sketches- previously made 
' and of animals sketched to provide the illustrations used, a(i4 
. to Mr. (!^rie8 P. Taylor of the University of MinneiioU for 
. valuable assistance in preparing many of the 8ket<mea and 
, otherwise assisting in the preparation of >he book. 





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To the students of the agricultural colleges and the growers 
of live stock in America, this work is most respectfully dedi- 
cated by The Author. 
University of Minnesota, igoo. 





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Titfe AUTHOR'S PREIVICE. 



nd the growers 
'spectfully dedi' 



i m ' In this book it has Hfeeri the aim of the author to 
discuss, in a manner at once brief and concise, all the' 
pedigreed breeds of cattle, sheep and swine at pres* 
ent existmg m America^ andilso the more important 
of the stib-brfeeds. It has been written in t^e hope 
that the student of the college and the farm will not 
be necessitated to travel the same toilsome road trod- 
den by the author when gathering the information 
which It contains. 

When the author was called to the chair of 
Animal Husbandry, no way mdrks relating to this 
study had been set up for the guidance of either 
teacher or student. No work had ever been written 
on the Study of breeds as such. The historical truths 
relating to the subject existed, but they were strewn 
about as though with the winds of centuries. No 
one had (|ealt in a systematic way with the character- 
istics of the breeds. No one had presumed to formu- 
late standards of excellence where they did not exist, 
nor had the standards in existence fdr the pure 
breeds been all collected and published in one volume. 
The leading truths relating to this great study ®had 
of course been discovered, but no^one had undertaken 
the woijfk of collecting and systematizing them so 
that they would be of ^sy access to the student or 
the farmer. To thus- gather and systemaitize these 
truths has been the airp of the author. 

It is expected that exception will be taken to 
some of the statements made, more especially with 

VM „ 








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PRBfACS. 



reference to animal form, to type within the breeds 
and to the comparisons drawn wiA reference to 
breed cfiarattcristics. It could not be otherwise 
when men differ so widely in regard to these ques- 
tions, and more especially where those differences of 
view rest upon a basis of self-interest, as they fre- 
quently do. The foremost dairymen are not yet 
agreed as to the exact furnishings of the flighi^st typ« 
of a dairy cow, nor can two judges of beef cattle be 
found whb are likely to work for one hour together 
in the show-ring without differing in their opinions* 
It is expected, therefore, that criticisms will be mad* 
in the spirit of candor and fairness in which th€ 
author has tried to discuss the whole question. 

It is also believed that some of the comparisoni 
drawn will not hold good some years hen^, owing 
to the modifications in form and adaptation that wm 
be made with some ol the breeds. It is not nece*:- 
sary, however, to attempt to forecast these changei. 
Posterity may be safely trusted to deal with them 
when they arise. ''^; ,Vt^ 

Students of the agricultural coQc^i^ and of the 
farms, and breeders of America, this is your bode. 
May it prove to you the stepping stone to higher 
things in this great industry. 
Uniwrsity.Expmimnt Farm, 

St. Anthony Park, Minn., jffod. 





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leef cattle be 
our together 
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estion. 

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ion that WfU 
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ese changes. 
I with tliem 

s and of the 
; your bode. 
te to higher 






"Si 



^ : TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Lktuu No, I. ^ 

Or^in gf tlie l>otnestiaited Races of Cattle . . , i 

Lktum Na a. 
Origin of the British Breeds of Cattle. .• . ^ . .^ 4 

Lacruiis Na 3. - 

Qassifi<£ati<ni of Cattle . . . . . . . 7 

Licnnui Na 4. * 

Indicationa of Correct Forth Conunoivto the Beef Breeds 10 

Lktuu No. 5. 
Indications of Correct Form and Function Conunon to 

the Dairy Breeds . , ^ 

Lccrulut No. 6. ' 
Indications of Correct Form and Function in DuiJ- 

Purpose Cattle . . ^. . . , . . 19 

THE BEEF BREEDS. 

LacTuu Na.7. 

Shorthorn Cattle— Their Origin and History . . * 23 

Ijicnna No. 8. 
Shorthorns—Their Distribution in Other Cbnntries , ^ 

Licnna Na 9^ 
%orthoms— Their Leading Characteristics .^^ . 31 

LscnnUE Na la Mp' 

Shbrthom»— Thdr Principal Points . . ^ ?. .34 

LiCTOU No. 11. 
Hereford Catde^Their Origin and History . , . 37 

LicTim No. la. . 
Hereford Cattle— Their Leading Characteristics . . 43 

; £«cnntB No, 13. 
Hereford Cattle— l^r Principal Points . . .46 

ix 



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TABLE OF COMTSNM.. 



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■.::-'. •"-'■ "' ■ Lwmnut No. 14 ; ■ »'.-:,»»Aoa ^ 

A&cfdeeB'Angttt Cattle— Their Origin and Hiitory . 49 

LMcrvntt No. 15. 
Aberdeen-Angus Cattle— Their Leading;. Characteristic* . i$ 

• LacrtmNo. f&. ° ' f 

Aberdeen- Angus CSttle— Theit Sundard Pointt . 

-. LicTunNai7., ' • _ 

Galloway Cattle— Their Origin an* History . , 63 

Licivat }fo. 18. " .^ i ' . 

Galloway Cattle— Their Leading Characteristics ,. • ^ 

LacTuu No. i9u . '^ 

Galloway Cattle— Their Stuidard Ppints -. 

I Lkctvkk No: 30. 
Stissex Cattle— Their Origin and History, Character 

istics and Principal Points . r . . '. . fi 

* LEctuM No. ai. 



70 



; 



West Hiifhland Cattle— Their Origin and History, Char- 
acteristics^ and Principal Points . . ... 



•fi ' 



DAIRY , BREEDS. 
LBcruKK No. su. ' ' ' ■' 
Holstein-Friesian' Cattle— Their Origin and History 8s 

' ' - \ Lkctubb No. i3. * 

Hdstein-Friesiah Cattle— Their Leading Characteristics 89 

■» LBcnmNo. 24. * 

Hplstein-Friesian Cattle— Their Standard Points . -.92 ^ 

.' ■ Lnmnut No. aj- ._ ' . ' -jM 

Dutch Belted''Cattle-2^Thdr' Origin and History, Charac- * 

; ten^tics and Standard Points - . . '95 

■'- ■ ■ Lkctuwi.No. 36. 
Ayrshire Oittle^Their Origin and Histqry . . ' . loi , 

." ' ^ ^^ lacrowt Na 37. , ' <> '■■{S^" 

AyrrflJre Cattle— Thdt Leading Characteristics -. .106 
• : . LECTtniE No. aS. . . ..-^ 

Ayrshire Cattle—Their Standard Points .... 109 ^^ 



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Charac 




TAMUI OF C0NTKNT8. 



XI 



Go«m.^ datUe^Thdr Origin and riltory ...i;^ '*"* • 

\» ^, LicrBaE No. 3a '^'-W , 

GueniieyCau.~TIieirLi«ding£haracteri^tk3l \ \ j,6 
^ - ' ' '• LwrimiNaji. . 

S Giienney Cattl^-Their 'Standard Point! ^^- „o 

- Lectubk Na '3a. '^i 
JeVaey atU^Jheif^Prii^nd History .' . . ^ i . ^,^ 

: ' ' LicTUMNa33. / > - 

;jeri«qrCaltle-Thdr Leading iCharacteriatica . . ' , i^ 
, Lacnnw Na m.^^ 

J*r«eyCattle~Thelr. Standard Points^ \ , . ijo ' 

. ' LiCTUat No. 35. ' ^ 

French Canadian Cattle-Their Origin ahd History . 

, Characteristica and Standard Point! . °^' „, 

- • Ekctww No, 36. 

, ''•'Sd PrfcSrPo?n1r •"" "'■*°^' Ch.ra«"i.tic 

THE DUAL-PURPOSE ^BREEDS, >, 

« Lecture Na 37, - » 

''**''^2!!S!l^^*S*r-Th«i'- Origin and History, Chlr- 

»^*tict and Principal Points . . . . .^i^ 

X Lectukk Na 3& -^ .• , 

. . LicTuu No. 39i ' - _^ 

Red Polled Cattle—Their Origin and History, Charac- • 
tenstics and Standard Points . ''/-"^'^ ^^ 

^ LecnnaNa 4a 

. Devon Cattle-Th^ Origin and History ./ . , .,163 ' 
. LpTOM Na 41, 

Devon Cattle— Their Leading Characteristiila / . : 1^ 

l*ann» Na 4a. :^^ 

^IJeyon Cattle-Their Standard Points . ' . ' . . t*, 



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TABLE OF CONTENTS, 



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SHEBP. 
--■ LiCTinB Na t. . 
Sheep— l^r Introduction Into Antprica . . 

IjctokeNo. a. 
Sheep— Their Invrovement and aasstfication . 

Lacruu Na 3. 
Sheep— Leading Essentials as to Form and Wool 



THE MNE WOOLED BREEDS. 

Lectdkb Na 4. 

The American Merino— Origin and History, Character- 
istks ^nd Principal Points . . . . • • 

Ijfcmss. No. s. 

Delaine Merino-rOri^ and History, Characteristics 
and Standard Points ' . ..... 

LacTtna No. d. 

Rambouillets— Origin and History, Characteristics and 
Principal Points .... 



.> 



THE MEDIUM WOOLED BREEDS. 

LzcnntB No. 7. 

Southdown Sheep— Origin and History, Characteristics 
and Prin6ipiu 'Points . . 

Licnjsx No. 8. 

Tunis Sheets—Their Origin and History, Characteristics 
and St»idard Points . . . 

I«icruu No. 9. 

« Dorset Horn Sheep— Ori^ and History, Characteristics 
and Princiinl Points ... . . . . 

jMcrvm Na 10. 

Shropshire Sheep—Their Origin and History, Charac- 
teristics and Principal Points . . . . . 

IJEcnnqe Na 11. 

Cheviot 9»tf>— Orifl^ and Hi8tory,'>Characteristics'and 
Princi^af Points . . ; . . . . 



183 



193 



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311 



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7AlttJi OF CONTENTS. 



, . . . 173 


ion • • • 


W 


Wool . . 


ito, 


lEDS. 


1 


J, Character-: 


»83 


luractenstics 




.... 


19a 


eteristics and 


198 



fREEDS. 



Suracteristics . 

. 306 



SiaracterisMcs 



. 311 



3uracterisdcs 



tory, Charac- 



>etMistics'aiid 



217 



m 



LectvkeNo. la. 
Suffolk Down Sheep— Origin and History, Oiarae^erk- 
p ttd$ and Standard Pointo .... 337 

LbciuieNo, 13. 

Hlnpshire Down Shw— Origin and Hittoiy, Charac- 
teristics and Standard Points . . . . 243 

LacTunNo. 14.. 

Oxford Downs— Origin and History, Characteristik^ and 

Standard Points ... 249 



THE LOm WOOLED BREEDS. ' 

LacTUM No. %S, (Bl 

teicester Sheep— Origin and History, CharacterisSlT 

and Principal Poii^s . . -.a. 



tsctxnm No. t6.' , 

Lincoln Sheim— Origin and History, Characteristics and 
ard Poll 



Standard Points 



Lectokk Na 17. 



Cotswdd Sheep- Origin . and History, Characteristics 



and Standar-i Points . 



257 

271 

260 
a83 



231 



SWINE. 
LEcnna Na i. 
Swine— Origin of the Domesticated Races 

LscnnuE Na 2. 
Swine— Their Improvement and OaisiiicatiiHi . ^ . 

iJBcnnat No. 3. ^ 
iSwine— Leading Essentials as to Form . 

THE LARGE BREEDS. 

Lxcnni No 4. . 

Chester-- Whites-Origin and History, Characteristicss 
and PrmcaMd I^mts - . . iBf 

e o LwaruiB Na 5. 

ttie Inqtroved Large Yorkshires— Origin and Histoiy, 

Characteristics ai^ Standard Points . . . .295 



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TABL^ OF CONTENTS. 
LaCTvu No. d 



PAoa. 



Tamwo^hs— Oriffia and History, Characteristics and 

Principal Pointe . , . . . ,301 



THE MEDIUM BREEDS. 

Lecxuke No. 7.. 

The Bencshires— Origin and History, Characteristics 

and Standard Pointo . . . . . . .307 

Lecture No. & , 

Pduid-Chinas— Origin and History, Characteristics and 

Standard Points • . . 313 

Lecture No. 9. 

The Victorias— Origin and Hbtory, Characteristics and 
Standard Points . . . v , . <■ . 

IXCTvaa Np. 10. 

The Puroc- Jersey— Origin and History, Characteristics 
and Standard Points . 

Lectvsb Na 11. 

The Cheshirer— Origin and History, Characteristics an<l 
Standard Points . . 



331 



337 



333 



thb small breeds. 

Lecture No. la. 

The Improved Suffollc*— Their Origin and History, 
Characteristics and Principal Points . . . . , 

Lecture No. 13. 

Improved Ess«x Swine— Origin and History. Character- 
istics and Standard Points . . . , 

LcCTtnuE No. 14. 
Sm^l Yoricshire Swine— Origin and History, Character- 



339 



343 



istlcs and Standard Points • 349 




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307 




LIST OF I LLUSTRATIONS 



Prf>HHiHee*^^ ^ Shade of the Elms." 



V 



no. 



istics and 




I. 
a. 


• • . • 


313 


4. 


istics and 


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11. 

13. 


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13. 
14. 


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CATTLE. 

„ Shorthorn Bull . ^ * ' " l! 

Shorthorn Cow . "^ * * ' »♦ 

"„ Hereford Bull f ^ 

J Hereford Cow * " . * • 38 , 

" ^^'■deen-Angus Bull .* ." i " * * f! 

.. Aberdeen-Angus Cow . . ' " "f^ 

Galloway Bull * • • - • 53 

Galloway Cow ." ' • • ,*» 

" S""« Cattle, Group of . " " " ,' 

„ West Highland Heifer . ' " ' U 

. » go stein Bull. ... --' ' - ^ 

Holstem Cow . . ' B 

Dutch Belted Cow .' \ ' ' ' ^ 

Ayrshire Bull . " ■ • -96 

Ayrshire Cow . ' " ' " • ^*» 

Guernsey Bull ' " " • • 105 

Guemsev Cow . ." ' " * ' J" 

Jersey Bull . . • • < h$ 

Jersey Cow . '^^ 

French Canadian Cow .' .* * * * "f 

, Kerry Cow . . ' • • ^ • '34 

:: Polled Durham Cow ! i ' ' * !j° 

Brown Swiss Cow . ' .' ^ 

;; Red Poll Cow • • • '50 

Devon Cow . *S7 

.164 



SHEEP. 
V- Tiyjcal AmeHcan Merino Ewe 
« Delaine Merino Ewe 
^, Rambouillet Ewe , 
i< Southdown Ewe , 

Dorset Ewe . 

XV 



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• 199 

. 205 

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i wHW i m w . Ml n lW i »( r y^l M ,A i .i^ ft m 

-S. \ 



'i 



rABM. 

; m 

. 244 

. a$o 

. 256 

. 264 



m 

308 
314 

3aa 
336 



344 
3S0 



3S6 
357 



■is? 



PARTI 

BREEliS OF CATTLE 



LECTURE NO. i. 



diXGIN i)F TriE DOMESTICATED ttACES OF CATTLE. 

I. Reliable inforniatlon iregstrding the dJflfer- 
«it races of cattle is very meager until we reSich the 
seventeenth Centary, owing 

^-! (') To the vety partial references made to them by his- 
totiana before that time, and 

^ (a) To the imperfect nature of the sketches nude by 
Kttsts, so far as these have been handed down to us. 

II. It is noteworthy that the first shepherd and 
the first farmer were cotemporaneous. 

fc^*^ ^'^'"i*!*? •«fPm« of live stock and grain growing 
SSJ2" ?*"\™ •>a?«'. tl»n>«|* «ll the centuries wherever 
■CRCultuK has been distinctive^ progrcisive. 

♦-s..*^*^ V^ exceptions are momitainons and infertile dis- 

"**•• «nd those with a great abundance^ of fertility/ 

*^H . com^arativdy unimproved condition of the live 

!S'!?^*** " *°"^y *'** weakest point in American 
sgpraet ^re. 

III. The term cattle is applied to tfie various 
races of domesticated animals belonging to the genus 
Bos— tht ox. «, 

*« IJ} i* ^'°^ i° *^i dm Mammalia, the order Rnmrnm- 
«u^ 5 • 'y ^"^^jwd comprises two primary g^ups, 
tw; TiMi Bt» tmdtau and Bos Hm%s. 

i.«-ifii ""^i «"N!W>«s, «<M indicm, inclttdes the zebus or 
aISSu *^ n«m«ottdy found in soma parts of Asia and 

^ t 



\ 



mmimmm 



i-tftilnMi, 



» ... .' ^ I • 



^ 






* » 



A' 



yrHE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(3) The other sub-genus, Bos laurus, includes all cattle in 
which the hump is absent, whether domesticated or otherwise. ' 

IV. From the testimony of the rocks, we know 
that the ox existed in northern Europe prior to the 
glacial period. 

• (1) Whether the species then existing were the ancestors 'j^- 
of . the breeds of the present time can never certainly be 
known, but 

(2) It is more probable that the present types are the • 
descendants of cattle brou|;ht by the various migrations of 
the human family as they journeyed westward. 

V. Cattle did hot exist in America prior to its 
discovery by Europeans. ' 

(i> The bovine races in America are all descended frcfn ^ 
the cattle of Europe. 

(2) With but few exceptions they have b«en furnished 
by Great Britain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Spain. 

VI. • It is generally supposed that the domes- 
ticated cattle of Europe, including those of Great 
Britiain, have been derived from at least tw? distinct 
species/ pamely the Bps primigeniui or Bos urus, 
and the Bos longifrdns. 

(i) The Bos urns were of extraordinary i)ize, strength 
and swiftness, and were withal very fierce. . ^, 

(2) The Bos longifrons viert small in size, short in body • 
and had fine, deer-like limbs. 

■ (3) Other fossil specimens, formerly classified as Bot 
ftoHtosHs and Bos trochocerus, have more recendy been 
identified as ^belongini; to one or the other of the afore- 
mentioned species. ^ 

VII. There is much difference of opinipn as 
to whether the domesticated cattle of Euixjpc and 
America are descended froni the Bos urus,. or the 
Bos longifrons, or from a blending of the two 
species. 

(i) Some regard them as the degenerate offspring of the 
former. 

(a) Others regard them as the improved offipriiig of die" 
latter, and 



des all cattle in 
d or otherwise. 

:ks, we know 
prior to the 

e the ancestors / 
ir certainly be ' 

types are the 
migrations of 
I. 

a prior to its 

lescended frofn y 

been furnished 
and Spain. 

t the domes- 

)se of Great 

tW9 distinct 

►r Bos wrus, 

!^ze, strength 

, short in body 

issified as Bos 

recently been 

r of the afote- 

f opinion as 
Euixjpe and S 
urus,.ot the 
of the two 



"•' ''' " I ' r'!""';J ' iM."in ' ." '' ■" U t ill m i l y» .. 



HOMESTICATED RACES OF CATTLE. i 

thesi^^ ^** *^''*" "**'■'' *"" " *« «»«'* '«>ni crossing 

bLTrfvS f "8^'«-Sa^°" ?Peaking countries have 

r,^ m !? ^'■°™ ^'■*^* S"t«'n' because 
breejJioMheSr"*„d*™*^ *"*> »"P*^^ ««"«'<^ of the 

-« cSrSt^&r whLrS! °' ^".P«>Pt for stock keepng 
i^ theS *""* *"" colonists have carried JoiJ 

.,■■'■ . . ' /*' ■■ :• 

SilfJ^ ^^?T^ °^ *^* °'^«'' countries of the' 
Eastern world the catUe are probably descend^ 

STeS! ^"'''*'^ ^°'"^ ^"^ *^^^ beyond^thTchri^ 
;ii2i2Sp/^"^r^^'*' '^'»* ««'-"''"«' »•>•«« 

(a) This is more particularly true of pastoral countries. 

\^^'' ^^'■^."na'ded can in suifeEle localities 
Siw^rl f'^'" standard of excellence through ' 
ttJ^WStM govern natural selection, but she can- 
not improve upon these. Ijence ' "'s"ecan 

' ■ S h°d<S?n^Ti?«!!r?^*° effect improvement, but 



■ <.-^ 






/ . 




Q. 



offspring of the 
tffipring of the 



f- 



"TW^f 



?^ 



-v'-m'^ 



/< 



LECTURE NO. a. 



r' 



. OUGIM OF THE BRITISH BREEDS OF CATTLE. 

I. The precise origin of the British breeds of 

cattle will prol»bly never Be fnlly known. 

(t) Fossiliferous remains fMrove thut at least •ome of tbe 
present types of cattle have been long in the land. 

(2) Some are of the opinion that they came oriffuutlly 
from the continent, when the bed of the English Caannd 
was dry. ^r - ^ 

(3) Some regard them aa the congdomerate produce of . 
two or more distinctly different species of the genus Bos. 

(4) Others rqpird them aa the differentiated offahoota of 
one great parent stem. 

II. It is not impossible, nor can it be said to 
, be improbable, that the many and varied breeds of 

cattle now found in Great Britairi came from the 
one parent stem, the aboriginal cattle of the country. 

(i) Great variations would be induced by locality, and ' 
conditions belonging to the same. 

(2) These variations would relate to sndi properties at 
production, size, color, form, flesh, milk and matarity. 

(3) They -would be increased by fusion with o^er races 
.of cattle brought into the country throas^ tiie succeauve 
invasions of the Saxons, the Danes and the Normans. 

(4) They would be further inteiisified by some public wadi 
private importations from the continent, in the later centilri^ " 

III. The principal agencies in prodtKting evo- 
lution or variation of race and type in cattle are 
inter-breeding (M- crowing, climate, food, habit Jwd 
treatment. 

(1) Inter-breeding or crossing is one of i}ie m<Mt potent 
agents in producing variation, especially as to form. 

(3) aimate affects color, die nature of Uw oMt, devdof- 
ment and matarity. 

4 





' " ' V , 



\ 



- M l llii .u iiii i n .», 



CATTLE. 

ish breeds of 

m. 

Mt «ome of tbe 

uid. 

came orisiiwUy 

aglish .Channel 

■ate produce ol 

l^ns Bos. 

ted offtiMOts of 

it ht said to 
led breeds of 
me from the 
rthe eouiitry. 
»7 locality, and 

ii propertiet at 
natttrity. 
rith otfwr races 
the succenive 
Dttnaos. 

nme pnbtic and 
I later centttrfts^ ' 

-odudng evp- 
in cattle are 
od, habit and 

the nxMt potent 

> form. 

le co«t, devdop- 



BRITISH 9RBBD8 OF CATTLB. 5 

fl..K^^i/*i**^.f'**^. J'*^'°P"^* l*** of Ae frame and 
fle»h, and also the milking qualiticfl. ^^ 

)*l IJ*K* *ffect« institution aiid transmission, 
-...ul^' if^'"?"i ^^*^^ constitution and perfomumce. and 
qualiifes all the mfluences indicated above. ^ ^™^ 

. J^' ^ The great improvement in the many 
breeds, of cattle found in Great Britain has been 
brought about through the molding influences of 
man, operatmg in the line of natural laws, 
i-j-^-"^ ^*'*^ influences are: Qireful selection in breeding 

^^ / V ^SJf"*°" *"^ *"** management generally. 
mmA )^LIr^ ^T been aided by a favorable and varied soil 
£i^i^^""*-^ the fusion of diflFerent brMs and typ«L 
••^/P?*?S?»*"« intensified peculiarities. ^*^ 

^JM ZS!.*!?**" ^' *•*' *"'*»*' P««P'«. *"«»« in part out 
^ thdr necessities, have conduced to the sat^ ^d. *^^ 

V. The aboriginal cattle of Great Britain are 
protoWy T^prwented in the Kyloes of Scotland and 
tfie Black cattle of Wales, with little or no admix- 
ture of other blood, and in purest form in the wUd 
white cattle still found in certain parks. 

somii* S*;-*fl5^[!!f*" ^^I^ characterize these arise from 

*i ^}' .'^« <**«^ o^ the herds of Wild white cat- 
fle still existing m Great Britain are found in Chil- 

fo^* ' ^^^^ ^' ^^^^ *"** Chadzow 
«*.m ^kPI"'*^?"'/!'*' '« *''^*« *>* « few of the bulls 

srtip"su^'ir!Sr<^^twr ''"'^ »d o«e-thi.d ouS: 
(3> S: JTr'orur^s^tfsisij''*^ '^^ "^ *•«- 







ift 



/ 






HiP 



v^: 



T- ' 



InTBB STUDY or BRBEDti 






Vti Th* many 1»r««a» of etttfe In Grorf 
Britain have been classified as Long-homed, Middle- 
homed, Short-homed and Polled. 

(i) The Long-horned varieties represented In thi-Lbflf* 
horns, prominent in "the closing half of the last century, are 
protmbly waning ih poputaritv. . „. . ^ .. 

(a) The Middle-homed breeds iActude the Herefords, th« 
Sussex, the Devons, thj West Highland and the Ayrshires. 

(3) The Short-horned breeds include the Ehirham, -more 
frequently called Shorthorn, the Jersey, the Guehisey And 
the Kerry. • . . .« , , 

(4) The Polled, or hornless breeds, which are an artificial 
variety, include the Aberdeen-Angus Polls, the Galloways and 
the Red Polls. , 

VIII. All the breeds nained under Note VlO^ 
are more or less represented in the United Stat<^ 
and Canacb, and in addition the following : " ■ 

(i) The Holsteins and Dutch Behed breeds from tlw 
Netherlands, the Brpwn Swiss from Switzerland, the Cin*** 
dian cow - of French origin and the TexMiii M Spaniel ' 
^.ancestry. « 

(2) The Texans, numerous on southern rangea, are small 
In si^e and long of horn, and they ar^ kept pure as are th<^ 
other breeds, but are ndt n^stered. 




J*. 



f 



I 



ittle in Great 
imed, Middle- 

ed !n fh«>L6tiff* 
last century, are 

« Herefords, th« 
he 'Ayrshire*, 
e Durham, -more 
e Guernsey And 

li are an artifidat 
le Galloways and 

der Note V^ 
United States 
wing : 

breeds from the 
riand, the Cana- 
xank M Spanish 

rangesi, are small 
: pure as are th<( 



. su 



^^'^'VK ' ^y 



•■»v 



p 



• . r 

LECTURE NO. 3. ^ 

; i CLASSIFICATION OF CATTLE. 

" x» -. -• . > 

jX The formal classification of- cattle on the 
basis of utility 4oes not appear to have been 
•attempted by thoscjivho have written on bovine hus^ 
bendry, owing probably 

,..(*) To the difficulties attending such classification, 
«nsmg from 

(2) Variations in perfbrmanee <><owlnil out of variatiohi^ 
In environment and treatment, sand from the different end*-- 
•for which cattle of the same breed are kept, hence 
^ (3) No dusificatibn can be adopted at th« Itresent time 
that is likely whdlyto escape criticism. 

II. The classificatioff of ' cattle, 'and^'indeed of 
lall domestic animals, cannot longer Ije deferred, 
owing 



(t) To the necessity foivsuch classification. 
(a) In the systematic teach 



our public institutions, and , 



ling t>f live stock husbandry in 



(^l In^ presenting unfair competition in public showrings 



C») The general adoption of suitably prepared standanli^ 

the wjprk of dassi-^ 



, , „ — — , _. __..ably 

of excellence will more and more simplify 
^cation; but 

(3} No dassiiication can be submitted that; may not 
require modification sjometime in the future. ', 

til. Cmt m the United Sl^s and Canada 
may be classified ai pure bred, common and "scrub" 
or tiniinproved. - 

■ (1) Pure breda are those which hive been bred witheot 
^dinixtttre of alien blood, and whose lineage is kept in ynitable 
public -records. , ^ , 

(a^ They possess marked adaptation to certain conditionB . 
ot^vR-mment, and ,. - . 

' ■ 6&^) ^e males' are capable of effecting a marked improve-, 
ment in tlfc offspring ^f comihon and uniniproved cattle when 
dtossed upon these. " , 

7 



: ■( 



f. 




i 



^ 



t 



V 



«iiiwi.«iiWmiifcgBi 



^ 



▼ 



/ % 



m 



^ 






• ITBB StUDY OF BRESn, 

<«) Common cattle u-e ilpw of mixed breeding, «nd o| 
•hat may be ttrmed average MNIopment 

(a) Their blood elementa may and do vary exceedingly, 
bat tliev are oaually pouesaed of lome pure blood. 

(b) For varioua i^aaona their numbert are likely to con- 
tinue to predominate'. 

(3). Scrub cattle lire tho«e of inferior individuality. 

(a) Ihrng have not been in^roved by up-grading or cross- 
ing, and ' 

(b) They are uaually inferior in form wd low in 
performance. ' , 

IV. The pure breeds of cattle in the United 
States and Canada may be dassificd as beef, dairy 
and dual-purpose. 

(i) Beef cattle are Uioae whidi are chiefly valuable for 
producing heel 
- (a) iHlnr < 
produdng milk. 



6^ 1 



cattle are tfaoM which ar« chiefly valuable' for 

imr milk 

(3) Dual-purjkose cattle are thote i^ich are capable in a 



bit .dqp-ee of producing both meat and nfilk. 

V. Adaptation in the beef breeds, 
(i) They Anav&A 



and oa^ 



uaaalty be kept on the ranges 
latge' arable ikrms where it MLiK practioMe to milk them. 

(a) They sudde; their ^ P * ** cv to 'the weaning period 
ruid Cben go dry. "Z' ■, 

VI. Adaptation in the- dairy greeds. 

(i) They should be kept bjr didfymen wlw aJre chiefly 
cmieenied in dairy prodncti^Hi. 

(a) The calves not wanted for breeding should be- tent 
to tlw uodk at a- comparatively .early agl^ as 

(3) The dairy form beoomea more pronounced with 
advancing oMturity. and die rdntive meat value corre^pood- 
ing^ decliaes. ' ,^ 



VIL Adaptatidn in the dual-purpose httt^ 



fanner te 
(a) • 
reared Iqr hand. 

Vin. The 




(l) Thty should be kept on th« arable farm 
ler te seenns a return in batii m^ and dairy 
(a) They «bould invariii||||<>be milked and 




following enumeraticHf 
breeds in America which t«lon^ to thwe* re^)ective 
classes, is Subfoitted as being approximately correct: 




r ja trt i rri--'" I " "• "'' -*■"' 



Guemi 
BfDwn 

1 

(I 
nndtf 



attentu 
milldn^ 

in the 
would 

the\^c 
(.6] 
Cradea 



/ » 



^ 



•^|." 



^.;r 



■espective 
rcoxTtct: 



Brown Swi 








FV,'f"||' >'""• 



.■^-. CLASSIflCATION OF CATTLE. 

^0 B«ef breed*: Shorthorn. Hereford. Aberdeen- Anguil 
I, Gallowar, Sutiex and Wert Highl«n<|, ^ 



t 



Aijrrtbire, 



(a) Dairy breedi: Holttein. Dutch Behed, 
Guerniey^JerMr.^Pr^h Canadian and Kerry. 

br«e^: Shorthqrn, Foiled Durham, 
and Devon, ;«> 



•ns. 



, ,- -. r *"« to place all the breeds ennmerated 

^imMit order of relative sjze, beginning with the 

, ^P'- average of >ue in some, of the breeds ia not 

Jerent. •< ■• "^ • v. ' 

^i) The classification of Shorthorns aa Vbtt and alMas 

Mrpose fa based ^oh the large uie that has been made 

"J*™ •* beef and dnal-purpose cattle. 

MttJ^VUL^u ^'^' ■'* ^*^ similar, but more 

^Sl^qmrnS' '^*" *® the develppmentfof their 

l« riiro!^"©^ P™'*?'*'!* ■? ■onww'uit more pronounced 

^^06) Dual^MM cattle are numerously found among 

iCJ^^uL^'^'}" Wood *•*!"*"*»• •>"* more e^ecially among 
UKMc distinctive!]! of Sbocthom lineage. ■»'~-"/ "niuiig 






'I 



.^<* 



,^' 










1 



■a 









:^ 






%i 



n fW Hi i fl f ij . 






%;>. 



y^ 



. *■ 



LECTURE NO. 4. 



INDICATIONS OF CORRECT FORliif COMMON TO THE 
BEEF BREEDS. 



I, All the beef breeds have certain features of v 

form which they possess more or less in common. . ^ 

, (i) These may be considered essential to good beef u 
production. /f 

(2) The differences between them relate more to size an* * c 
to breed peculiarities than to essential features of form. ^ ^ 

II. The more essential indications, important' 
perhaps in the order named, are : 

(i) A compact form, that is, One wide and de^ 
throughout and but moderately long in the coupling. ; 

(it) A good back, that is, one wide from neck to t^, 'wtSit 
fleshed and ^raight. ' -' 

(3) A good front quarter, that is, one wide, deep and full. 

(4) A good hind quarter, that is, one long, wide and deep. 

(5) Gkrad handling ijualities, as indicated in soft and 
elastic flesh and pliant skin. 



■% 



Indications of correct form given in 



« 



in. 

detail. 

(i) Site— The size should be medium to lai^ for the 
breed and the bone medium. 

(a) General OutUne — ^The body should resemble a i»rT 
allelogram in shape and should bexiequally and ttnootMy 
deveicmed Aroug^ut 

(3) Hmtdj— The h&kd should be medium in size, inclining 
to short noher thai) to' long, dam cut, broad between the 
eyes, only moderately dished, and level across the t<q>, |ave in 
tne polled breeds. 

Xa) Nose, m6derately fine, neither diidied nor Roman and 
of medium length. 
' 0) Muzzle, broad, full, distinct and dewy. 

(ri Nostras, large. 

(8) &y4», large, full, clear and calm. 

(e) nAna, absent or varying according^ to breed, not 
coarse and set on a level with the withers, i»dt and tailttead. 

IQ 



mmmmmmm 



r .' 



:0N TO THE 

1 features of 
I common; 
to good beef , 

ore to siie an* '' \. 
of form. ^ > 

s, important' 



ide and de^ 

iHng. 

M:k to t^, %eil; 

, deep and fall, 
wide and deep, 
d in soft and 



m given in 

) large for the 

esemble a parr 
and 1(moothly 

a size, inclining 
td between the 
tiw top, |ave in 

lor Roman aiid 

r- 



to breed, not 
k and tdlbead. 



BKEF BREEDS. 



tx 



ff) Ears, medium in size, broad rather than long, not over 
stasitive nor yet sluggish, and well covered with hair, bat 
varying somewhat in toe different breeds. 

(4) A^«*'— Medium to short, longer in the female and 
alto finer. 

(a) K should not be coarse at the junctipn with the head, 
■ and 

(b) It should gradually deepen and widen toward the 
neck vera so as to blend insensibly into the shoulder. 

(5) Back —Wide from the base of the Jieck to the tail- 
head, well covered with flesh, especially oa Mr loin, straight 
and level. 7^ ^ , 

(6) Forequarters —Vfidt, deep a^d Ml and about 
equally developed with the hindquarters. 

- (o) Wither^ wide and level. 

„ W ShooMirs, well devdoped, laid well back toward the 
ribs and forward toward the neck vein, slicing but gradually 
and neither prcwninent nor bare. 

(c) Chest, capacious. 

(d) Breast, broad, deep and full. 

(e) Brisket, broad and well rounded. 

(f) Arm, broad, full and Upering nicdy toward the knee. 

(7) BorrW or CoupKng— (My moderately long, but wide 
and deep, and more ro<miy in the female. "~ 

(a) Ribs; well sprang, that is, rounding out nicely itom 
the sfMual ccdumn, long, <tose spaced, not readily apparent 
to the eye, and comiiw wcQ forward and l^ckward. 

(b) Crops, wdl filled thitiiwhout - V 

(c) Fore flank, full and deep. 

(d) Hind flank, deep, full and thick. 

(e) Underline, strai^t, or nearly sa 
W GS'^ ^wd around the heart and about equally good 

(8) HmdMutrttrs—Long from hook pdnt to. Railhead, 
deep from hodc point to hmd flank anditodc, and thick from 
aide to side 

fa; Htpd, full in every part ' 

the i^k^^'^ broad i|j4l||« and tapering gradually toward 

,!.., ^'^ B»tto<*. square ^ upright, but in some breeds a 
little r<|unded. | 

(dl TwiM, foil and commencing far down. 

(«} Tad, brcwd at the taiihead;but fine rath^ ik$n coarse 
and han|rfi« at rMit angles with the line of tig h^lT 
, (9) jL*|r* —Medium to short, straight Mat lifow the* 
knee, standmg firmly under the bwfy, and y«i irftgr.di8tanc? 

^(10) Ski»--q{ imdium thickness, 1^ varying wi4 the 
SIk toSb* ^*^ ***** "*" «>ve«d with hair mossy 



(i 

' 5 






'^ 'itt 



/ 



» 



12 



(ix) Ggneral Appeanmc* "'Tlitn ihould be a nicdy 
balanced development and an ea^ and active carriage, biut 
not rori^Uy or dasKtsh. 

(a> There thotud be an absence of all undue prominences, 
M at the shoulder tt^ats, the hook poinU and the pin 
bones, also ^ 

/*/ An absence of patchiness when in hi|^ flesh, as at the 
shmilders, hook pomte.and rumps. 




, -4% 



■■■.u. 




l(lip«ii«l«Uuuia 



LECTURE NO. 5. 



INDICATIONS OF CORRECT FORM AND FUNOTION 
COkMON TO THE, DAIRY BREEDS. 



■m 



I. All the dairy breeds have certain features 
of form and function which they possess more or 
less in common. 

'"' 'x)uTlie»te tnay be conudered esMntial to good perform-. 

in the daity. 
' (2) The (tifferences between them relate more to size and 
I^Mfcd peculiarities than to essentiiU fektttrea o.f form and 
lluction. ^ 

II. The more important indications, impor- 
tant perhai» in the order given, are : 

(i) Much length and depth in tliHr^rrel or coupling, 
indicatmg a large conatnnption and utilisation of food. 

(a) lleiineinent of form, as evidenced more i«rticiilaiiy 
in tlw ii^fi, neck, withers, diifl^s and limbs. 

'3) Good devdopnwnt of udder and milk veins. 

.4) CcMistitution, m indicated by a capacious chest, much 
width diro^h the bnirt, a broad loin, a ftul, clear eye, and an 
active carriage^ (See Note VIII bdow.) 

(5) Downward and yet outward spnmg and open iqiaced 
ribs, covered with a soft, pliable and matte rida. 

III. Indications of correct form and function 
given in detail. 

(i) Siu—Tht size should be medium to large for the 
breed. 

(a) Central OntHnt—Tht triple wedge shaped formation 
has long been considered essential, although it is not very 
explicit. It iffij^ies 

(a) Increasing width from the widiers downward. 

(h) Increasing width toward the rear parts. 

(c) Some increase in distance between the top and bottom 
lines as they g.) ba^oward. 

(3) Hroif—Thr head should be meliam to fine, clean 
cut and rdatively iMifer, lighter and more diahed dum in 
the beef breeds. 




Wk 



i 

1 



^1 



\ 



WMPi 



./^ 



14 • THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 

*i > ' ' 

(f) Forehead, broad and dishirtg^ 
(b) No«e» fine. • ^ 

(/) Mutzle, mediom to broad and moist 
■fd) Nostrils, large and opea. 

(e) CKeeka, clean and spare. 

(f) Eyes, prominent and lively. 

Cf-! I!?"' ">«'«"»" to wide, according to breed. 
(h) Horns, fine, 

fi,. K![^«?*"'j'"**'i'""' *'*!* ample secretions, thinner than in 
the beef breeds and somewhat livelier. 

>i? T^'*L "ii^'^V^ *<* '°W *"<* ^"f**. *Jn»08t slin*. 

(a) It shonld be fine at the junction of the head and 
•hould widen and deepen cMily gradually. 

(b) The junction with the Txidy should be well defined, 
almost abrupt in charadter. -t 

.* iJf? %* —Narrow at the withers, wide at the loin, and 

!;i^ i "?*''^ ^ **.**>!.»?" •».»>«». and straight or swayed 
according to breed and mdiiudualtty. 

^a) A atraigjit back is to be preferred, other tiling being 

Yft;.Tl» spinal column should be large, well defined sm<i 
open spi^ea.' --.-■,.■'; ^f'^ 

#,«J»1 ^™*" slwnld be mwe or less of a dQWn#ard s1<mm 

from the oiiroer to the. outer edge of the hip. ^^ 

{6} Port^tiorUrs-^-lAi^tt thte the hindquarters, and 

' ^^ ^"«^*' "arrow. 

.t^Jli^^"* "?* '"^V' pronounced in their upward 
8i()pe toward tmeano^, and more or less abrupt in front 

fc) Chest, wide through the heart and oqwdous. 

W Breast wide bdow, but not pnmtinent 

M Bnsket wedge>riiaped. 

(f) Arm, faid[iiit& to Itght 

(7) 5«T*I or Coupling —Long, detp, capacious, in « 
sensfc itanicny. «v 

^^*^.^^M<^^'>ri^'m^y>fiai a d««p downward and 
outward spring, and much q>ace between the last rib and 
hook point > , ' 

(i) Crops, S6eep,'but not necessariljjr depressed. 

M Fore flanks, fairly well filled. 

wniod flanks tWn but not aunken. 

[■Vi Un^nine. more or less safl^ed. , v 

"^"?o\"^ » at the hind flank. ^ " ' 

hrJS/ iSdifTTHi^'rhf^'- ^ ][*^^ somewhat in the 
wi^& MtoeM. * cwnwg well down; but; 

^Ji^'^***.*^*?'' *** ™°"= '»«avy ^n some bre^s. 
^^^^^^^Tlflithf. fadtaW to light thin- and morTdr less. 



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DAIRY BREBDS. 



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eed. 

hinner than in, , 

i«3*t slim, ''Wl 
tiie head and 

e well definedi 

t the loin, and 
ight or swayed 

!!- diin0i being 

ill defined and 

(wnwatrd il<^ 

Iquarters,' and 



thdr upward 
pt in front 

CIQIIS. 



Encions, in s 

ownward and 
last Hb and 

Bd. 



lie h|»rt, anil 

ewhat in the 
ill down,' but, 

le breeds, 
more dr less 



■ . . A^^"ttocJ^ upright or receding sothewhat toward the 
tnis^. 

W Kn bones, prominent and wide spaced. 

(O J^»t. open, placed high, and roomy. 

» W "il* "°* *^''^' *.*1**"°«' °* «oo^ '«"«*• and hanging 
at right angles to the back. . " 

. '" IW. Escutcheon —Well defined and well developed from 
the iMsnneum to the udder |ind extending well outward on 
tiie thighs. 

I ^'i/ ^[,^^^^^ ^)P^ *he perineum is said to denote pro. 
longed milkmg qualities. 

floalitfes^'*' ** *''* thighs is said to indicate deep milking 

poy Udder— Long, broad and deep, extending well for- 
ward and well up behmd, and evenly quartered. - ,, 
.t ^?< "^»nould be well let down, but not pendulous, aiid 
ttw-skin should hang m loose folds behind when the uddef 
IS empty. 

not i^e h'" luaj'ty. '* should be fine and elastic, glandular^ 

i'Jx lit' *"'.'■ **" *•** "<'**«•■ should be soft and aot plentiful. . 
W The veins on the same well delinedl '■'•■■- < 

. [f^ '^h' *"*« of, medium size and squandy •pUctd or 
pointing slightly outward. .. ^ ' *^ "'; "' 

^A (^^ Jf"^ .^^^*—\^rtK, tortuous, preferably breached 
M>d entering the abdominal wall well forward and tfatoush 
large orifices, usually called milk wells. "•«'^n 

(a) More commonly thett are but two milk w^ls. but 
more are much prized. . *ii=, «u» 

aniaiS'' '^*'^*>'«»» i^cmiiK m size with advaadng ««« in the 

.♦ 1 ^!?V f'«*-r?*<^'"ni «n length, fine in bone and strairfit, 
at l«i8t fairly wide apart and yet well wider the body. 

(W Wn— Medium to fine, finer than in thelieef breeds, 
easily movable, and covered plentifidly with fine, soft hair. 

( 14). General A f penance -nThe carriage should- be 
activt the ;»romin«nces at the andes and also the ribs dis- 
tinctly apparent, and there should le evidences of a tendency 
to spareness in form when in milk. 

IV. the ihaies as distinguished from the 
female. 

♦l.«i^J[?'21^S^f^1.*°^'.'^^"* "»«* "»'« masculine 
faf^SSm^lSP^ "**' *"<*"*»*»<» rangy 

(a) The first requisite is constitution as indicatol' W a 
akr»eioin ches^ much width through .the heart and an active 



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THB STUDY OF BXEKDS. 






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(3) Prmaiiient am<»g the evidmcea of vaXtk tiaatmitting 
power are ' 

(a) Easily traceable oiHk veins to tbe nndcrline. 

(b) Embryo teats* large and placed well forward and wide 
i4»art '" 

(c) Amplitude ,of «]dn on the rear parts of the ondetline. 

V. Nerve-power, or temperament, the out- 
come of form, is supposed to influence favorably 
milk elaboration and the foUowii^^ are prominen| 
among its .indications : ' . r > 

(i) A bl^Md and didied forehead with a livdy eye and 
active ear, 

(a) Good wMth at the junction of tiie qtine and skull, 
and large development of the «pinal column. 

(3)^A forceful' disposition the outccMne of energy, not of 
badtemper, apd an active carriage. 

VI. Prominent indications of abundant milk 
{HTodturtiott : 

A roonqr, capacious, open-ribbed barrd. 
Good development of udder and milk vdii(s. 
General refinement and spareness of form, and 
Marked indications of nerve-power, as given in 



<«:* 



Wn. Prominent indications of qu^ity in milk. 

(t) Good handlbv qualities,' aq evideaced in a nice, 
pliant skin. \ 

(a) SSdn, creamy to a rich vellow in color, more especially 
ins!<K fb»jt»rst at the flanks and around and over the.trader. 

VIII. hewing indtcatiotis of good constitu- 
tion iuid vitality giv«t in detail. 

(l) Absence of extmne r^nement in head, nodtc and 
limbs. 

¥2) 'A full, dear and restful tye. 

(3) Mwrh width of chest cavity and mudi of roominess 
in the same. 

«. U) Large devek>^nent of the sfiinal cc4umn. i '>^^ 

(5) Much widtii at the loin, witb-distinctnMB hi the pdvie 
arch and roominess in ^ pdvic cavity. 

(6) Activity in the secretions of me skin, and 

(7) Active and ^gf tnovenmit 

t 



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E tiftatnUttiiig 

line. 

rard and wide 

the underline. 

t, the out- 

i favor^ly 

prominent 

ivdy eye and 
ne i^d akuU, 
nergy, not of 

ndant milk 



11)8. 

m, and 
as given in 



ity iti milk. 
in a nice, 

ore especially 
r thejwder. 

d constitu- 



id, node and 



I in the pdvfe 
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LECTURE NO. 6. 

INDICATIONS OF CORRECT FORM AND FUNCTION IN 
DUAL-PURPOSE CATTLE. 

I. Dual-purpose cattle of pure and likewise 
of mixed breeding have certain features of form 
which they possess more or less in common. 

(r) These may be considered essential to good pcrform- 
anee in the production of milk and meat. 
. . i*^ ^''* diflfcrences between them ilttn such as relate 
Jtuefly to sjjfe 10 breed peculiarities ta pure breds, and to 
Buxed blood efl^ts in grades. 

II. Th« more important indioitions, impor- 
•?ltant, perhaps, in the order namedrare : 

W. (I) Medium tp large size for the breed or ftrade. 

(a) Good length and dq)th in the coupling, especially in 
females. , " 

(3) Good development of udder and milk veins. 

(4) Good constitution as indicated by good yndth' through 
! heart. 

- 5l^ i?^ *"** ^^^ inclining to long and line, and 
:,, ^to) Ribs of medium spring, qpen spaced and covered 
Mb a good handling skin. ' 

III. Lineage — The best specimens are found 
the pure dual-purpose breeds, or in high grades 
ti^se, but 

(i) Mixed blood elements are ndt seriously objectionable 
foundation animals of correct type, and ' 
(2) In breeding, well chosen pure bred dual-purpo<e sires 
id be used. 

/ IV. Indications of correct form and function ' 
Jgiven in detail : 

(t) Sur >-^Th« duaKpurpose cow is large in fwrin and 
capacious m body, not massive like the hlj^^rpe beef animal, 
neither coarse nor unduiv r^ned, and pmsessed of what may 
be termed a ha^^ eqailibrttthi in devefopirKot 

r , 19 



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TRS STUDY OF «aXXD0. 



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(a) Gftural OmttUu —The form should b« mrallelosram- 
mlc rather than wetlge-shapcd. and nearly jewnly developed in 
frofit and rear. ..... 

' (3) Hmd—Only moderately large and indming to long, 
clean cnt and free from throatineas. 

(0) Forehead, wide. ^ t 

(b) N(Me. indirdng to long and fine. «^ <t 

(c) Muxxla, miedinm to strong and moiat 

(a) Nortril, large and q^en. , 

Cheeks, lean. ' 

Eyes, large, prominent and neither restless nor sleepy.. 
i) Poll, vaiying wiUi the breed or grade. 
(h) Horns, inclining to. fine when present 
(i) Ears, of medium siie, thickness &nd action, but vary* 
ing with thft breed or grade. 

(4) Neck — Inclinmg to long and fine, but not slim. .\ 

(a) Not coarse at the junction with the head. ■^• 

(b) Of medium increasing width and depth toward the 
shoulder, and joining the latter neither abruptly nor so 
smoothly as in the beet breeds. 

(5) Back —Moderately wide at the withers, wide at the 
l<dn and pin bones, and straight 

(6) Poraquarteri —Nearly equri in development with the 
hindquarters. 

(a) Withers, moderately wide. '^ ^. 
, ' (b) Shoulders, lame, but not prominent. Mid fosaessed of 
medium ^bward and forward slope. » *>/ 

(c) Chest wide through Ae heart, caiMtdotHl^<; v 

(d) Breast wide, moderately de^ and fulf.^ ^ ^ 

(e) Brisket, wide and but mod^jratety full. 

(f) For^rm, broad and but moderately full. 

(7) Barrel or (SM«//M»g — Long, deep, roomy, capacious. 

(a) Ribs, at leaM fairly well sprung and deep, well spaced, 
easily discernible when the animal is giviMt milk, and pos- 
sessed of«f|od space between the last rib and hook point 

(b) Crops, filled up level, or nearly so, with the shoulder. 

(c) Pore flanks, low and full 

(a) Hind flanks, low, moderately full and of medium 
thickness. ' , 

(e) Girth, good at the Iwart Uid at least good at the hind 
flank. . 

(f) Underline, straight or dis^tly rounded dowt)ward. 

(8) Hindqiuirltrs —Long, wide, deep and bttti slightly 
dropping away from the sacrum and crupper. 

(a) Hiips, straight on the sides. 

(b) Thighs, troad and in a line externally with the hips, 
and pcMsessed of but HtUe or tio incurvature behind. 

M Buttocks, straight or nearly so. 

(d) Pin bones, wide, but not promhient 

(e) Twist open and placed moderately low. 



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DUAL-PUiPOn CATTLX. 



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(f) Tail, indininc to fine and long, smoothly Mt on aad 
htngitur at right angles with the body. • 

(9) Udder — Capactoua, evenly quartered, coming well 
forward and backward aiid not too higifor too low. 

M When empty it should be pliant, not fleshy, and with 
much loose skin hanging in folds at the rear. 

(b) The teata should be of good site and pointing slightly 
outward. 

(10) Mxlk FWiur— Large, long, tortuous, all the better jf 
branched, and they should enter the body through large orifices 
or milk wells. 

(ii) L««— Meditim in length and bone, straight and 
widely placed. 

Ota) SMn —Medium, indininc to fine, easily movable, 
particulaMy on the ribs, and plentifolly covered with soft hair 
devoid Of coarsenfeaa or harshness. 

(13) ^enerai ApfeofttHct —The larae, refined and fairly 
snwwth form of the dind-purpose animtfTcai^ies along with it 
evidences of produdiHi cajkaaty. 

^ (a) I41 movement it is neither sprightly nor sltiggisi^ 
but eanr. 

(bj When in milk it is not high fleshed, but puts on flesh 
quickly when dry. . . 

ft . ' "" 

w V. The mdic important points of contrast 
betweoi the nnalc%and females : ^ 

(l) The former are heavier and stronger and shorter i« 
head,"1iorn, neck and limbs. 

(a) They have relatlvely'more of breaM development and 
arefdatively a little shorter in the coupling. 

Dual-pnrpose cattle contrasted with beef 

(;) Injteneral outline the former are lets massive^ wAno 
eveiv m tlwir propbrtions and not so smooth. 

(3) In size they are about the same, bat do hot weigh 
so well. V ^ 

(3) They are a little longer in tlie head, neck, limbs and 
barrel. 

,(4) They are not so wide at the withers, are a little less 
full in the breast, shoulders, hips and twist, and are not quitf 
so founded or close spaced in the ribs, and 

(5) The deyelppment of udder wid milk veins is mudi 
more marked. 

VII. Dual-purpose cattle contrasted with dairy 
cattle. 



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re evenly bal- 
Mid the form 

m let* promi- "' 

the sfM-ing of ^ 
le bo^e tStai- 

. body, udder 
ced. 



THE BEEF BREEDS 



LECTURE NO. 7. 

. SHOKTROIUl CATn,,K-^'HEIir ORICIK AND BISTOIY. 

; I. This breed of ctttlc is so nailed, from the 
8hort»e«s of. the jboras which characterize it 

u.l*k ^_M.»*»<»J'»°*" «• ^ Durhao^ frmn die oMmty iA 
WBIA It oriipacted, ' 

intei^in*^!,**™** *" °**^ regarded as ayaofiymotis and 

U. The' precise origin of the Shorthorn, like 
that of nearly aB the other British" breeds of cattle, 
is involvicd in much obactirity. 

(I) Th« Romam, Saxon«» Danes and Nomians. who 
cea^twrwl Ea^uid. in turn broiMdit cattie with them that were 
■oecewnvdy crossed on the nat>e breeds, and this in part 
pceotrnts for the variet}* of these. 

F (a) The ladfc, of inteticfaange in live stock for caitaries 
flt^L"'* Norman ccMiqneBt f^^vored the develofinent of dis- 
i^rfWuj types, throttj^ the modifyiag j^Qtitoieea of climate. 
Wna, shelter and treatRKnt 

"^ (3) Thus it was, that hi the rich pasttm lands of the 

nties of Durham and Yorkshire, and ct^peell% in the 

lley of the River Tees, a OMnparattvdy laige tj^ of cattle 

^ted sevend centuries ago, the v>ce*ton» of ow modern 

orthoms. 

(4) For a loflg time there were two indepen^at strains 
, «jW ancestry, vim: The Teeswater and the Hotdemess; twt these 
JPavehH^ since beni Uended throt^ the almost indiscriminate 
THfafossitig of their deaceo*^nt». 

in. . Those Teeswater and Holdemess pro- 

irenitors of the modem Shorthorn po^^essed high 

4d brmd carcasses, good milking qualiti^ and an 

jH:iti|de to fatten; but their flesh was coarse and 

accompanied by a Idrge amount of offal. 

23 




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SHOfST&ORKS. 

IV. • It is alleged and as stoutly d;nied that 
rniprovements were effpcted on the Tees water and 
Holderaess cattle by the use of Dutch bulls and on 
the improved Shorthorn by thfe int^odU<*ion of a 
Galloway cross. 

l«*ri/.?3 isprettar certain, however, that a Dutch cross was 
o?^^? ^^^ '*^ ""* *'**' ** " ***** '««"* J^^«^ 

as "^JS^Jl^&'t fu°^- «"t''°^««4 a GaUoway ^'oss icnown 
as t&e Alloy' about the end of the difi^iteeiith cen tury. • 

V. Several good herds of ShorthOr [IS existed 
in England, in the northern counties, as eirly as the 
middle of the eighteenth century. [ 

M JW Notable among these were the herds of the Eari of 

I (2> The average size of the cattle in those days was 
!!i!SU„ V^ "***• ''Ot'they were not equal to the cattle of 
to-day m quality, symmetry and early maturing j roperties. 

. VI. The following include the moi e noted of 
the early improvers of Shorthorns : — 

w«ri5!?* ^^^ '^"""^ ^1°^ or Ketton, who com tiencwl their 

/ t4JI!P'^<?"*"*.**»*"'* 1780. or somewhat e rlier. 
^^iaU ^J^*^, ****"'■ foundation stocks w iferever they 
^ould getgood animals. ' 

«-n.S2Sf^ ^j^^*^ at redacinflr the ftameand i aptoving the 
general symnietey and flesWng properties of th«i lavorites. 
i.««,'rw'- *^ Sf*^«5)??y famous btdls, and als> the "Dur- 
/ "/9f ^2"** ^/^'^'*« Heifer that Traveled.' 
CblliS fif, ^'Sr^t^ JS?5**' *l **"= dispprriwi sale of the 
Srfcfn E^SknA ""* *° mprmtile Shorthorn 

(2) Thon»s 'Bates, a faithful disciple of the ( lollhiff Bros 

tt^essa^jsj!"* '''°^°™^ »' '^^^^ '^ '?^- 

^"^^P*^ Princess, Duchess and Oxford fi milies wens' 

ip tJso. '" ^^ *"** hia herd 1 as dispersed 

tit„P^ Richv-d Booth, who founded the fan ous herd St 
Studley about i:^, a work well sustained at a U ter peHod *y 

iSp^Fvely °^' ""* ^**"' ** ^"*"^y T'^ ^m^. 



V 



^ 



26 



TfiE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(a) The Hiedal aiin of R. Booth wu to lengthen the hind 
auarter, to fill up the fore flank, to secure greater flgith of 
flesh uid a strength of constitution that wotud stand forcing 
wdl. 

< (b^ The Booth bulls have been found great traqptovera of 
herds into which they have been introduced. 

(4) Amos Cniikshank of Sittyton, Aberdeenshire Scot- 
land, who may be regarded as Uie originator of Scotdi 
Shorthorns. 

(a) The many tribes of this fitmous herd were built upon 
a mixed BaXxa and Booth foundation. 

(b) It was founded in 18^ and dispersed in 1889. 

yil. The Bates, Booth and Cruiksfiank cattle 
contrasted. 

(i) The Bates Shorthorns were distinguished by their 
size, good milking qualities, cleanness of had, neck and limbs, 
and elegant s^e 

(a) The Booth Shorthorns were equally larae, possessed 
greater heart girth and length of hind quarter, anS nuM« depth 
and mellowness of flesh, but in instances not a few they were 
plain in th* head, strong in the horn and de&Mnt in style. 

(3) The Cruikshank cattle, or Scotch Shorthorns, were 
less hi size than either the Bates or Booth cattle, but they 
were more cominct and Uodcy in build, took on flesh more 
readily, and were superior when placed on the blo<^ 

(4) Scotch Shorthorss have been great prize winners 
during recent yean. 



t* 



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•. 



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LECTURE NO. 3. 

SHORTHORNS — THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN OTHER 
COUNTRIES. 



4 



I. First importations to America. ■ 

(i) Between 13^3 and 1795 Messt^. Goff and Miller of 
Vintinn imported Shorthorn cattle of both sexes into Balti- 
more, Md. ' 

(9) Some of their desceadaqts, were taken to Kentnclnr, 
where they effected much improvement upon the native stdcks 
9! that State. 

(3) But little Js known of the exact gen«i1ogy of thUse 
cattle, alUiongh it has been a fnutful subject of discnssion. 

II. Importations to other States. 

(i) The- first direct importation of Shorthorns into New 
YoHc State was made by SamtKl M. Hopkins of Moscow 
in 1815. 

(a) The £rst direct importati<H} was made into Kentucky 
in 1817, fay CtA. L. Sandkrs of Grass HilL 

<3) The first direct importatiim was made into Massa- 
chusetts in 1817 by Steven Williams of l^orthboro. 

III. Other importations to the United' States. 

(i) From iSty onward, importations of Shorthorns from 
England have been made almost every year until the present 
time. 

(^) Nptable among ihcmt in point of time were the 
importations made by the Ohio Company for Importing Eng- 
lish Cattle^ ot Chillicothe, O., in 1834 ^0^836. 

(3) Keotudcy, New York and Ohio early becaun^! noted 
centers of the breed. '' 

IV. Prominent Shorthorn breeders 

(i) They are so many that th«r names even caniiot be 
given here, much less can the gnmd, good work they did 
be noticed. 

(a) Lewis F. Allen of New York and WilUam Warfield 
of Ka^cmky stand foremost among their advootM. 

28 



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^dHORTHOKNS. 

V, Th^ New YBrlrMills sale. 



.39 



(1) The most nbtaUe sale ol 
that Of Messrs. Campbell and Wdicott 
N. Y., in 1873. 

f3) The toSlninttls sold of all ages 

, (3) One Duchess cow was sold tor $40,c 
price ever bid for a cattle beast 



(horns ever held was 
New York MUls, 



ated |3aa,ooo. 
the nifl^iest 



VI. Impoitations-into Omada. 

(i) The first importation of Shorthorns was made into 
Canada by the New Branswick,3oard of Agriculture m i8a5, 
or the yeiar fdlowing. 

(3) The first importation was made into Ontario bjr 
Rdwrt Arwdd of St Catharine in 183a. 

(si Thit first direct importation of En^^ish Shorthorns 
ttpm Britain into Ontario was made by Roland Wingfield of 
Gadph% 1833. 

(4) Since that time Cailada has become famous as an 
importing center and alK> as a breeding center ofTShorthbrns. 

(5) Promineati among the Ginadian breeders and im- 
porters stand o«t the names of Simon Beattie. Hon. M. H. 
Codinme and Jamei I. Davidson. 

V?I. The Hillhurst herd. 

(i) This herd war estaWished by th« Hon. M. H. Coch- 
rane hi 181^ 
H, (a) In 1877, thirty-two animals were exported from it 
^,|p Efl«iaad^and sold by ptAlic Ruction at 'Milibedc^tock, 
" Bowiiess, Windermere, at an averam of about $3,500- each. . 

(3) The tenth Duchess of ^rdrie and fifteen of her 
f- progeny, bred at Hillhurst uid sdd at difterent tiuies, aggre- 
' gated more than $175,000. 

YIII. Dissemination in countries other than 
the. United States and Canada. - 

(l) Storthom* have been exported i^tb nearly every 

.country edonited hy An|^o»-Staions and also to many lands 

where (Mher laiqjaages prevail. 

.-ss- (a) Outside of the United States^ Creat Britain and 

.'•^^«t Canada, tm^ are most nunwrously found in Bueno^ Ayres, 

Atutralia <md New Zedand 

IX. The English herd book. 

.(i) TTie firtt volume of the Ens^ish Shorthorn Herd 
k was published in tSaa, by George Coates of Cailtcm, 
jtdnuit, loricshire, Eng^d. 

(j) Its proprietorship was transferred to Henry Sta^ord 
in 184^ after five volumes had been puUished. 



^-4^1 



-^s-- 



30 ; THE STUDY OT BSEEPS. 

X. The American herd books. 

(O.Tjhe first voltunt of the American SiiortlKjni Herd 
Book was pul^shed by Lewii F. AUfsn of Stack |U>ct Btiffalo, 
N. Y., in 1846. • , " 

(a) The first volume of the American Shorthorn I^ecord'" 
was pitbKshcd by A. J. Alexander of Woodbum, %., in 1B69. 

(3) The first volume of the Ohio Southern Shorthorn 
Record was pttblished by the Shorthorn breeders of Ohio 
in 187a. 

(4) The American Shorthorn Association purchased the 
mterest in all- these Amencan recbrds in 1882, and since that 
date Shorthorn p«Ugrees have been published in the American 
Shorthorn Herd Boc^ 

« XI. Canadian herd books. 

^ ■ 

(i) The. first volume of the Canadian Shorthorn Herd 
Book was pnli^ished in ift^, of the British-Ameriditi Short- 
horn Herd Book m .1881, of the Dominion Shorthorn Herd 
Book m iffiy. v 





^ 


' ^^1 


V— / »«»c I091 uauH^u icvviu luui suaorucQ ine recoras 
previously published- ' 


1 


■m 
gr 

zm 

•" lev 
, wh 

1 








XII, Distribution in the United States, and 
Canada. -< ^ 

. (l) Shorthorns are now found in a!m</st every state of 
the Union and in every proi?ince of Canada. ~ 

(2) OnUrio stands first in the numb^ of its irecorded 
Shorthorns. ' ♦ 

(3) In the United States thej^ are probably most numer- 
ous in Illinois and lOwa in the order named, but they are also 
quite numerous in ne?iriy all the Central States, e«iecia% " 
Ohio, Indiana and Kentud^. 




% 


4 

< 


9 


XIII. fi^stration in the United States and 
Cai^da. ' 

(i) Forty-five volumes of the American Shorthorn Herd 
Boo*: tave bee^j issued and fifteen vdumes of 4he D&minioa 
Sfaocthom Herd Book. 

_ (3) In the Ameriain aiorthom Herd Bode, 387,056 
animals have been recorded, h{ yrhidx 134,566^ are malete and 
233.384 f^wles. 

I (3) In ^e Canadian Herd Books, 62,071 animal? have 
been recorded, malun^ a total i^ these two countries of 430,021. 


) ^H 


'" owe 


' 


.,# ■.; 


^^1 




a 


qttil 


*. 


» 


'^1 


» 


J 


f .$«fW 


' ? 


#.... 1.- - 


f ' . __ ..._ . - „ . * 


• 





f 



-j^: 



MJliM'*! III. Ill I 



tlmrti Hierd 
>dc Buffalo, 

iorn S^cord 

^ in 1869. 

Shorthorn 

r$ of Ohio' 

rchased th«;, 
il since that 
le Ainerican 



thora Herd 
idiii Slwrt* 
thorn Herd 

the records 
tates. and 

!ry st^te ot 

ts recorded 

- ♦ 

lost numer- 
ley are «l90 
, especially 

taties and 



thorn Herd 
! Dinninion 

msdtk and 

tmai9 have 
of 430,021. 



LECTURE NO. 9. 

SHOMHORWS— THEIR LEADING CHAEACTEMSTICS. • 

I. Pqwilarity. 
pwilr b^iS^'^»iJ*k.*»i,""'»"°?^«^'y '^« the "Ot 

SSS3ry *' "'"'■''^ '*"'*'« *he *'»*>'« «' «»« 

»h«^fl9!.*'''* T h"^ abundant evidence in the fert thai 
Ag^a^smopohtan to an extent far inJId^rS SJ 

we ti si'frtl"* P?P"'»f*'y is always the resuh of merit, 
^^ky^ ^*^' •'^*" *"* Shorthoms-a pi«,f oflffi 

' II AdaptebUity. 

inir SJd^n^'ntt '"K'~*" °/ *4fP*«tion to the vary, 
inKGonaiupns of life, as changes of soil and tnmi nmAn^. 

an^clinuftic condition*, but th^ flourilh'bSt i^t^Se' 
(a) They are best adapted, however, to arable conntrio* 

(3> in point of hardAood they are at least aWdium. 
III. Relative size. 

o««.^iti J" 'j'^ *"** weight -they ha^ iomething of a lead 

fll te**'." ^ introduced'into this coTtlr 
good^Sl-^^d^CTj^^?*'*^ »^*' acale. ««.bined with 



brerai^ 



Early nwturing qualities. 



31 



--*•; 



itJiliiii iiiij , 



■■apMMWHMl 



cv 



32 



THE STUDY OF BRJBSDS4 



^ 



-V. Grazing qualities. 



(i) These are only average, since the heavy frames 

Kssessed hy Shorthorns render theqi less active as foragers, 
nee '" 

(2) When hattf grazed, the pastures should furnish them 
with plentiful sup^tes. 

VI. Feeding qualities. » i 

(t) These are of the first order. 

(a) They make a g/aod use of the food given them, are 
contented under confinement, will feed well for a long period^ 
stand forcing well and lay on flesh evenly and deeply. 

, VII., Quality of meat. 

(i) Shorthorns furnish meat tender, jiiicy and nutri- 
tious, and 

(a) They kill well, as the proportion of hom «nd ofTal is''> 
relatively small, but 

(3) The fat and lean are aot quite so wdl intermixed as 
with some breeds, the grain of the flesh is not so fine nor is 
the meat so highly flavored. 

VIII. Milking qualities. ' 

^(I) In the last century and during much of the present. 

Shorthorns generally were possessed ofgood milking qualities. 

(a) Several families still retain these, more especially in 

England, where, as a breed, they still rank high for ^ry 

uses, but 

(3) These qualities have been much impaired not only in 
Britain, but more especially in America, through the lines of 
breeding and management adopted. 

(4) However, during recent years much more attention * 

is being given to the restoration ofgood milking qualities. ' ' ♦ 

, (S) The milk is ):xc«llent for calf rearing, and may be 
usied with advantage in making butter and cheese. 

IX^ Valu€ in crossing and grading. 

(i) No breed has been equally useful for pu(i><(>ses o^^*^ 
crossing, either upon grade catde or vtpoa pure br^s of 
other breeds. 

(2) They have wrought a wonderftd ifflproyement upon 
the common cattle of Ireland, North and South America, 
AustratlisL, New Zealand and some other countries. 

(3) Neariy all the cattle <»p0rted to Qrit«tU from these 
countries are Shorthorn grades. 



,.Slr 



■ ■^. 



•^ '■ 




SHORTHORNS. 



33 



•mm ^lirl^JI^'* 1*^#'" '>««*». """l especially to grades, 

Sr& *"^ "*"'' instances good mflit produc- 

♦^ ni5ji«%^i?^?S5!i^ bred they are parUcular|y ad^bted to 
Ttte production qi gfades of the dual-purpose typt ~ 

X. W<»lc points. ^ 

L«.Jli& •2!!I!*,JJ'*^"» *«y "« PM»e«««I of an impair^ 
constitution, resulting from in-and-irt breeding and the hiriilv 
artificial treatment to which they have been su^j^ed and*" ' 
t««J^«^: M *■ l"**a"«s they inherit a tendency to sterility^ 
Jnore especially where they have been forced in Aeir f<idiS 

-3 ' " : 



^ 



\ 



r 



LECTURE NO., la 

SHORTHORNS — ^THEIR PRINCIPAL POINTS. 

In th^ absence of an authorized scale of points, 
the following is submitted :— r- 

I. Suse — -The sixe ^ould be relatively large, 
but medium ior the breed. 

(i) The fore and hind quarten should' be eqmlljr weO 
developed. 

(2) CbmpactnesB of form is more important in the male, 
but it IB essential in the female as well. 

II. Head — Small in proportion to the size of 
the animal, clean cut, handsome and well set on, 
longer and narrower in the female, but stronger in 
the male. 

-N (i) Forehead, broad between the ores. 

(2) Face, slightly dished in the female, and tapering 
gracefully below the eyes to the nostril. . 

(3) Ifose, medium in size and straight. 

(4) Muzzle, medium to broad, full and moist and flesh 
colored.. 

(5) Nostrils, large and fairly expansive. , 

(6) Cheeks, not heavily fleshed, th^ lower jaw in the 
female thin. 

if) Eyes, large, full, bright, intelligent, calm. 

(8) £ars, medium in size and thickness, well covered with 
soft hair, somewhat erect and possessed of an average, amount 
of i^ay. 

(9) P<JI, fturly broad and level. 

(10) Horns, short but longer and finer in the female, flat 
rather than round* at the base, spreading and curving grace< 
fully forward, with a slightly downward or 'iqiward tenden^, 
and of a creamy white or yellowish colon 

III. Neck --Medium in length, strong and 
arched in the malc^ but finer in the female and grad- 

34 




"^ 




'Wmf 



mmmmm 




MNTS. 

e of points, 

ively large, 

equnlljr well 
in die male, 

the size of 
irdl set on, 
Btronger in 

and taperin||[ 

»ist and flesh 

' jaw in the 

covered with 
eisge amount 



i« female, flat 
irving grace- 
trd tendenqr. 



Strong and 
^andgrad- 



SHOKTHCJKNS. 



35 



tially Widening and deepening and slightly roundinr 
as It approaches the shoulder. 

v,M^inJ\ht°"]? ^5""* »*["?'»» from the back, should set 

(3) the throat should be dean cut and without dewlap. 

IV. 5orfy— Long, broad, deep, only mod- 
erately long in the coupling and rectangular, almost 
: a parallelogram, and evenly covered wHh firm flesh. 

fU^A^^l^^^' '^"'*^V ?,?/*^ *•"* '«v«' fr«n ^*e" to tail- 

(a) Witjiers, broad. 
♦».. h^„®M"'^*"' T*'l <'e.''f'oP«d «um1 lying well within 
&n%d":^f,Tov» ^""^ '"' "•* •" f^r and crop. 

«.d tat Ji^ceS!?;j,The k'^e!' """'* '* ^°^"' ** »^^ 

I >l{ 2'**.?*: 'u"' ^% .*"*^ ^**=P' and4he chest capacious. 
I (o) Brisket, broad Md well rounded. «« 

|, (7) Crops, full. * 

■cnrninJ J^h'U '^""«'"? wcll and Icvel Irom the backbone, 
S^^r^U • '*'*°*1"' f"f «>,fi' «"« t^e space behind the shoul- 
ir^ifL*' '^i'"''" .°* the hooks that the animal will ap^ar 
straight and level from the shoulder to the buttock. 

^ /?^^ w"'^*"^'^ '"** ?*"'* «'"''• poo*!' an<J «>»»"» equal. 
n!« w2.^'"*^ q"arters. long and full from the hodk^to the 
pin bones, deep throughout and broad in every part 

^ >"< uTa aluf"» T * ^"""f^ jr\*h the back and loin. 
Hind flank, full, deep and thick. \ 

Thigh, broad, full and well fleshed within and 



without 

ri6 

, U7 
level, set 



Rumps, broad but not prominent. 

Buttock, broad and square. 

Twist, deep and full, and placed low. 

Tad, rather fine, somewhat broad at the too. 

perpendicularly on a level with the back and 



<^ too much covered with hair. 



but 
not 



V." t;rfrf«'_Broad and full, extending well 
forward along the belly and well up behind and 
.evenly quartered. - 



^- 



.,•>*> 



,w * 



^ , 



f 






' t.- 







f f> 



Tp 



36 



THB STUDY OF BUED8. 



VI. tigs — Short, and well placed under the 

animal, fine and clean below the knee, and fine, clean 

and flat below the hock. 

(t) Hocks, somewhat ttnigfat and >hort, and turning 
neither outward nor inward. ■ 

(;t) Foot, dat', and in sliape »n dblong semicircle. 

VII. Skin — Of medium thicknew, finer in 
the female, mellow and elastic to the touch, of a 
cream or orange, color, and well covered with an 
abundance of fine, soft hair. 

VIII. Color — The standard colors are red» 
white and roan. 

(1) Red is most in favor, white is now considered dbjec- 
tkmaldfe, and red and white spots alternating are not in favor. 

(a) All sh»les of roan ^r« admissible, but red roan is 
preferred. . J* . 

(3) The skin around the «ye and bald of tbe noM dtould 
be a rich cream color. 

IX. General Appearance — Shorthorns should 
have larfi[e, rectangular and yet compact develop* 
raent of iwdy, stnoothness of outline, symmetry of 
form and gracefulness of carriage. 



]■ 



a 



foi 



aa< 



Cfi 



/ , 



ind 

ii of i 

>', had 

«j of .: 

twitl 
of 
croi 



- ^i^a^ - 



I* 



1 

'v***: 




■MIMHI 



under the 
fine, clean 

ad turning 

de. 

, finer in 
uch, of a 
I with 4in 

t are redj 



lered <d>jec- 
ot in fkvor. 
red roan it 

DOM stoold 



tis should 
: develop- 
imetry of 






LECTURE NO. ii. 



HmEFORD CA 




HEIR ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 



L But little is Vnown regarding the origin 
and history of Hereford cattle prior to the last half 
of the eighteenth ct|itury. 

«« J*^ ^" ^^^ ? ^^^ puWishedin i6a7. "peaks weU 
of the catdc of Herefordihire. «* 

(z) ^« M«t refertnoe j> made bv Marshall in 1788. 
.g A3) Hiriteacription of a Hereford ox would answer well 
for one of the present day. 

IL A careful analysis of the somewhat con- 
flicting statements of the principal writers on Here- 
fords pretty certainly establishes the following: — 

(lyTJat Hereford cattle are descended from oat or 
more of the aboriginal breeds of Great Britain, and that in 
this fvspect they share a common ancestiy with the Devon 
and Sussex breeds. 

(a) That the original color as ir. case of the Devon 

•ad Suasex w!|8 probably a whole rea 

(3) That at an earty period the white cattle of Wales 
were crosaed upon ther native ««*« thus enfarging their 
frames and imwrting a tcndencf to white markings 

(4) Ttat the white markup thus originated were further 
jmstamped by a cross of while4aced Flemish cattle imported 
fty i^rd Scudamore from Flmiders prior to 1671, and by using 
eertatn other white-faced balls oTjtained in various parts c3 
uigland. ,.- ^•'■■'.^ 

1 ^M^ That the white face, though generally reCc^zed as 
indicting purity of breedmg for some time ^rior to the close 
of the last century, was not universal, as some of the animals 
had mottled^ faces and some were possessed of but little white 
of any kind. 

-i*i.^fi? T?"* *** 5^**' '".* °* *•"* Herefords as comi>afed 
with the Devon and Snssex breeds is owing to the abundance 
of the food products in Herefordshire, and to the effect of 
cn»sing thim by amnttls of large size. 

37 







f . 



I ) 



.# 



» 



* /• 



u 



,»'> 



/•■ 







V I 




■■RWMMPfM|Mltli« 



$9 

noted for their good" 
the eighteenth cen- 

used for purposes of 



le early improvers 
Tompkins, father 
le more noted of 



HEREFORD CATTI 

(7) That the Hereford cattle were} 
grazing and beef making properties ii 
tury, and ■ ^ 

(8). That the oxen were extensive!; 
labor prior to the nineteenth century. 

III. The most noted of tl 
of Hereford cattle were Benjami^ 
and soh, but the latter was 
the two. 

«.. (O The elder Benjamin Tompkini, bom at New Housfe, 
Kings Pyon, m 1714, died in 1789. J " 

(2) The younger Benjamin Tombkins was bom at the 
Surt-in ?Jf' °" "' "* '^*^' r** **'*** ** Wellington 

6) Many of the best herds afterward built up in Enriand 
resttd upon foundation stocks purchased from the fbunger 
Ton^kins. i ' " 

U) Uke Bakewell, he improved his cattle through the 
most careful selection in mating imd throurii in-and-in 
ureeaing. j 

. (S) At the dispersion sale of his Istock 1^ 1819. the breed- 
ing animals sold for an average of mdrti than $^>o each. 

IV. Prominent among the early improvers of 
Herefords are the names of Ga|liers, Tully, Sl^me 
^nd Haywood, and somewhat, later the names of 
John Price and John Hewer, j 

h- Jil?- ^* t^e foar Mles^hdd by Jbhn Price it is said that 
he realizMl not less than $100,000 for Hertford*. 

ext'r^'^SSMi**** *"'"»" *'"'* ^ John H^wer wert of 

^> ' ■ "' 

V. Progress of Here|ord& 
dfiitury. 



j. 



early in the 



EnglSra* wSh^'^ln'llef ^"^ ^" "**"'**'* '"*''«' 

(2) During the first half of the century Hereford* won 

K/other"biSd. T" S''°* *•«»« the animiOs 

VI. Some influences v^hich hindered the dis- 
aemmation of Herefords. , 



J 



mtmiB 



# 



■.*■-■, ■"^''il^^-iiii^ 



40 



THE STUDY ,0^ BREEDS. 



Importations to the United States and 



.,(a) The tmfortmute controversy carried on toward the 
middle of the century, between the^Eivederg- of the motde- 
raced and white-faced varieties 'respectively. ' 

.(3) They were not advertised in the same way or to the 
ttnie extent as the Shorthorns, ind 

7^ (4) The w^t of organized effort on the part of the 
breeders until a cmnparatively recent period greatly hindered 
the dissemination of the breed. 

VII. Distribution of Herefords. 

. 4 ^^) T^'y ^M*^* ^^^'^ reared to some extent in' S<»tland, 
Ireland, Jamaica, Canada and Australia, and 

(a\ They have be^me n^meroU8 and pqpulu- hi many of 
the pratne sections of both North and South America. 

VIII. 
Canada. 

' »T t ^OJ'^ fi"^ accredited imporUtion was made into the 
United States by the Kentucky statesman, Henry Qay, in 1817. 
(a) Several ^stmdry importations were made to various 
states between 1817 and 1639, but during that interval Here- 
fords do not seem to have made much progress. 

M) Between- »8» and 1843, William H. Sodiam, who has 
pnAably done more than any one person to aflvimce the Here- 
ford interest in the United States, made three successive 
in^rtationsinto the state of New York. 

U) In' i860 and subsequently, F. W. Stone of Guelirfi, 
im., imported «nd bred many excellent animals, and from' 
these many of the herds of the United States have cither been 
built up or greatly enridied. 

.(S). Thomas Aston of Hyria, O.. was the third of the 
iramng impprters prior to ifflo, since when the distribution Of 
nerefords ns been phenomenal. 

(6) Among the leading importers and breeders of the last 
two dwades Ae names of C. Cttlbertson, Newman, 111., 
T. L. MiHer, Beecher, 111., and Thomas F. B. Sotham, Chilli- 
cothe, Mo., stand out pre-eminent 

IX. Associations foruKxL 

(i) TTie Ame^n Hereford Cittle Breeders' Association 
was organized in 1881. 

(2) IleHereford Cattle Breeders' Association of Eng- 
land was forBicdra' 1884. 

X. Distribution iii the United States and 
Canada. 

fi) NcMiy evwy state in the Union and nearly every 
province <rf Canada has its quota of Herefords, but 



- i. 



■c;. 



\. 



\- 




ide into ihe 
;iay, in 1817. 
: to various 
*rval Here-. 

un, who has 
:e the Hefe- 
; successive 

of Guyph, 

\, and from 

either been 

hird of the 
itributton of 

s of the last 
'wiBMl. III., 
ham. Chilli' 



Association 
on of Eng- 

tates and 

earijr every 



1 



u^ 



\^ 



>»*•!,' 



^' \' 



« ,' 



42 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



m^ Hieyt^ arc most numerous in the Centftil Mississippi 
basimRlind in the range states west of the Mississippi and 
soutlinof the Missouri. •■ ',..>'. 

X3) The most important breeding centers are Missouri, 
Kansas^ Nebraska, Illinois and Indiana. 

XI. Registration in the United States. 

(1) The first volume, of the American Herefor<} Record 
was jmihKdted in 1880 and of the English Hereford Herd Bookf 
in 1884. ■ ' 

.(a) Twenty volnmes of the American Rec«rd have been 
issued and 9S,(ioo animals hiave been re«M>rd^d ' therein, of 
which about one-half are males. 





IV-- ' 


■Pit 


.'■■* 


'5.4 




•, '■ 




< 




'» ■' ■ / 


»■ 




*" ^ 


] 




*■ 


-6 

wi 
to 



\ 



«^ 



t. 



XW IWI I i 



■ ww ii i i ni 



Mississippi 
sissippi and. 

t Miuoari, 



tes. 

ford Record 
Herd Book 

1 have been 
therein, of 



■ >i. 



LECTURE NO. J2. ^ " 

QERBFOSD CATTLE—THEIR LEADING CHARACTER- 



ISTICS. 



f^opularity. 



m (*) In the lasttentury and during the early part of the 
^present one, Heriefords were .equaily p<^uiar with Short- 
;:. horns, but 

• L^^^ ^'"** ***** time Shorthorns have been more in favor 
with the average farmer, unless in rich pastoral districts. 



Jss 



II. 



Adaptability. - 

ft ' (0 Herefords, like Shorthorns, readily adapt themselves 

to the (Ranged conditions . of soil and. dimate. and their 

marked doahty is eminently favorable to such adaptation. 

' 5*^ ^J^'y *"■* **H adapted to araUe countries, level or 

gently undulating, and capable of rich production in grain 

^ and pastures. -- * 

(3) They h?ive proved themselves eminently fitted' for 
range conditions, such as prevail in the western and south- 
western -states. . ,. . * 
^ , (4),Althowh.they hav* proved hardy in northern lati- ' 
al' ttjdes, they would seem better adapted relatively than th^ 
A. ahortnoms to warm' temperatures. S' , . 

III. Relative size. 

-1,- ^P In averse s«e and weight, ks a breed, they are 

almost eaual to the Shorthorns, while ' ' • ^ 

Shorth " "*"^ instances -indivfdual animals ' outweigh ^ 

IV. Early maturing quialities. 

Shortho ^ *^^^^ maturing qualities they are fully equal to the 

-.1* ^^^- H*** III* J«*ter. with good feeding, they' may be thade 
quite npc for the block at twp and one-hdf years. .'; 

V. Grazing qualities. 

.u ^llx 'T'*"'! «•?««% properties are d^dedly superior, since 
they take on flesh nipdly on good pastures, and 

. (?) Their grades have shown much capacity for well 
Hoing on th^ry and not ove^bundant pastuivs of the opfn 
. range. ' ' ' ■ L ^ 

43 . > 



."x 



•^ / 



* 








/ 



-r " 



I 



V 



^ 







y 



;r 



/ * 



i 



44 



THE STUDY OF BREEXe. 



VI. ' Feeding qtialities. 



(i) In feeding qualities they «tand much on the same 
plane as Shorthorns. 

(2) They make a good use of the food givefi themi and 
lay on flesh most heavily on the parts of the frame fr;om which 
the best mea| is cut, as the back apd loin, but 

(3) Under heavy forcing tliey are somewhat inclined 
to patchiiiess. ' . ■• 

VII. ^ality q| meat., ' . 

(1) The' quality of the meat is very good, aiid finds mudi 
favorovitfa butchers and cot^iihiers. 

la) It is juicy and tender,, the fat and lean are nicely 
blended, and the proportion of the lean to the fat is large, and 

(3) The p/oportion of the dressed dieatlo the live weight 
is relatively large. 

VIII. Milking qu&lities. 

(i) The milking properties of Herefords were at om 
time fairly good, but they have been much impaired throui 
the system of breeding and management adopted. 

(a) The quality of the milk is good, hjit it is oftentiihes 
deficient in quantity. ^ / 

^ IX. -Value in crossing.s^d grading, / 

(i) Herefords cross well with some breeds, as Short-* 
horns and Galloways, but not so wiell with others/as Devons 
and West Highland cattle. / '^ 

(2) In crossing with Shorthorns the bes/ resnlti hav« 
been obtained when the male was Hereford. 

(3) Herefords answer welf for crossing, upon grades and 
tommon stocks when meat-making is the, object sought. 

(4) Hereford grades are probably ^ore numerous on 
southwestern ranges than those of any other breed. 

X. Breeding qualities. 

(i) The breeding qualities of jElerefords are good. 

(a) When submitted tb. high pressure feeding, they snll 
usually breed with n^larity Mid oftentimes they breed tcf an 
advanced age. 

(3) They are said to be less subject to abortion and to 
milk fever than some other breeds. 

XL Weak points. 

(i) The chief of these as to properties is scant milk 
production. / . 






\. 



f 9: 



■ \ 



cm the same 

!fi them, and ' * 
e from which 



hat inclined 






d finds mud^ ' 

h are nicely / 

is large, and / 

e live weight , 




were at 
ired throi 



mamtmmmmmamm 



%, MS Shbrt- 

i/as Devpn| 

results hav« 

I grades and ,t 
ought, 
vmerous on 

d. .sJ 



good. 

g, they still 

breed to an 



rtion and to 



scant milk 



f* 



HEREPORO CATTLE. 



45 



(a) As to form, unnecessary de«!ap sometimes, and fre-. 
quentlyUghtness of thigh. . ' /< 

XII. Compared with Shorthorns. a ;" ' V 

(i,) They are probably something ahead in gluing and 
breeding- qualities and, in quality of meat. 

. (3),In.8i«. adaptability, maturing and feeding qualifies 
and utility in crossing, they are not greatly different. 

(3) In all-round popularity and in milkinj; properties 
they are scarcely equal to Shorthorns, 

■ .,■;■■.■ ■' .■ ■ .--■■ '.',''■'■ ■ ,■'■•',-.■ 




r,U. ,: 



■*■■»«*■■■ 



V 



\ 



\ 



t ■ ■■■ :■ '■■■■I 



r 



LECTURE NO. ta- ' 

\ ■■.■."■-■,, -. 

■ ■ • ■ V . ■ ■ ' 

HEItEFX>RD CATTU6— THEIR PRINCIPAL POINTS. 

In the absence of an auth^iz^ scale of points 
the following is submitted: — r . 

I. 5*15^ —Relatively lacrge, but niedium for 
the breed. 

(i) The fore and hind quarters should be equally wdt 

developed, but 

(2> In many instances the hind quarter is relativdy light' 
(3) Compactness of fo^m is desired in both sexes, but is 

more sought for in the male. 

' ■ », 

II. Head — The head should be small in pro- 
portion to the substance of the body, clean cut and 
well set on, not coming out too low from the neck. 
In the bull it shUild ht masculine, but finer in the 
female and hot too loiig in either sex. 

(i) Forehead, broad between^ and above the eyes. 

(2) Face, slightly dished in the female and gently tapering 
below the eyes. 

(3) Nose, medium in size and straight, not too fine. 

(4) Muzzle, broad, dewy and cream colored.' 
{%) Nostrils, large and (x>en. 

(6) Gieeks. not neavily fleshed nor coarse. 

(7) Eyes. large, full, calm, mild, and surrounded by a 
cream-colored circle. " \^ 

(8) Ears, medium in size and thickness, well fringed, 
fairly erect and active. 

(9) Poll, broad and level. 

(10) Horns, springing ottt straightly from the polKmore 
than medium in length, flat at the base and of a yeHoW or 
white waxy appearance. \ 

(«} In the male the curve is in the form of a semi-ciA:le. 
(h) In the female it is in the form of a graceful waVe, 
with a slightly spreading upward tendency. 

III. Neck — Medium in length, strongafhd 
arched in the male, but finer in the female andfrad- 

46 










. 




• 










mm^ 


"'^^^^^HIP vT 


■l- 




■* 


* 

> * 


t 




M 


« 


A 

% 


« 


4 










■ ■ ■ ■ ' ■»' 










■■ r—rr— \ 














,♦ 


, 






^ 


N 






• 


^ 


* t 






-• s 


\ 


\ 




* - ■ ■• 


y 




k 




K 




* 






• 


\ 






■*". 





/ 



/ 




POINTS. 

! of points 
sdium for 

equally welt 

itively light' 
sexes, but is 

all in pro- 

n cut and 

the neck. 

ler in the 



eyes. 

itly tapering 



HEREFORD CATTLE. 



47 



ually widening and deepening and slightly roundinr 
i.as It approaches the shotilder. 

wel/inio\*h^''flI!!.''M'P"''*,''^?f''* *""" *''« ^''^^' should set 
,. JSceSy ''"'' ''"'^**' *"'' '•'•'"•'^ •^''y the head 

• K * * ^^ . ^K*""** ■hould.be clean cut and without dewlao 
: but frequently there is more or less of dewlap "V""* °****P' 

h .J^i ^^''3'— Long, broad, deep, not too long 
5. in the barrel, rectangular, almost a paraHelogram 

and evenly covered with firm flesh. _ 

(O Badt straight, wide and level from withers to tail- 

th^^^t ""** *'" *"^' •" *''' '°'"' »"<* *"" fl"hid 




(a) Withers, broad.' 
(3) " 



u J "fi Shoulders fully developed and lying well within the 

JSd';3f col?rer'^ "'*' ''^^ """* •" ^^«"* -^ cropsthii' 

{a'^rinrj:S:J& -"kII^^^ ^'^"^ i«"» th*^ body 



*"** **P«2n« «™jMf«iJry'1o"the knro! 

the Shorthorn'*' '*'°*** ""'* "'"^"^ *"'' °***" '°*"' *>»» «« 
. (7) Crops, full. , 

(8) Ribs, springing well and leveK fr6m the bacitbon*. 
^^^'Zf^'^,'°^"i'^^.^^^ "»>• coming well do^n, and 
^?) !l^rt ilZ^'^A^f^^'^'^f'^' " '"the Shorthorn 
f }V.\^ A ^"^^ ""** ?^"'' K'rth. good and about even. 
Shorttern 1""^«"- "one andJ>road and deep, as in, the 

and ffi ^'^'' .'''°*'* ""* '"" *"** *" * ^'''*' *•* the hack 
j"|; Sj?!*'?'^ *"". thick and deep. 

««* k!.V- ^'*''' h''°a<'' f"» and well fleshed within and with, 
oat, but m many mstances it is light. 

with We tec"'*' '"°*'*' ^"* "°* prominent; and^oh » ii„e 
*|) Buttock, broad and square. 
AZl Jy.\^' de«P and full and placed low. 
*lJifil*wU 1^1' fine somewhat broad, at the top, set on 
« level with the back and falling in a plumb line to the hodM. 

V. 't/rfrf^^Broad, full and long and evenly 
quartered, but oftentimes it is not possessed of much 
capacity. " 

Shorthirl*"*' **' "^ '"'* ""** **" ^""^ " ''ith the 



V 



/^A 



/*^- 



I 



48 



THE STUDY OF BRKRDS. 



(a) Milk veins, same as in the Shorthorn, but frequently 
they are lacking in large development. 

VI. Legs —Short and well placed vmder the 

body, fine and clean below' the knee, and fine, clean 

and flat b^low the hock. 

(i) Hocks fairly straight and short, and turning ni^ither 
outward nor inward. 

(a) Feet, flat and in shape like a semi-circle. 

VII. Skin — Of medium thickness, but some- 
what thicker than in the Shorthorn, mellow and 
elastic to the touch, and well covered with an abun- 
dance of fine, soft hclir, in many instances more or 
less curled. 

yill. Color — In color, the face, throat, 
chest, legs, lower part of the body, crest and tip of 
tail are a beautiful white, and all other parts are red. 

(iV The red should be neither very dark nor light. 
(3) A small red spot above the eye and a round red spot 
on the throat have many admirers. 

IX. General Appearance — Herefords are 
characterized by large, rectangular and yet compact 
development of body, smoothness of outline, mild- 
ness of mien, and easy carriage. 

X. Compared with Shorthorns — They have 
longer and more spreading horns, more dewlap, 
lower briskets, rather thicker hides, lighter thighs, 
more curly coats, and the differences in color 
mentioned. 



CO 

ab 
^ be 



wmtmmsm, 





ommm 



'1 1. 1 . 111 1 11 l ,) I H III 



frequently 



mder the 
ne, clean 

ng no^ither 



ut some- 

Uow and 

an abun- 

more or 



throat, 
tid tip of 
} are red. 

light. 

id red spot 

ifds are 
compact 
me, mild- 

ley have 
: dewlap, 
r thighs, 
in color 



LECTURE NO. T4^ |. 




ABEROEEN-ANOUis CATTLE — THEIR ORIGIN AND 

HISTORY. 

I. Fossiliferous remains that have been dis- 
covered in Britain render it highly probable that the 

}<£aboriginal cattle from which existing races have 
been derived were all homed originally, yet 

^5«rifiil? <^''"?^ varieties of hornless catlle have existed In 
■^Sared henTe * immemorial, some of which have disap- 

i» H^i^T''*. only existing polled breed* at present are the 
Polled Aberdeen, the GWloway and the ited PoU. 

II. The precise causes that have led to the 
loss of horns have never been exactly understood. 

(i) It may have arisen from sudden orsanic chamws 

W's:s'i^ti^zr^' ^' -" ^^ ^^^^ 

WnU%%"o?S"ort'rc51?j3!** ^^'^-'^-ti- occurred 

III. Of the four principal breeds of Scotch 
cattle the Ayrshires only have an admixture of for- 
eign blood. . • v^ 

ealli^V2fc°AK!;JJ^"*' *^' *« Aberdeen-Angus, frequently 
wilt mii^^^^'^^V *"** '^5«?»' J*"' G»iloway aid tl^ 



^ IV. It is highly probaMe that the Aberdeen- 
Angus cattle are indigenous to the northeastern 
awnties of Scotland, with Forfar and Aberdeen as 
their chief centers, as 

,-«J^ ^'^ i" ^'^ evidence to show that late in the last 
4 49 



X" 



> 



f 



N 




•# 



ABESJDBEN- ANGUS CATTUfc 



<*$■ 



i 'V 



S« 



tl.«J*L™.!^*u"^* homed domeitic races of ScoUand. 

V. The Abcrdeen-Ang«8 of to-day is no 
doubt the result of the amalgamation of two sorts 
of jwUed catflc inhabitinar the districts of Scot- 
land, whene, even now, the breed abounds most 
numerously. , 

(*) The former of thew were poay r-rf itftti' ■ lii ««•»■ 

pre-milnentiy the crofters' cow. '^SmakP "«^n. 

(a) The latter were a larger variety, wij 
«woiBnent, but could not itand roujir^ 



VI. Hutfh Watson of Keillor^ 
farshtre, was Af niost noted of thc'w 
of Aberdeen Polls. 




iprovers 



and prose- 
•uceess until 



otthJlJS^^ih «***'!r. '"^ frandfatber owned good herds 
^!.f«* kmd of cattle, the latter as early as 17^ 

«.J tL"* T'^l*^!**" ^"'«' herd In 1808, M. 
Wted the work of breeding with much vigor taTta^ 
»*5. whra tt was dispersed. 

to J. I.WI l*!^ !r^ !5^ ■"'"^» °"'y which came nearest 
tXI&Ji n'S "** "-« to e«. Whether- they we« 

'ir^J^' ^^fu ^f^ ^*^"> **»« nw>st noted 

nSflfT-.,^^*^*^ Polls-was William l^c- 

/ST^ Tillyfour. who was boni in 1805 and died 

(I) His herd was founded In ifty) and lOsperMd in tSAL 
Wsti;^o?£rS5d^" *"' -howy^^haa fcw?ai"i„X 

«»«S«i"A^bSdi'«*^'* '•'^"^ Pwfc, PnuH*, 

♦,i^Y?- • ^""^y^"*,** century Lord Panmure 
SS.^rP"*'^t!'** Aberdeen Polls by means of a 
GaUowav cross, but the effort resulted in failure. 



*tr 



\x 



C^^t 



■-^.> 



n 



^' 



J^ 



i 



52 



THE STUDV OF BREEDS. 



y'[ 



« 



IX. Toward the middle of the century SMort- 
horu bulls were extensively crossed on Aberdeeri- 
Angns coAim^he result being a very st^rior animal 
for theblocic -^ 

(i) To so gr^t an extent did this practice prevalt.at one- 
time that fears were entertained for the .preservation of the 
purity of the breed; . 

I (3) The after crosses, however, did not {trove so satisfac- 
tory, andlthe practice was abandoned. 

X, Extension to o^her countries. 

(i) Aberdeen- Angus cattle reached Ireland prior to 1843, 
and England somewhat lat^r, and several good herds have 
been established in both these countries. 

(2) They first readied the United States in 1873, where 
already there are probably more herds of this brejed than in 
Scotland. , ' ' 

(3) They were first introduced into Canad^ln 1876, and 
several herds have l>een established in. various' parts of that 
Country. 

> (4) They are also kept in considerable numbers in 
Canada, South America, New Zealand and several countries 
in Europe. „ 

XL Organizations established. 

(i) The Polled Cattle Society was established in 187% 
largely through the efforts of Sir George McPherson Grant. 

(2) The American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Associa- 
tion was organized tn 1883. , 

XII. The . first volume of tlie "Polled Herd 
Book" was published in 1862. 

(i) In the first four volumes Galloway cattle are refl^ 
tered alortg. with the Aberdeen Polls. 

(2) The first volume of the American Aberdeen- AWBili 
Herd Book was published in i886. «- . » 

Xllt. Distribtition in the United States a^d 
Canada. ' # " ". 

(ir) Aberdeen- Angus cattle are now 'being reared in 

tyenty-sevcn states and provinces. 

(i) They are bred and owned by 728 persons. \ ^ 

(3)-^e more important centers for the breed are Iowa." 

Ulitidrs, Missouri, Ohio and Indiana, and iii the order named. 



L^ 






■•"^ 



# 



f 



^ 



f^- 



! J 



'^ 



4» 




tury Short- » ' 

Aberdeeii- 
irior animal 




prevail, at one- 

rvation'of the , i ' 

■ . 




ve so satisfac- ^ 




prior to i843> 
4 herds have 


1 


n 1873, where 

br^d than in ....^ 


V 


t^n 1876, and 
parts of that 




numbers in 
eral countries 




shed in 1879, 
;rson Grant. 
lers' Assoda- 


• 


»oUed Herd 


■ 


ttle are regis- 


■ i 


«rdeen-Af>B^ 


1 


States and. 


1. 'i 


ig reared in 


- 1 


s. ^ ,.v. ■ 
eed ar« Iowsk'' , 
or<fer-tiwned. 


^: 



^tsfkJt., .T"- 



"% 



/ 

( 



^ 



I 






b. 



-<*■ 



jr* 




« 



• \ 



rdeen-Angn* 
ne-fourth io 



Itates. 
Herd Boole 

recorded, oi 



LECTURE NO. 15. 

AflERt>£EN-ANGUS CATTLE — THiSPIt LEADING CHAR- 
ACTEiaSTICS. 

I. Popularity. -5,, 

(i) The Polled Aberdeens were but little known outside 
of Scotland prior to the middle of the present century. m 

(2) Now they OQCupy a place in the public mind as beef 
Bfoducers that ^i» probably not second to that given trf 

(3) The rapid diffusion of theiyr^ since SFs introductiorf 
into the United Sutes augurs well Tor its future, 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) Aberdeen-Angus cattle are be#ada^ed to temperate 
, dimates when shelter can be given them »n jrinter. ' 

(a) Although reared in considerable nuipiers oil the open 
ran^ of the west, they are probably better adapted to wh«» 
may be termed semi-range cowiitions. . , , j ,^„., 

(3) They have highest adapUtton for arable land, level 
or undulating, and rich in all lands of f 00* production, and 
where it is desired to produce meat of a high class. . 

(4) The absence of horns is favoraWe to feeding while 
running loose in sheds and ywrds, and also to transporting 

long distances by rail. t ,. 

■ (5) In hardihood, they are abbut ntediom. ^ 

III. Relative size. * f 

(I) They follow dosely upon the Shorthorns and Hctc- 
fofds. although they do not possess quij^ the same a^'^M^. 

*'"*(a) They wdgh remarkably well in proportion to their 

* ***(3) With good feeding, cows at^aturity will weigh fPbni 
l«» to isw pounds, and bulls aooo to 2400 pounds. ^ 

IV. Early maturing qualities. 

(t) Formerly they were slow in maturing, but »n*tlu| 
respect th^ have been grwtly improved. 

55 




€! 









* 



-1* 



"Y . *• 



♦ »» 







:^ 



i .' 



\ 



i 



56' 



THE STUDY OF BRKEM^ 




(2) With good feeding they will mattBre for the block at 
thfe age of, say, thirty months. , ./ 

V. Grazing qualities. ^ 

(1) In grazing qualities they are about average. * 

(2) Like the large bodied Shorthorns and Hereforq* 
they do not grate well on broken and nigged lands where the 
pasttires are scant v 



VL Feeding qualities. 



X 



(i) Their feeding Hualitiefs are of the first order, as th4y ^ 

stand confinement >eTl and naftke an excellent use of the food 
given them. ' , ., 

(a) They are remarkable for their retitnuon of symmetry 
of form w^ile being fattened, as they rarely become patchy 
or disproportioned. ' , . , ^ 

(3) During recent years, pure and high grade Aberdwn- ; 
Polls have won more prizes at the>rleading fat stock shows for 
the number, of animals shown than hav% been won by anj/ 
other breed. 

VIL ' Quality of meat. '• ^. 

(i) In quality of rteat.they ai« probably ahead of the 
Shorthorns and Herefords, and are equal or. nearly eqwl with 
the Galloway and West Highland breeds. 

(2) As a rale the flesh is well mixed and contams a Urge " f ' 
priqmrtion of compact, finely grained meat, ^and ',.'?' 

Xs) No other breed produces a higher percentage of dead ^ 
molt -m proportion to the live weight 

VIII. Milking qualities. ,^^ 

(i) Formerly they were possewed of good rnHWi^g-^^ 
qualitnjt, niore especially that branch of the parent tree known 
as the CTofters' cow. . , 

(2) These qualities have been, impaire*^ however, throiiRh ^. 
the system of breeding and manajsement ado|>tea, save m scrtne W? 
individuals and in a few families. ' 

(3) The quality of the milk is first-class. 

IX. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Polled Aberdeens cross patticnla^ well with Short- 
horn grades. . . 

(2) They are also excellent for crossing upon common 
stodcs fa arable sections where quick feeding, absence of horns 
and a bii^ quality of meat ikt^ desired in the progeny. 

(3) A large percentage of the prostay are hornless and 
Mack or gray m color. 



ni 



..^Sutii^a^ 






t 



Vl 



"'^r- 



i'x V 



«'• 



■i^, 



4< 



/ 




ler, as thl 
of the 



; AberdeeiX- 
k shows for 
von by any 



head of the ' 
r equal with 



od nv 
"tree known 

ver, throngh 
»ve in some 



with Short- 
ton common 
nee of horns 
my. 
Itomless and 



/ 



- ^■ 



If ^^ 



.*- 





M . 




w 



^ 



r^- 



^-^-z 




^* 



■■o ' 



) 



.1 " 



'COWS. 




'■i»jji.i.-.-y*jjjii*ai.i!Myw (tipiS'/M *l'' 






POIflTS. ' 

i$ the scale of poini 
is. Btpeders' *Asa 




p4|HT9 



is objectionable, except ^ 
tutvd, and tfeere only to « 

, - ... ■ . . «• » «r ^ 

«„«^».,.~..^ moderately broad, and slightljfr"^* 

iNilMtbd; tarring toward the nose; mUzzle fin^^ 
nos^s wide and open : distance frKjm eyes to ao^%^ 
trillsjOf mcSerate length; eyes full, bright and ex- #• 
presllvet indicative of |^ disposition; ears v. 
large, sightly rising upward, and well furnished 1 
wSw hair; poll, well defined and without any^ap- '{ 
% peiurance of horns or scars ; jaws, dean . : K 
'3) Threat— Qean, without any development of loose 
'flesh undemcai^ -^ . ' J 

(4) Neck— Of mediuis length, spreading oUt to meet 
the shoulders, with full nedc veiii .. • ; • • 2 

(5) 5Ao«W^Jr-Moderately oblique, well covered on 
blades and top ; ^ithjVertebra or backbone slightly 
above the scapUlit or , shoulder blades, which 

. , should be moderately broad . . • • * 

(6) O^J'—Wide anj^ deep; round and full just back 

. of elbows ... • . , • ^ • • ** 

(7) Brisket— Deep and moderately projecting from 
between the legs, and proportionately covered 

■ with flesh ahd fat C :' . • • • ' 

(Si /?»*— Well sprung from badcbone, ardied and 

deep, neatly joined to the crops and loins . ' 

(9) Badt- Broad and straight from crops to hooks; 
. loins strong; hook bones moderate in width, not 
prominent, and well covered; rumos, long, full, 
level and rounded neatly into hindquarters "*' 

5$ 



^ 



w 




'm 



ABBlRDBEN-ANGUS CATTLE. 



59 



NDARD 






to » 

igfatUft-li^, 

J nos^a;,), 
id ex-' *^' 

ears 
lished 

loose ' 
I meet 



Himl^rter*—T)<xp and'/full; thighs thick and 
\ti}uscuUr, «nd in proportion with hindquarters; * 
twist filled out well in its "seam" so as to form an 
'evtn, wide plain between thifhs . . ^ • ., 
TM^Fine, coming neatlv out of the body on a 
line with the ba», «nd hanging at right anglies 
..,#tf to it ; . ' .■ . . . • .■ : ' . 
' {ji§) ' (/(W«r— Not fleshy, coming w.ell forward in line 
^^'m' with the' body and well up behind; teats squarely 
W placed, well apart and o.f good size ' . . 
(13) l/ii<fCT'/tfMv— Straight, as nearly as possible ; flank 

^ deep s^nd full 

(44) Legs — Short, straight and squarely placed; hind 
i legs slightly ^.inclined for>vard below the hocks; 

forearm, mi^ular; bones, fine and clean . 
( is> Fksh — EvetKVid without patchiness ^ 

(16) Slfin — Of moderate thickness and mellow touch, 
abundantly covered with thick, soft<hair. Much 
of the thnftiness, feeding prc^rties and value of 
th« animal 4^Aid upon this quality, which is of ' 

• . great weight m the grazier's and butcher's judg- 
ment. A good "touch" will c(impen8ate for some 
deficiencies of form. Nothing can compensate for 
a skin hai'd and stiff. In raising" the .skin from 
the body it shouIdHave a substantial, soft, flexible 
feeling, and when b<;neath the outspread hand it 
shoolq move easily, a? though resting on a soft, 
celljlar substance, which, howler, becomes firmer 
as the animal ripens. A thin, papery skin i« ol^ 
jec^onajble, especially in a cold climate . ' ..^ . 

(17) Genfnd A^eanmce—EleginU well bred and 
■ feminine. The walk square, the step qtick, and 

the.h«ad up . . . ... 



10 



Perfection 



100 



tback 

irotn 
wered 

di aitd 



10 



8 



looks; 
;h, not 
C, full, 



c 



FOR ^BULLS. 



V 



(t) Co/tfrv— Same as for cows, but" add, a white cod is 
most undesirable . . . , . - . - . 

(3) H«a</T— Same as 'lor cows, but substitute forehead 
broad, face slightly prominoit for "foreheAd |nod- 
erately broad and sligljitly indented,'* and «yes 
mild, full and expressive, for "eyes, full, bright 
and expressive" . . . . , 

(3) TAnxtf— Same as for cows ... . . 

Neek—Oi medium length, mvsei^f r, with mod- 
erate crest^f which increases wittelfee) spreading 
out to tptvt the shoulders, with' full neck veins . 



POINTS 



)/' 




a 



* ^ 




■ y^ 



r 



i)» 



;■ ^ 






: I' 



% 



."k 




THE STUDWyQF BRBED& 

SAowWtffx— Saihe as for-cow* . . 
C*«f— Same as, for cows . .• • 
flm**/— Same as for cows . . 
/Jifri— Same as for cows . ^ • r 
Boffe— Same as for cows . . m 
Hmdqmrters—^vmt as for cows . - - 
T«i*— Same as for cows . > - -ir 
l/HiwKn*— Same as for cow#_ . • ' 
Lrt*— Same a* for cowi . . » • 
FJ«fc— Same as for cows . . • 
5*»ii— Same as for cows . . ••'— ^. . 
\nenA Appearance— Saxm *i for cows, 6ut 
g^( for feminine . 

Perfection . 



» • 



sub- 



10 



100 



II, The following additional points are 

taitted: 

Id) Head, not lai^. dean cat, handsome and well set on, 
T and finer in the female. '^^\ " 

(a) Muzele, Mack4n color. . ^, v- . ^^. . ,^,^ 
A) Cheeks, not heavy, but probsibWdeep^than m some 

I ^ ** (4) Body, fairly long, broad, deei>,.cylindriaU,w^^ 

rounded at tfic angles and evenlV covered with smqoth flesh. 
(O Breast, foil, wid« and deep and bnsket bi:oad. 
(6) For«lm», brtad and plump and tapenng gracefully to 

the >™«-(,^pgJ(„„ ^d i^^i with the shoulder. 

Hind flanks, full, deep and th.ck. / ..„^,j ,. 

Buttock, moderately broa^a^d slightly bounded at 

the siJles; ,. • ^, ^ J^ • ^ 

(10) Milk veins, distmctly traced. 

( 11) Hoofs, semi-circular. , ^ • . ^ , , Mx 

(12) Skin, stronger in the male than the female. £* 
(i3) The hair in the best animals has- two growths, or 

lerigtfis, the under one being short, thick and downy. 

lir. Color—The, color n^ in favo^is black 
without any variation. 

ri) A shade of brown is not rtfjected, nor U some white 
about the udder, but white above the underlme or on the legs 
wilKexclude from registry. .. ^ . ... * 

h\ R^ or brindled is also inadmissible. 

(3) Formerly they embraced a great varirty of colors, M 
brindle. ttd, brown, silver cplored yellow, and dark red arid 
black stripes alternating. ^ \ 




r 







( 



\ 




rical, well 
oth flesh, 
^ad. 
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' LPCTURE NO. 17. -• 

GALLOWAY CATTLB — THEIR ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

W I. Galloway cattle afe so named from the 
province of Galloway, which now comprfse* the 
stewdlrtry of Kirkcudbright and the shire of Wig- 
tdwnr. 

(i) The principal pediffreed herds in Brmin are found 
in Kirkcudbrigrht, Dumfriesshire and Cumberland, where they 
have l|ten bred pure further back than any authentic records 
carry iHL 

(4) Several writer* of the sixteenth century speak in 
higd] terms of the excdleAce (rf the flesh of the cattle of the 
Giiloway district. 

11. The Galloways are certainly one of the 
L as well as one M the oldest^ of the improved 



*' 



le authorities hdd to the opinion that they are 
deicendei6||rom a Wild aboriginal polled breed still repre- 
sented atJ^Btctlerault jn Lanaritshire, Scotland. 

(3) fP^ has been no infusion of outside blood whatever 
within tlivperiqd i^^eir recorded history', asxall efforts to 

^, improve the brdi^Hpn 'an outside source have been tm- 
/•Hccessftil. ^mf 

t' .(3) This u nc^meoMJstent with the fact that hqmed 
''cattle of other breeds havet been bred simultaneouriy iii the 
V, tame districts. 

(4) An unmistakable proof of the antiquity and purity 
of the breed is foiind in the entire absence of scurs in pure 

"iSalloways, and in the great power which they have to remove 
^ the boms when crossed tQioR other breeds. Z 

III. The treatment to which they have been 
vSttbjected, and the cold, darhp climate in which they 
^"-were originally reared, have contributed much to 
their proverbial rug^gfedness. 



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THE 'STUDY OP BREEDS. 




(i) They h«v« there been frequently reared isoo f«t 
above the sea level, where jfrain wi|l not ripen. . . * 

(a) The )ongy!f»vy coat which prptects thetn »» probaWy 
owing to the dankest of the climate. ^ 

IV. During much of the last ccattwry and also' 
the beginning of the present one, it was customary 
to drive QalWways itl large numbers to the south- 
eastern counties qi^ England to be finished for the 
London market: 



,.>.., from ao.ooo tp 30,000 head were 
from the home of the Ga*W>way«. 



(i) For many years 

ren ajmually from the home of the Ga»U>way«. 
(2) This trade ceased after the introduction of turmr^ 



thus driven a^nua 

(a) This trac — - 

husbandry into that part of Scotland- ^ 

V. Introduction into America. 
. (ly.TheJrst recorded Galloways were imported info 
"Canada by Graham Bros, of Vaughan, Ont., m l8S3, hut ■ 

(a) Their dissemination in. th»t tountpr was owing 
chiefly to the untiring efforts of Thomas MjCrac of GndOh. 
Ont., who began breeding them in 1861, and importing them 
from Scotland a few years subsequently. , 

(3) They were imported into Michigan about 1870, and 
«Mnew(hat later to Wisconsin and Missouri. ,^/,„*„ 

(4) They have also been mtroduced to some extent into 
other Ajnglo-Saxon coutJtries. 

" VI Dtiring the last century there Vere many 
Galloways of mixed colors, a point that is well 
brcu^t out in crossing them on other breeds. 

-, (i) Some were belted, some had white faces and a white 
mark along the back, others w^e brindled, drab of dun, rea, 

and red and white. ...•,, ^ ..... t j- ..«- k.u 

(3) When crossed with an old established breed, one-halt 

the calves will probably show a variety of colors. 

VII Galloway Breeders' Associations 
(i) The Galloway Cattle Society in Britain wa9 eftabf 

" *(a)"The American Galloway Breeders* Asiociation WM 
es^Uished in i88a. 

VIII. Registration in Britain, 
(i) The first volume of the Galloway Herd Book, as 
distiniroished from that of the Aberdeen- Angus was published 
in 1878, 



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1900 fett 
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and also' 
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was owing < .. 

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>rting them }/ Z 

t iBro, and -^ • 

extent into 

rcre many ■ ^0 

at is well f 

«ds. 

and a wWi* ^* 
•rt- dun, red,' 

«d; one-half 

ms 
wai e«ui> 

Kiation was 



■d Book, as 
as published 





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THE STUDY d.F BREEDS. 



(2) Previous ,to that time thfey had b«n registered in 
the same record as the Aberdeen- Angus breed _^ 

(t) The Rev. John Gillespie, Mousewald Manse, Dumr 
friesj^^as bLrt IheWor of.tSe Galloway H^d Book since 
the adoption of separate registration. 



IX. 



Re^stration in* North America. 

ti) Registration was commenced in Ojitario in^ 1872, and 
up \a 4874 was entirety confined to Canada. _ 

?2) The first ,yolume of the , American Galloway Herd 
Book was publishta by the AgrftuHure and Arts Association 

of Ontario in 1883. ... j ^„,:„„ 

(■K) In 1883, the interest of the last named assowation, 
was purchased by the American Galloway Breeders Associa- 
tion, and since that time the. Americai> registration of Gallo- 
ways Has been conducted ih the Umted SUtes. 



(. Z'i 



*/ 



X, ^^i^tribution in the .United States 
pinada. 

(1) The more imporunt centerg of "distribution in the 
United States are Missouri, Iowa, Illittois, Kansas attd . 
Minnesota and in the order named. . *v;«i«' 

(2) A considerable number are found in the varioua 
provinces of Canada, apd they,are probably most numerous in 
Ontario and Nova Scotia. 

XI. Registration in the United States. 

^ it) Nine volumes of the American Gallow|iy Herd Book 

*^*(2) AtotaV pf 1*491 animals have been fecorded»,'Of 
which 6,262 are males and 8,329 fcmale<,,aiid. 1,000 pedigr^ 
await record. 



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lloway Herd ' 
s Association 

d assoeiation . 
lets' Associa- 
ion of GaUo- " 

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States'^jid 

jution in- the 
Kansas and 

1 the various 
t numerous in 

ites. 

ly Herd Book 

'/ecordedfc'of 
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CALLOWAY CATTLE— ^HEIR LEADING CHARACTER- 



ISTICS. 



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I. Popularity. *a 

(i) Galloway cattle are probably not so popular as the 
Shorthorn, Hereford and Polled Aberdeen bre^s, yet 

. (i) Among the leading beef breeds they are entitled to 
«^ least ythe fourth jilace. 

(^*In the United States, and also to a Jess .extent in 
.CaHaoa, thjgv are gaining ground where 
nisde Jn iiSement weather. — - 

•|][. Aidaptability. 

; : Xt) Th^ are incomparably the hardiest Zt the British 
facts, excrot the West Highland breed. 

»t2) Their kmg hair^,and. thick mossy undercoat enables 
them |o endure well the, severities of wfather arising from 
w^t' and cold,, hence 
^ * (3) They are very well adapted ,to rugged regions and 
to the purposes of the ra^nge, both in the westfem states and 
the Camidiafi Northwest. 

^^iJCi-y Ttey do better on spare diet than nearly all of the 
cuier beef l^KcdMis they have been much reared on rdcky atiid 
tSin tafS. :,; ■»' - 

(joThis vigor of institution epables them to stand wdl 
Bg jt^rr^eys by road, rail or ship traa|it ,- ^%-. 

•^v-:^^.^ RHativesik 



lize they are considerably less than the Shorthorns 
and Ifngior^, and somethin 
and posiliBly tlie Sussex^ but 



and something less than the Aberdeen PoHs, 



<2) They weigh r^maiicably well in proportion to the 
alMMirent size. 

; " iV. Early maturing qualittesi ' ' ' ^- 

' '■•^" (1) .They do not mature quite so quickly as some ofdihe 
^totf breeds, owing to the way in which they R^ve be«^ 
'^iliired,*but ...:'■■ 

; (a) When fed a ioix^ng ratioff lh«r »re capable pf m»tar<'v 
ing at an early ifi " . ,- ..» „.. t 



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THE Si;UPY OF BREEDS. 
V. Grazing qualities. 



(r) The frazipg qualities of Galloways are of a higli 

°^%) They are capable of "roughing it" on rugged pastures. 

and of making fair gains on these, and . . 4. ... _.;, 

(3) When put on rich pastures they finish quickly and 

in fine form. 



VI. Feeding qualities. >' 

.1) Galloways feed well, not only in the pure form, but 
when crossed upon certain other breeds, as the Shorthorn and 

"(2).'^he"larMst specimens are not usually equal in feed-, 
ing qualUies to the short legged animals with snj^'- f"^^"'- 
(3) They take on fUssh smoothly, being almost enttrely 
free from patchiness. 

VIIv Quality of meat. 

(i) Galloway beef has been noted for its fine qudity in 
the Londbn markets for nearly two centuries, where, during 
that time, it has commanded the highest martcet ?"<«•.; 

(2) The fat i*'put on more mtemaUy th^?» externWljr, 
and 18 finely intermixed with lean, the proportion of the latter 
being unusually large. ^ , . • , . ,fr~i • ^ j ^ j. 

(3) The grain of Ae flwh is extremely delicate aftd it is 

rich in flavor. 

Vin. Milking qualities, 
(i) Galloways cannot lay claim to any superiority M^# 
milking ^reed, since they have been bred mainly for the 

""^^rSoOie i.ndividual8 milk well and the milk of all is rich. 

IX. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) For prepotency ^lloways are .almost unrivaled. , .^, 
h) When a bull of this face is crossed upon any of tl»f|^ 
various horned breeds, a large percental of the produce wiH 
be black, and from 95 to 100 per crtit without horor. 

(3) A first cross from cows of various breeds ha« per- 
plexed good judges to distinguish th«ro irom tfWre br(^ 

X. Breeding qualities. 

(i\ The breeding qualities of Galloways are excdlwit, 
o#ing laiidy. doubtless, to freedom frmn confinement dunng 

(f) fer r^milar reas«»n diey bre*d to a good old age. 



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' LECTURE NO. iSj^ 

GALLOWAY CATTLE— THEIR ^ St ANDAM) POINTS, 

I. The following «&^ of points was drawn 

Up by the Council of the Galloway Cattle Society of 

Great Britain in 1883 : 

(i) Color— Black, with a brownish tinge, 
(a) 'Head—'ShoTt and wide, .with broad forehead and wide 
noitrils; without the slightest symptoms of horns or scurs. 



(3 J ^f*— Lar^e and prominent. 



^„ fi!arx^Moderate in length and broad, pointing for- 
ward and upward, fringe of Ipng hairs. 

(5) ATrc*— Moderate in length, clean and filhng well mto 
the dioulders; the top in a line with the bade in the female, 
and in a mJe naturally rising with age. 

(6) Borfy— Deep, roundil and sjrmmetncal. ; 

(7) Sbdulders— Fine and straight, moderately wide above; 
coarse shoulder points and sharp or high shoulders are 
objectionable. 

(8) Br^orf— Full and deep. 

(9) Back and IJmw/i— Straight 

(10) Ribs— Deep and well sprung. 

(11) L6iH and Sirloin—Wen filled. 

(12) Hook Bones— Hot promitwirt. - 

(13) Hindquarters— hong, iwaden^y #i*! and well 

(14) Flank— Dtep and fulL * 
(is) T*<gA*--Broad, straight and well let down to 

rounded buttocks are very obj^cnable. 

(16) LM*T-Short and clean, with fine bc»»e. 

(17) Tmt—VftA\ set on and nioderately thick. 

(18) 5Wii— Mellow and BKxRrately thick. 

(19) Hair— Soft and waw, with mosky undercoat; wiry or 
curly hair is very objcctic^iuUDle. 

II. Compared %1th Jhe scale of points given 
by Aiton in 181 i,-tlHi'|ollowing are the chief ^nts 
of diifferenCie : 

The mtizi^e is Aow broader. 
More prominence i^ now given to the ear. 
The hams kre squarer. 
The tail is finer, and 
The hide *ome tmnner 
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dders are 



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Its ifiven 
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GALLOWAY CATTLE. 



#;■ 



HI. The following list of undesirable points' 
, in Galloways was drawn up by James Biggar, Dal- 
beattie, Scotland: 
'^ (|) Long, narrow head with high crowti. ' 

(a) Narrow tapering muzzle. * . 

(3) Long, drooping ears. \; ' 

Small, deep-xet eye«. 

Small, light neclc. ' , - , - 

Li^ht, scraggy breast. 
High, narrow shoulders. 
Flatness behind shoulders. 

Lighffore or back ribs. • ' 

(10) S()uare and prominent hook bones, 
(ii) High or drooping Tumps. • 
(i*) Weak or slack loms. 

(13) JRounded buttocks. 

(14) Fleshy douW* thighs. r ' ' ^ 
Cxi) Big, coarse^Mnes. , - 
(x6) Thick, stiff skin.- ^■'' .- 

(17) Hitrd, -wiry or too curly hair. ' • . . '^^' 

( 18) Black, hard hair without soft undercoat. 

IV. General appearance of Galloways^ 

(1) They are low sef, sturdy, robust, livel;^ and spirited. 

(2) The muscles are strong, especially ihoac concerned ■ 
in traveliM. 

(3) Trie coat is long, beautifully w^ved and handsome. 

V. Compared with Shorthorns^ 

(i) Galloways are less in size, more Ibw set, and n,ot 
quite so sauarely built. 

(a) Tniqr are shorter in the head><and polled, broader in 
the ear, more prominent in the arm dnd thight^jiot quite so 
well filled in the. crops, less prominent at the hooks and' 
stroni^r at the taitheaa, and 

(3) They are thicker in the hide, longer and mare wavy 
in the coat and are black in color. 

VI.' Compared with Aberdi^sn-Angtis. 1 

(i) Gaiioway$i are sdmething less in size and not quite 
"m long in bqdy. ' 

(a) They are shorter ftt the head and less promintint and 
pointed at th« poll. 

(3} Tbinr are a little more promiiunt at thii^anij^es of the 
bi^y, tm ame so cylindricaj in shape, more prominent at the 
arm andlfiMi. a' little stronger at the tailhiliad and hot quite 
m well iHed in the crops, and 

<4) They »re a little thicker in the hide and longer and 
mn** wavy in the c04t. 




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LECTURE NO. 20. 

SUS^ijEX GATTXE — THEIR ORIGIN AND HISTORY, 
CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. . 

I. Some obscurity hangs over the origin of 
this breed, but there are good reasons for believing 
that they are closely associated in ancestry with 
the Devons. 

(i) Their breeding iii England is largely confiflfed to the 
counties of Sussex, Kent, Surrey and Hampshire, and 

(a) It is only recently that they have been exported to 
other countries. 



II. €t is only within a comparatively limited 

period that the • improvement ^of the breed has 

received malPked attention. '^ 

<i) Formerly the animals of both sexe« were used for 
plowing and other farm work, but now they are bred mainly 

lot beef. .....»,.. ^ • . 

(3) Of late years they have scored well at the Snuthfidd 
Show at London, and also to some extent at the Fat Stock 
Show in Chicago. 

(3) The calve* are generally reared on the dams, usually 
getting only a part <Sl the milk at first; and afterwards the 

wh4e of it. ......... 

(4) The Sussex Herd Book waa estahlishjed m England 

in 186a > 

HI. Sttssex cattle in Other countries. 

(l) They were imported to the Unitfed States by Overton 
Lea of Nashville, Tenn.. in 1884. , . /^ j 

(?) In i6gi a small imnortation was made mto Canada 
by the Ontario Experiment Station at Guelph, but some spect- 
mens of the breed had been brmig^t into the country at an 
^rlier period, althqy«h ther were eventually taken to the 
United Statei. 

72 



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.74 



TH« StUDY or BREEDS. 



\., ■ 



IV. Distribution in the United States. \ , 

(i) It can scarcely-be said that Susseai cattle have^adj 
marked progress since their introducjtton into the Un'tfed 

States. ' ■ ... i . .., n • .1.^ 

(a) A few herds have been estabhshe^, chiefly in the 

Mis8issiw)i' basin, bjjt accessible inforAiation regarding them^^^ 

is very meager. . , _ 

(3) They are nowr, found in the states of Tennessee, 

Maine, Ulinois, Indiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorarlo 

and in Ouu|da. 



V. Registration in the United States, 
(l) No Herd Record for Sussex cattle has yetH)een pub- 
lished in the United States, although • V 
(a) Material for the same is accumulating. \ 



'#'••■ 



« 




J 



^W*,-^- 



LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. ' 

Popularity and adaptability. 

' (i) Sussex qitle are popular only in limited areaa 
owing In a considerable degree to the little effort made by 
breeders to f»lace them before the outside public. 



ties 



lUCrS W lliaVC n»Vi». irw.ww »..~ I «• 

(a) Like the Shorthorns they arc best adapted to locally 
rich In productipn and temperate in character. ^ 



Relative size. 



(1) They are a heavy breed, fully etjual to the Galloways 
in weight, but are rather larger than the Galloways in fraine. , 

(a) They are possessed of several of the same properti^ 
. as the tJevons, to whom they bear a somOwhat c^ resem- , 
blance, but they are considerably larger. 

III. Early maturing and grazing <iuaHtie$. 
'(i) In maturin« they are a little behind some breeds, but 

in this respect they arc rapidly improving. .• ,u 

(a) As grazers they are nearly, « not ^Htt, eqwtf to Qlfs 
Herefords. • 

IV. Feeding qualities and quality of the meat. 

(i) They feed well, but in some instances are said to be 
a little over-nervous in temperament.. ^^ 

(a) The quality of the meat is very good, though sofliB 
tndividuias are a little ov«r8trong in bone. , . ' ° 



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75 



ts. \ r ■, 
the Uriited 

V ■ 

efly in the 
rding them t* 

Tennessee, 
t, Colorado 



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en ptib* 



nited areas 
rt made by 



;d to locali 



A^ 



e Galloways 
ys in frame. 
le properti^s- 
e^^ resent- , 

[tutitttes. 

i breeds, but 
equal to tl^ 

f the meat. 

re said to be 
dioi^ sonie 



Milking qualities. 



(l)'In milking qualities they are measurably deficient, 
hence they are not much used in the dairy. » . ' . 

(a) They are usually suckled by their own calve*. 

J VI. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) They have not' been greatly used for this purpose in 
the United States, hence 

(a) But little on these points can be said with definitenesa.^" 

VII. fireeding qualities. • , 

f i), These , are good, ysince 

(a) They have not been .nit^ qtilt* ao artifiddljr at- 
■otiie breeds., 

yill. Weak points. 

(l) They have scarcely been tested enough in this countlTr'^"' , 
jto kn6w which these are, but 

*■". ■ 1?) They will include milking qualities that rank not 
nigh, and m many instances a little slowness in maturing. 

IX. Conipared with Shortlioms^ 

(i) They are not nearly equal to Shorthorns in poptt> ' 
I&rity and in milking qualities, and ^ »\ - 

(a) Thiey are not quite equal' to them in all-round • 
adaptability, in size, in early maturing and feeding quHtlitidi' 
and in value in crossing and grading, but f 

(f) They are probably something ahead of them in the 
marbling^of, the meat and i^ breeding qualities. „ 



^*>-; 



PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



\* 



In the absence t>f an authorized scale of points*^' 
the following is submitted : ' * 

I. 5't««'-^Medium \fof the breed, iinclining 
to large. 

^ :^ II. /f ^rf— ^MeditMit, though in some instances 
it mdines to large, ' *." 

ft) Por<;head, wide. -* 

(a) Nos4 medium in size and inclining a little to long. 

(3) MfOit, hMf brood and moist, aoid nosti^ls about 
average, v ,■ > 

(4) Eyes, !«ve, h&i dear and of mi^um calmness. 

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(5) Horn., somewhat long but Y>\^°*^J^^^/ /^I^f^ 
ing, wftha graceful, forward ^"S,^" ,*i.%S. 
and upward curve with Wme spreadln the female. 



upward 
* III JV^cfe-^MiSdiutn in length and fleanly 
made, but some animals of tlwc breed have ahttle 

dewiftp- 

. (,) It should wldtn and deepen *««"/'«, Sf^^Wo^'^J 
(a) It ii sometime, not quite w well filled m the neck 



.vein. 



IV. Body-'-Oi the parallelogrammic type. 



(I) Back, wide and straight t»|~"?hout, With a flat Icrin, 
neariy a. widi\t the fore as at the^md end. and each .ide 



la) Withers, T*l«8fcrately^ Wide. 



(3) Shoulders, large and snwoth. . ,„ 

(4) Breast, wide and proje^ing well forward, a. » ajw 

the brisket. • . ' .^. . 

(k\ CroDs. full and heart girth good. ^ ^^ 

B rK wen sjr*g. giving a ro«nd«d appearance to the 

hodv and narrow between the last nb and hip bone. 

'^(7)H!Sks, broad, with a wide spi^ce between and lying 

nearl^jgh M^he ^^^-^^^^^^ ^j^hout. both at the side 
andl^Hi,^^ flat on tl« outside and without incfimture 
ps, long and flat and wide at tfae Mtting on of 




(il^Hluttock, wide and straight 

( 12) Twist, deep and set low. 

(13) Tail, perpendicularly hung. 



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V. Leg J— Medium in length and neither, fine 

nor coarse in bone. . v, • , j 1 

yi. 5fet»— Only moderately thick and mel- 
Jow and Covered with soft hair. , . , 

VII. Co/or— Usually a solid red, both light 
and dark shades beinff common. 

(i) These shades, sometimes commingle to form a beauti- 
ful dapple bay. , j. j 

(3) A little white i« permissible about the odder and a 
few white hairs, nearly always single, except on the ffftt^of 
and flank, are r^arded most favorably. 



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.ECTURE Na 21. 



WESt HIGHI^ND CATTtl!>ctTHEtR ORIGIN AND HIS- 
, TORY^ CHARACTEBISTICS ANJD PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



' ORIGIW AjfD HISTORY. 

I. The West Highland cattle^ sometimes called 
, Kyloes, are no doubt descended from the aboriginal 

wild cattle of the country. 

II. Although Argyleshire is their central 
home, they ocaipy the whole of the west and middle 
Highlands, and the western islands, being found in 
the greatest perfection in the larger Hebrides. 

<J) Chie of the oldest herds is that of Poltalloch, founded 

(2) In many places to the southward they have displaced 
the deer formerly kept in the parks of noblemen. 

HI. Much attention has been given of late to 
the improvement of the breed, and with a success 
that is encouraging. 

(i) The cows suckling calves are housed^for a 8horJ..titt)e 
in winter, and some of the young cattle have sheds provided, 
but the principal portion winter in the open air. 

(a) A Herd Book has recently been established for the 
breeds tn Great Britain, largely through the influence of Lord 
Dunmore. 

IV. West Highland cattle in other oourttries. 

(i) Some have been imported to the United States, more 
especially the far West, and some to the Dommion of 

Canada, but _ . . ; _^ . # ..u .j 

- ^a) 'As yet thejr have not obtained an extensive foothold^ 
outside. of Great Bri<;ain. . - < 

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WSSt HIGHLAND CATTLE. 



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v. Tfeigr have a bmutiful appearance when in 
finest bloom, which is during the last three months 
of the year, owing ^-^ " 

' _(i) To the sturdy character of the frame. 

fa) To the wild piercipg glance of the eye, and 
3) To the long shaggy coat which grows so abundantly, 
especially about the, head and neck. 



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LEAPING CHARACTERISTICS^ 



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I. Popularity. 



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(i) West Highland cattle liave as yet but little popularity 
outside of Great Britain, since 

"(a) They have been but little exported to other countries. 

. II. Adaptability. ' • 

-, (i) Their incomparable hardihood and thet^ fine grazing 
qualities adapt them to mountainous conditions, cold and 
bleak, where many other breeds could not subsist. 

(3) There should be a place fo^ them on the mountain 
i>a!ktures of both the eastern and western states. 

III. {Relative size. 

^ (i) They are considerably the smallest of the distinctive 
P^f breeds, but 

(2) They weigh well in proportion to their size, owing to 
their sturdiness of build. 

IV. Early piaturing qualities. 

(i) Th^ are not good, owing to the conditions to which 
they are subjected, but 

(3) Under improved conditions of environment these 
would also improve. 

V. Grazing qualities. 

(i) These are of a high order, as they are cont^ted with 
the coarsest fare, and ultimately get fat where more t«nder 
breeds could scarcely exist. 

(3) They are well capable of enduring both damp and 
cold, and 

(3) Their staying powers are alm6st without limit, hence 
they can travel far in gatherinjp food. 

*■ (4) In winter they frequently eat heather and furze, and 
when t^ken south they fatten on pastures from which the best 
portions have been eaten. 



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- (5) They are generally finished on low land, and for this 
purpose they are in high {avor in Scotland and Ena^and. 

h.' .4.- VI. Feeding qualities. 

(l) These are only medium, as they mature so slowly, and 

(ay Owing to their natural wildncts, they take some time 

to become accustomed to confinement -: 

VII. Quality of meat> r 

(i) The meat is well laid on, is of the .finest quality, and 
commands the highest price in the English maiicets. 

(a) The proportion of the dressed meat to the live(Weight 
is alao large. 



y HI. Milking qujalities. 



(i) These are not good, since they are subjected to con^ 
ditions unfavorable to milk production, but 
(3) The qualtib^ of the milk is excellent ,„ 

'i. IX. Value in crossing and grading. 

^- (i) For either use there would seem to be no place for 
J'^West Hi^tand cattle, since 

(2} Decreased hardihood # the progeny would make 
them less well adapted to mountain pastures, and want of size 
would make them les9 valuable' than other breeds <hi lowland 
t^MOreii, but .. 

' (3) When crossed upon by the Galloways, the pn^^eny 

•re excell«it where the food' conditions can be improved. 

% , X. Bleeding qualities. ♦• 



(i) These are of the best, since 
(a 



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(a) Their environment is favorable to sttch breeding. 

XI. Weak points. 

(i) For icdd, bleak conditions ^they seem to be completely- 
furnished, but 

(3)^ Want of size, scant milk produi^ion and shyness of 
- di^M^ition will hinder them from supplan.ting the large and 
^more completely 'domesti^ted breeds. , , 

XII. Compared with Shorthorns. 

(l) They are considerabry behind Shorthorns in p<H>u> 
irity, general adaptability, size, maturing, feeding and milk' 
-" qualities, and for crossing and grading, but 

C3) They are consideraUy ahead of them in hardihood, 
zing and breeding qualities and in the marUing of the ny>at. 
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THE STUDY OF BSSBDS. 



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slance 



NCIPAL POINTS. 

In th^absencc of an authorized scale of poim 
the following is submitted: 

I. Sm;^— Medium, but it will naturally adjust 
itself to the attendant conditions of environment. 

II. HeaA—Tivt hcatl is short and well pro- 
portioned, and has a profusion of long, sha£^ and 
curly hair coming down below the eyes. 

(i1 Forehead, broad and jawbones to rorrespond . 

(a) EyeB, prominent and possessed of a quick pierang 

ce. 

a) Nose, slightly turned up at the point. , 

<4) Horns, tong, wide apart, cdrved and pointed and 

tipped with Made . . . . . . "j a 

(a) Th<w should come out level with the head, »nd 

\V) They should then incline forward afad upward with 

a peetdiar back set curve and wide f weep. 

III. JV?c*— The neck should be medium in 

length and 'strong. 

' (i) It should be without dewlap, but oftentimes is not 
(ai^On the crest of the bulls there is a mane of coarser 
hair. v . 

IV. Borf^y"— The body is strong, deep, thick, 
musailar and compact. 

(1) Pack,* straight,? wide and well rounded from the 
shoulders backwjtrd. ' ,. . ^ j 

(2) 3»ouklers, thick and immensely filled out downwards, 
from the |K>int to the lovirer extremity of the forearm. 

(3) Chest, wide and deep with much breadth between 
the forelegs. 

(4) Ribs, well developed and fairly arched. ■ 

(5) Hind quarters, large development, square between 
the hip bones and the Uil, and also at the buttock. 

(6) Thighs, possessed, of immense development. 

(7) Tail, thick and stirong, with a full bunch of hair 
hanging down toward the ground- 

V. L^^*"— The legs are short, extremely mus- 
cular, are "well feathered," bone thidc, broad and 
straight and hoofs strong. 













* ' 



rESr HIGHLAND CATTLB. 



83 



e of points,/ 

rally adji^tN 
ronment/ 
i w«U pro- 
ihaggy and 



pond 

[oick piercing 



pointed and 

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adj and 
upward witb 

medium in 

mes is not. 
tne of coarser 

deep, thick, 



led from the 

lit downwards, 

earm. 

tadth between 



VI. S"*!!!-— Rather thick, but mellow to^the 
touch. 

(i) The hair ^ould be abundant, long, glossy, and pos- 
sessed of a graceful wave. 

(a) A curl in the hair is a decided fault - 

VII. Co/orAXhe a)lor varies, some fininials 
Eing black, others f#d, dun, yellow and brindled or 

" and black. - 

(i) As a rule, the coIcm- is Mack, but fashion now inclines 
to yellow or light dun and brindle. , 

(a) A well nurked brincNe is said to be the favorite^ color 
for bulls. V • 

VIII. General App&^rance — In general ap-. 
p^rance the West Highland^ is sturdy and strong, 
and when seen on mountain or in timber pastures 
and in good condition he is weird, stately, grand. 

IX. Compared with Shoithoms. " ' 
(i) They are much smt^ier, but sturdier, and more 

vYa) The head -is shorter, tlte horns much larger, and the 
eye Hyelier. > "■ ■ 

(^ The bones are stronger, and the arm and thigh much 
iUy developed, and 



are 
*'iw ^^^ X*"^ ^^""^ * taoTt picturesque appearance, owing 
^;nwgely to^the long hair which covers them, more especially 
about the l^d and neck. 



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luare between^ 

ock. 

fnent. 

bunch of hair 



remely mus- 
:, broad and 



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THE DAIRY bREEDS 



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LECTURE NO. 22. 



HOLSTEIK-FHIESIAN CATTLE — THEIR ORIGIN AND 

HISTORY. 



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I. But litt^ is known with certainty regarding 
the ultimate origin of this brewi, but 

(i) Judging from thfr few flashiight statements coming 
from a remote past they , would seem to have been bred pute 
in much of the country eastward from the North sea for luily 
* aoQO. years.." 

"(a) History malces it clear that «in^ the Christian era, 
.if not, indeed, before that, time, cattle keying has been the 
chief occcupation of the rural population. 

(3) There isscnne evidence to show that as early as the 
ninth century, HoUand was famed for its dairy products. 

(4) The hiitorian, Motley, referring to this counti^, 
' speaks of oxen.aooo pounds in weight, and of the immense 

production and exportatidn of butter and cheese, even 4n the 
seventeenth centtiry. 

Iir Holland has several breeds or tjrpes of cat- 
tle, of which the Friesian, or Frieslaijd, are the most 
numerous. • 

(1) The Friesian and North Holland cattle, resembling 
each other in all essentials and the progenitors of nearly all 
the Holstein-Friesian cattle in the United States, are by many 
supposed to have come originally from the duchy of Holsjein. 

(2) The sub-breeds. Oldenburgers, Weet Friesian. East 
Friesian. Gfonnigen and Beemster are all supposed to have 
been derived fromH)ne parent stem. 

(3) The differences are owing in part to differences in 
management, but more probably to differences in soil pro- 
duction. 

85 



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HDLBTKEN'FiUBltAN dATTLK. 

Offshoots from Holland cattle. 



87 



(i) AmoiMc thew are the Flandera breed of Bdcitnn anid 
Pntnce, the Oldeitbarff and Brittetiburg breeds of Gcrtnany, 
and the Holmogorian breed of Russia. ^ 

(a) Cattle- are also numerous in other parts of Europe 
which evidently possess the blood of the cattle of Holland in 
a ffreater or less degree. 

* ■ ' , 

IV. Importations into Britain. 

(i) In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries more or 
1«M of dw blood of Dutch cattle was carried into England 
and Scotland and exercised some influence on the milking 
qttalities of the old Teeswater and Ayrshire breeds. 

(a) In England thiji influence extended northward from 
the Hmtiber and over a conaideratdc region. 

V. These cattle have for centuries past been 
noted for their extraordinary dairy properties. 

(i) The effort to furither improve theita wotdd seem to 
have been constant and unceasing. — "-^ ' 

(3) The^ unusual succulence and productiv^mist. of the 
matures, which grqw largely on reclaimed dylw^Siiids, havic 
facflttated sttch improven^ent. 

VI. Care ?md management in Holland. 

(i) They are carefully housed in diean, well lighted and 
comfortable stables in Winter and are milked in the pastures 
from aboi't May ist to November i«t. . " 

(a) When on pasture they are blanketed duriag indetaient 
weather. 

(3) Only a few of the choicest bulls air kept for breeding 
and abottt ao per cent of the choicest femalei^ 

(4) The calves not reared are usuaJly sold for i^eal 4nd 
the cows for beef, after having prQ^|Did.nve or six calves. 

VII. Importations int^pe United States. 

(i) The first cattle imported fi^om Holland are snpposed 
to have reached the Mohawk valley about t6atl, ana other 
^^sundnr importetions are thought to have been made subse- 
|iquentfy by Dntth settlers. 

(a) The first importation of which we have any definite 
knowledge was made to Cazenovia by the Holland Land 



1) The first herd, the blcmd of which has been k?pt pure. 



Company in 179$. 
j^y The first 
>'S»8limport«!d by W. W. Chenery of Belmont. Mass., In 1861. 
^ (4) Importations did not beconte general or frequent 

ttntil about 35 years 34(0. 



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VIII. Registration of IIoUtein-Friesiaiicattlfe. 

(lY Nine votanwa 6f iSm HoUt«|^ ri«f4 Book were pab- 
liihcd W the H<dstein Brecdera' Attocktiaaiof America, the 
first of which Kpoearcd in 1873 and the laat in 1885. 

(3) .Four voI«me« of the Dutch Priesian Herd Btook were 
published \ii the Dutch" Friesian Herd Booir A$ioctation of 
AmeVicai tte first of which appcarad in iWo lm4 the laat, 
in i88s. 

(3) Theie two aasoeiationr^were unltedin iS^onder the 
name of the "Holatdn-Prieaian Aaaociation of America." 
' (4) Public h^rd rcctrfda are alao now htlik4fk Qntorio. 
'Holland. Belgium and Gcraia^jr. d^ 

IX. Ativancxd registry. 

(l) The Holvtein-Frieaian Asaociation of America wall 
the pioneer aaaociation in esfabliahing a syatenv of advanced* 
regiatry baaed on atnicttJral form and actual performance. 
« (a) It-waa eatabliahed in i8S|. and largely ^rou|^ the 
efforts of Mr. S. Hoxie'of YorkvOle, N. Y., i|Jw waa made 
the finrt superintendent. ' ■ 

(3) Nq animals are admitted under the age of two veara^* 

(4) Mo bull will 'be admitted which hat not evidKCticed 
anperior qtudity in hia progeny and that will not acide 
pointa in the rigid atandard set for advanced registry. 

1 (S) A- cow mustM^e borne a calf and madie certain iffillk 
'and batter records required of cowa of her form or year. 

X. Distribution in the United States. 

(i) Holstan-Friestan catde are kept in every st«te in 
the Union. - ♦ 

(;0 1'h«y *<* ^ost QOmerotta in New York, .P«nnnrlvania. . 
.Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Masaachtuetta aiid Michigan, '* 
and prt^bly in the order named. 

"XI. Registration in the United States. 

"(i) Since the ccmaollda|km of the aaaodations named 
un^ef' Note Vlli; sixteen „«olumes of, the Hdatetn-Frieaian 
Herd Book haye been issued. 

• (a) Pour volumes of the advanced rcfnatry we« pnb- 
liahed wpantety, beginning with i8^,,b«t Ui2 fccor<to com- 
mencing with Vol. XII of the Holatein Herd, Book ate now 
bound up with and appear in the several volumes of tiie same. 
(3) 'There have been recorded in the records of the con- 
solidated association, including Vol, XVI, 03,464 animals, of 
which 3ii5.T3 are males and |»ir.93i are femafea. 

?(4) The American branch associalaon of the**ferth Hol- 
fStndHcrd Book baa alao recorded 396 malea and iias fedialea. 





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istry. ■ ^\. 
: certain flUlk 
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s of the eon- 
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tECTURE NO, 33* 

IfOCJITtlN-PBIKnAN CATTLE — TH}U». LEADING CRAK- 
ACTEWSTICS. > - V * •" 

I. Pq)jilarity. <* 

^ (i) The Holstdns des^Mly rank very high among dairy 
Mttte in America. 

(a) Although .they entered the field cornHderably Uter, 
UIMj are only Sfcond to the Jers^yi fai point of numbers. 

II. Adabtability. * ' 

(i) The large, capacious frame of the Holstein calls lor-, > 
environment where the land is level rather than b^en,.and 
ridi in forage and grain production." '^' 

(3) .When these conditions are present they may be kept 
with much advantage in providing milk for «ties, for cheese 
fectories and creameries and also ior private dairies, in wHIch 
tlMHkimmdk can be turned to excellent account. • \ 

III. Relative size. « " / 

(if The Hoitteins are unqueVtionablythe largest of the » • 
diatinctivedairy breeds found "^in America. 

(a) The Iranfe is fully as large as that of the Bfown ^ 
Swiss and is not miich behind that of the,Sh()rthom. , 

Q)°The average live weight of cows may be put «t laoo . 
potitids, while tlKy vary from 1000 to 1500 pounds. 

' . ly. Milkjng qualities. 

, (j) In the production of milk, onantity ak>ne considered, 
the Holiteins are without a rival, but ' 

,(a) The milk docs not averago so high in btltter fM as- 
that of some breeds, although 'to this there are some excep- 
tion*. . -^t- ^ ~ 

(3) The milk is good for:chee«e br butter maldng, and 
tither fresh or skimmed it is excellent for promotin|t quick 
development, in young animals, since it is rich in constituents ' 
that go to fprih bone, muscle and>6brous tissue. 



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90 



THE STUDY OF BREKBS 



V. Early maturing qualities 




(i) Because of their large size they do not nwtare quit* 
, so quickly as some of the smaller breeds, bat ,^ 

(2) The heifers usually become milk producers at from 
twenty-four to thirty months. 

VL Grazing qualities. 

(i) These itre.flMod, but iM)t of the highest. , . ' . 
(a) the large fftune forbids gnutmg them;on lands much 
broken' or wlM?re they would have to travel farm gathering 

^**°*\3) Soiling foods can be used with peculiar advantage in 
supplementing their summer iiastures. 

VIL Fee<iing qualities. 
6) Tliey are of quiet disposition, grow rtiiidly, make 
large tdative 'gaips and attaia-good T»i« whAi grown for meat 
prodgion,^but^^ _ ^ ^^^ maturity they frequently lose 

in smoothness, altnot^ , . ^ .i,«„m 

(3) Up to the age of about eighteen months they should 

be capable of pn^ing much meat relatively and of excellent 

**** U) It is probably true that much of the discrimination 
shown against matured Holstein beef in this country, but not 
all of it, is grtwinded in prejudice. 

VIII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(1) Holsteins may he crossedjMpon common animals with 
much advantage when the object is to produce large dairy 
cows of free milk producing powers. 

(2) When the object is to produce dual-purpose cattle 
they are not so well adapted to this end as some othy 

^ breeds, but ^ j * 

(3) Where large quantities of skimmilk are wanted for 
pork production, or where what is termed "baby beef is 
teaired, the Holstein cross-may be eminently in order. 

(4)_Their mariced prepotency is well brought out m the 
distinctive color markings which they impart. 

IX. Breeding qualities. 

(i) As breeders Holsteins ^Imd high amopg the dairy 

breeds, since ^ , ,. .j j 

(a) tn-breeding has been carefully avoided, more twt- 
cially in the parent stcjcks, hence in a great measure tfaetr 
« freedom from disease, but 



r ' 



"jMt^ 



\, 




MMi 



t nwtare quitli 
iucers at from 



on tends much 
tr'in gathering 

,r advantage in 



n^dly, m^e 
(Mwn lor meat 

frequently lose 

thsthey should 
lOd of excelknt 

discrimination 
otmtry, but not 



iing. 

}n animals with 
Bce large dairy 

l-ptirpose cattle 
as some other 

are wanted for 
"baby beef is 
order. 
t«ht out in the 



mopg the dairy 

led, more espe- 
t measure their 






HOLSTEINrFRIESIAN CATTLE. 



91 



• . Q^ Under feeding too forced and conditions' too artifi- 
cial, th^se good breeding properties wiU wane. 

X. Weak points. 

(t) The milk of this excellent milk producing breed does 
not average really high in butter fat 

(2) The average handliifg qualities are not so good as in 
some breeds, which would point to a relatively large con^- 

-sumption of food, and ^ ' 

(3) The quality of the matured meat does not rank among 
the very best. 



m 








00' 



s 



't^ 





LECTURE NO. 24. 

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLeAhBIR STANDARD 
POINTS. 

. I. The following scale of points was drawn 
up by the Holstein-Friesiah Association of America 
in 1885: V 

FOR BULLS- 
POINTS 
(l) H^ad— Showing full vigor, elegant in cpntoar . 9 
(3) Forehead— Brotd between the eyes, dishing . 2 

(3) Fflce—Contour graceful, especially under the 
eye, medium in length, broad muzzle . . . 2 

(4) Bar-Oi medium ske, fine, covered with soft 
hair ^ 

(5) £y«~Moderately large, full and bright . . 2 

(6) //oriM— Medium in sizt, fine in texture, short, 
oval,' inclitiing forward . . ■,■,.• * 

(7) Neck—Vit9.tly joined to head and shoulders, , 
nearly free from dewlap, of good length, proud 

in bearing . . • . . •. • „ • " j j ' ^ 

(8) Shoulders— Of medium hight, well rounded 
and even over tops . . . • • * t 

(9) CA^^— Low, deep and full • .• • • • «» 
Cro^j— Full and level with shoulders . .4 
CWne— Straight, broadly devel<^d and open . 3 

. .* . Barrel— Vf ell rounded, with large abdomen . . 6 

( 13) Loins and Hi>*— Broad, full, long and level . S 

(14) /?«««#— High, long, broad and level . . 5 
(i5) rA«f/— High, with great width ; . • 4 

,(i6) Quarters—Long, straight behind, wide and full 

A ' af sides . . • S 

^ (17) F/flnifc*--Deepandfull . . - • ' ^ 
(r8) Legs—Sbart, clean, tapenng, with strong arm,, 
in position firm, wide apart, feet of medium 
size, round, solid, and deep . . • • . o 

(19) To*— Reaching to hocks or belov/, large at «t- 
iing; tapering finely to a full switch • • , • * 

(20) Hmt and HandKHe— Vine, soft and mellow, 
skm of mo^ferate thickness, secretions oily and 

of a rich brown or yellow a>lor . . • • W 

92 









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ras drawn 
f America 



POINTS 



itour . 
ng . 
Br the 

h'soft 



short, 

ulders, 
proud 

randed 



jpen 
nen . 
vel 



ndfuU 



igarm.. 
oediutn 

at «t- 

nfetlow, 
lily and 



a 

2 



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2 



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3 
6 

5 
5 
4 

S 

2 



6 

3 



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OLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE. 



93 



(21) jUtoNnjlary Vehu—hoagi lar^e, branched, with 

extensions entering large orifices ... to 

(aa) Rudmetntary Teals — Not less t)»n four, large, 

well spread . . . .X . . •• 2 

(23) ^scutchepn—hue^ and fine development 8 



Perfection 



FOR COWS. 



. 100 



POINTS 



(I) 



(2) 
(3) 



(4) 

(6) 
(7) 

(8) 



"I- 


(9) 
(10) 
(n) 
(«) 
(13) 
(14) 


' 


(15) 
(16) 


• 


(17) 
(18) 




(19) 




(*) 



Head—Dtdaedlf feminine in ai>pearance, com- , 
parativety long from eyes to baSe of horns, fine 

m contour \ . 2 

Forehead— Broaid between the eyes, dishing . 2 
Pace — Contour fine, especially under the eyes, 
showing facii^ veins, length medium, broad 
muzzle .1 . . . ... . .2 

£a»— Of medium size, fijie, covered^^ith soft 
hair . , . \ . ". . . • . . . i 
HyM— Modcratdy full, large and mild, . . 2 
Horns — Set moderUely narrow at base, fine, 
oval, well bent, inclining forward . .2 

Neck — Fine, nearly free from dewlap, neatly 
joined to head and shoulders, top line slightly 
curving, of good\length, moderately thin, ele- 

fant in beanng \. . '. . . 4 

hxmlders — Fine and even over tops, lower than 
hips, and moderately thick, deep and brqad . 3 
Chest — Low, deep apd broad . . .6 

Cro^j— Full and levifl with shoulders . 2 

CWjw— Straight, brc«(idly developed and open . 3 
Barrel— WtW rounded, with large abdomen . 5 
Loins and Hills— Bto»A, full, long and level . 5 
Rump — High, long, \broad and level, witji 
rQomy pelvis . A • • • • • 4 
rAwrf— High, with great width . .4 

Quarters— X/ong, straight bdiind, roomy in the 
twist, wide and full at^ides . f , . . 4 
Planks — Fairly deep an^ full . . . 2 

Legs—Short, clean, tapeiiing with strong arm, 
in position firm, widie apart; feet Of medium - 
size, round, solid and deep . . . . 5 
Tot^Reaching to hocks or bdow, largie at set- 
ting, tapering finely to a full switdi . . - . '2 ' 
Hair and Ho*rffi>if— -Fine,-: soft and mellow, 
skin of moderate thickness, secretions oily and 
of a rich brown or yellow ^lor . . .10 




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THE STUDY " OF BREM>S. 

(31) Mammary Veins— h&rgc, long, crooked, 
branched with exUnsions entering large orifices • 

(as), f/drfw— Capacious, flexible, well developed 
both iirfront and rear, teats well formed, wide 

Eart, and of convenient size . . . . 
cuUheon—LAtge and fine development . 

Perfection . ....'.. 



lo 



12 

. 8 
100 



II. Qeneral appearance. 

(1) The large parallelogrammic rather than the wedge 
5lilt]>ed frame of the Holstein conveys the idea of much ca- 
pacity, and 

(2) The long and slender head, neck and limbs, with the 
distinctiveness of the black and white markings, conv^ the 
idea of generations of careful breeding. 

III. Compared with Shorthorns. 

(i) H<^8teins are usually as large, but not so massive 
in frame. 

(2) Th^ are something longer and Uss wide in head and 
neck and longer in limb. 

(3) They are not bo full in the neck vein, brisket and 
flank, and are lifter in arm and thigh, but 

(4) They Jiave the same squareness of development at 
the rear, except Uu^t they slant away a littie more from the 
sacrum, and - , ... 

(5) Tim !>«•▼<! * WO'* awentuated devdopment of muk 
veins. 





1 



( 



r* iP' 



t',** 



lOO 



the wedge 
' much ca- 

s, with the 
convey the 



M massive 

D head aitd 

)risket and 

lopment at 
e from the 

ttit of milk 



LECTURE NO. 35. « 

DUTCH BELTED CATTLE— TttEIB ORIGIN AND HIS- 
TORY, CHARACTERISTICS AND STANDARD «»OINTS. 

L The Dutch Belted cattle originate in Hol- 
« land pnor to the seventeenth century. 

^ti«^ j4arjL!,xn^rgets^^^ '*'"'"•« ^'^ 

^cont^SierrthJ^SJ Wofa^r" '^'''"^ " "°* '"*''*'^ 

II. Origin of the name. ' ; 

. (i) They are so named from the white belt or band which 
encircles the barrel of every animal of the breed. ^ 

-*T^i5i? PS °'"¥"^' Dutch nime is rUkenfield catUe," from 
■ • i^aiten. a shee. to be wound around the body of the luaimal." 

Distribution^ other countries. 



III. 



in many countries outside of 



(i) "niey are not found 
Holland, owing 

.„.« i^\J°^^^ decimation of the herds by contending armies 
and to the disinclination of the owners to part with tl^m™ 

IV. Importation into the United States. 

D H ^lB!iJ"^''^'^^^" definitely traced was made by 
JJH^Haight, GoBhen, Orange county, New York, ^ttt 

(.2) It is thought that early settlers had broiurhe some 
8peamens.to that couoty at an earlier date. ^^ 

(?) Importatmns havte b««n infrequMt, owing to the diffi- 
culty m securJi^r the a«rfrt«al». BiMuicaim 
.r ..'l^rA '"** fwroportion of the best specimens now in the 
ta"N^e%' T^ %'t.!l''^' l^ D- f«aiSt, memfo^ 



r 



V. Organizations. 

««if\? ^* 'son'y .<J«"nf .recent decades that Dutch Belted 
«attie have been registered in Europe or America. 

95 



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,r, DUTCH BELTED CATTLE. 9jr 

(a) The Dutch Belted Cattle Association wa« organizeif 
in New Vork city in ii386. > • 

'} " X^^- Distribution in North America. 

iV r (0 Dutch Belted cattle are now kept in twenty-six states 
^ cf the .union, in Mexico and in Canada. ■- 
I (a) They are most numerously kept in l^ew York, Mas- 

^ • sachusetts, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and in the order given.' 

f Vil. R^stration in the United States. 

% (i) Five volumes of the Dutfli BeltedOIerd Book have 

;»g been issued. > ' 

'2 (a) Thft-e have been recorded laso knimals,. of which 367 

Jl are males and 883 females. * » 

-S ■ "■ ■ t 

#j - LEADING CHARACTERISTI 

M . I. Popiilarity. 

(1) Dutch Belted cattle have not as yet come greatly into 
favor with the many in Europe or America. 

(2) This is probably more the result of circitm stances 
connected with their origin and distribution^than of any want 
of inherent exwllence. 

' II. Adaptability. 

(1) Dutch Belted cattle have mudi the same adaptation 
as Holsteins. 

(2) They do best in tillable areas where grazing is plenti- 
ful and where fodders can be grown in amfde. sup^y, as, for 

^mstance, in the Mississtopi basin. 

(3) While not delicate, they are not perhaps so well 
adapted to withstand ri^rs of climate as some dairy breeds, 

' |~ hence their movement th ' this country has been southward 
ife" tether than northward. 



I 



in. Relative size. 




(1) They are .somewhat less in size than i3wi average Hol- 
stem and are a little ahead of the Ayrshire and Guernsey. 

(a) The av^age weight of the cows has been put at lodo 
to 1200 pounds and of the bulls at about 1800 pounds, or a 
little more than that. 

IV. Milking qualities. 

(i) These are excellent, but t^eir utmost capacity in milk 
production does not appear to hav^ t»!«n heretofore tested, as 
m the case of the Holsteins. -• ' 

(a) ThU averam in milk production, however, would 
probaUy be very similar, as also the character of the milk and 
the uses to which it is adapted (see Page 89). 



WittKtlmtmsasiimmmfmmm 



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4 



98 THE STUpY OF BREEDS. 

V. Early maturing qualities. 

(l) Tlwy are average in this respect. 

(a) UbC the Holsteins the/ come into milk at from 
twenty-four to thirty months, but continue to develop for at 
least two years subsequently. 

VI. Grazing qualities. 

(1) These are much the s%me as with the Holsteins, tli_- 
is to say, they need good grazing lands rich in production and 
that do not involve climbing on the part of the animals grazing 
them. 

(a) Their grazing properties do not appear to have been 
much fttiited in northerly latitudes and in exposed situations. 

VI^ Feeding qualities. 

(i) M in the case of the Holstein they feed well up to 
the age of ?»^i to two years and they grow quickly. 

(2) IT;> to the age mentioned, the killing' qualities arc 
good, but not so good relatively, subsequently, owing to mote 
accentuated develc^ment in the dairy fotm. 

VIII. ^ Value in crossing and grading. 

(t) Their marked prepotenty is "shown in the reproduc- 
tion of the b^nd or belt around the body when they are crossed 
upon common animals. 

(2) Such crosses should prove beneficial where the chief 
object sought is improvement in dairy qualities. 

IX. Breeding qualities. • 

(1) These are averi«e, but not probably of the highest 
type, although 

(a) When property managed they are suflSdewtly Wiijro- 
ductive. 

X. Weak points. 

(i) By inheritance they stand on the borderland of undue 
refinement, hence 

(2) They have probaWy not the sama all-round Vigor of 
some breeds. 

XI. Compared with Holsteins. 

(i) They are not as yet so generally p<^ular as the Hol- 
steins, nor are they quite equal to them in size or vigor. 

(a) In dt the ower essential characteristics the two breads 
are very similar. 







-^-"--^^ 







14*- 



1^- 



l/ 



.J 




ilk at frpiti 
velop for* «t 



)lsteins, 
Mluction and 
mats grazing 

» have be«n 
situations. 



i well up to 

r- 

dualities are 

nng to more 



he reproduc- 
y are crossed 

ere the chief 



I the highest 
aently rejjro- 

and of undue 
lund vigor of 






DUTCH BELTED CATTLE. 
STANDARD POINTS. 



99 



I. The following scale of points was adopted 
by the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of Amprica : 



ifOR cows. 



(I) 



(a) 



(") 



(12) 

(13) 



Body—CoioT, black, with a clearly defined con- 
tinuous white belt. The belt to be of medium 
width, beginning behind the shoulder and ex- 
tending nearly to the hips . ... 

Head — OmnparatiVely long and somewhat dishr 
mg; broad between the eyes; poll prominent: 
muzzle fine; dark tongue ..... 

£y«— Black, full and mild; horns long com- 
pared with their diameter .... 

A^^c*— Fine and moderately thjn anjl should 
harmonize in .symmetry with' the head and 
shoulders . . . . ... 

Shoultkri—Fint at the t*^, becoming deep and 
broad as they extend backward and downward, 
with a low chest . , T 
Barrel— hsirge and dwp. with well developed> 
abdomen, ribs well rounded and free from fat 
H^s—Bro^d, and chine level with full loin . 
/eHffi^— High, long and broad . . . 
Hit^qmrters— hong and deep, rear line in- 
curVmg; tail, long,* slim, tapering to a fuH 
switch . . ... , . . , 

f/«f— Short, dean, standing well apart . . 

Udder— L&rge, well developed front and rear; 
teats of convenient size and wide apart; mam- 
mary veins large, long and crodced, entering 
large orifices 

Escutcheon — 

Jidir—Fint and soft; skin of moderate thick- 
ness and of a rich dark or yellow color . 

QHtet disposition, and free from fat 



FOINTS 



(14) 

(15) (General condition and apparent constitution 

Perfection . . . 



loe 



r as the Hol- 
vigor. 
he two breeds 



'"asRS 



FOR BULLS. 

II. For males the scale should be the same as 
for females, except that 



/ 



Am' 



roo 



THB STUDY .OP BRE;EDS. 



(i) No (ii) ihould be omitted and the bull credited lo 
points for size md wide sprcW, and placing of rndimcntarj 

teata, and ..... ■ < . / 

(a^ Five ppints additional should be allowed for develop- 
' ment of shoulder aftd five for perfection of belt. 

III. General appearance, 

(i) Dutch Belted cattle are a handsome breed because of 
their symmetry of form, their clean cut head, neck and hmbs 
and the striking character of their color markmgs. 

IV. Compared with Holsteins. 

(i) The all-round devcloinnent is "oniethiflg less with 
Dutch Belted cattle. . . , . .„ 

. (2) They are a little finer at the muzzle and a tntle more 
prominent at the poll, the horns are wi-ler spread and more 
uniformly tipped upward at the points, they arc somethmg 
more incurved at the rear and the tendencies to refinemet^t of 
form are stronger than with the Holsteins. 

(3) There are also the differences in color markings. 



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idimentary 

>r develop- 



becausc of 
and limbs 



less with 

trifle n)ore 

1 and more 

somethinR 

finemeii(t of 

irkings. 



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LECTURE NO. 26. ' 

AYRSHIKfi CATTLE — THBIK ORIGIN AND HISISORY. 

I. ,The origin of the Ayrshire breed of cattle 
is involved in much obscurity, but it is sfeneKally sup>- 
posed that^they are made up largely of. the blood of fi 
the Holderness, Dutch, Aldemey, Kerry and West < 
Highland breeds, engrafted upon the native stocks 

of the country during the eighteenth century, 

(i) No particular individuals, ^tarid out promineiftiv as 
improvers:^! the breed. 

(3) Their chief excellences are supposed to have'aristfn 
from the ^peculiar circumstances of climate and soil and from 
the situation of several of the western counties of Scotland. 

(3) Much attention was drawn Jo the breed toward the 
close of the last century by exhibitions gotten up for the pur- 
pose of improving it, and ^ 

(4) DurinrfN^ie first half of the present centuiV, the devel- ' 
ppment of the Wedg* shape and hindquarters >as much 
improved And the\\idder was brought to its present Mautifally 
symmetrical propohions. 

II. Ayrshirts are so named from the county 
of Ayr, whtere the breed originated, and which is still 
its pnncipal center. ^ -^-^ 

1 ' ^'\ ^1**^ ^^^ ** °"* tmiif frequently spolcen of as Dun- 
lop cattlii from a family of that name wno had given consid- 
erable attention to breeding them in the eighteenth century. 

(?) Th«r now form the only class of dairy stock in the * 
counties of Ayr Wigtown, Bute, Argyle, Dumfries, Kirkcud- 
bright and Perth. * ■♦ ~Z • 

(3) They also exist numerously inr other counties of 
S<;otIand and m England. - 

in. Their mixed ancestry is indicated in the *" 
following resemblances : ' 

t. {^) t*** *''*^* *"** deep hindquarter points to Shorthorn 
blood in the ancestry. 

(a) The ffne skin fo Alderney blood. 






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AYMHIRR CATTLK. 



103 



(3) The general outline and hi(h milking qualttiM am 
uin.to thoK of the HuUtcina. 
4 (4)|Their ability to giVe milk from ■pane iwattires mHIi 
>%ri|r relationthip, and "**^ 

'"• "heir natural ahyncM of disponttion with certain hon 
"^semblances indicate West Highland kinship, 
'•is view of their mixed origin is stcengthened by 
-18 insunces of aUvic tranamissiim fouod in some 
' ■ Vi. 

Distribution in- other countries. 

* (1) They have obuined a 'fair foming in Finland, pure O' 
Jcroned 6n native stocks, and are numerous in Sweden and 
•Norway. 

(a) In New Zealand they ■Und/next' to the Devon* in 
point of numbers. ' ' 

(3) They have also -been introduced Ihto various other 
countries, including Japan, and hn all of these they are rdi»- 
Ungufshcd for their dairy<qtialities. 

V. Importations to the United States and 
Canada. ' . * 

(l) Ayrsliiret were brought into Canada by Scotch seitlert 
e»rly in the century, and dunng the past two or three decades 
imporutions into that country from Scotland have been 
frequent 

(a) The fir«t itnporution into the United States is tlwnght 
to have bee«i that made % fienry W. Hills of Windsor, Ct, 
in iSaa. 

(3) Recent importations into th<^ United States have been 
less frequent than into Canada, heice the closer resemblance 
now obsenMtUe between Scotch anf Qanadian Ayr^ires. ' 

VI. Ayrshire Breeders' Associations. 

A?) "T*** American Ayrshire Breeders' Arabctation was 
esUkUished on its present basis in 1875, although the breeders 
had dftoe orgaaued work sine* 1859 in conjunction with "The 
Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock." ^ , , 
(a) The Ayfthire Importers' and Breeders' Associatiok 
of Canada was established In 1870, and meived into the 
^Dominion Ayrshire Breeders' AssodatkMi in i8g& 

^cl^l?'.' J^in'on Ayrshire Bj^e^^ers' Associatkm was 

eKabliuieq tn iBeSk . ^ 

VIL "^IJirtribution in the tJiiited States and 
Canada. ^ — "- 

t ./^^^ynitoes are more numerous In Ontario and Quebec 
in the order Earned, than in any of the states of the VwmT 






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104 




THE STUDY OF BREEDS, 



(a) In the United States they are most numeroas in New 
yoric, Massachtlsetts, Vermont and New Hampshire in the 
order named . . 

(3) They are kept in considerable numbers m the eastern 
states and to s^roe, extent in the states of the south which 
border on the AtJantic. < . . . . 

(4) But few Ayrshires are found west of the Mississippi 
river. 

VIII. Registration in the United States and 

Canada. . . 

(l) Twelve volumes of th^ American Ayrshire Record 
have been issued of the new series, or sixteen volumes in all. ^ 
(a) In the Cuiadian Records 32,152 animals have been. 

recorded. . , . '^'. 

(3) In the -American Ayrshire Records. !»,o6i aninials 
have been recorded, of which 6^8 are mdes and 15.263 
females. , 



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lectxIre i^io. 27. 

AYRSHIRE CATTLB— ^HEIR LEADING CHARACTER- 
ISTICS. 

I. Popularity. 

(I) Ayrshireis are not popular over so wide an area M 
H<dstein8, W ttey stand third among dairy breeds m point 
of ntimbera irt the United States. . 

(a) They have been introduced into northerly rather than 
southerly latitudes and probably because of their hardihood. 

II. Adaptability. 

(1) Ayrshires a« dedd«lly the hardiert of the dairy 
breeds inqmrted into America, except the Kerry and the 
French Canadian breeds. ; ...... A- v «♦- 

(2) This natural vigor combined with their activity fits 
them for areas where the seasons are somewhat ri«irous^and 
where some traveltag is necessary in gathering food from 

the pastures. ... , , j • * 

(3) They are pre-eminently the cow for f'le dairy farmer 
, where lands are broken anji not oarticalarly lertile, and yet 

they do equally well rdatively under better conditions. 

III. Relative size. 

(i) The aven«e weight of matured Ayrshire <mn is put 
at 1000 pounds in the stan&ird, but the tendency now is to 
breed thm of a somewlat gr«t«r weight.^ c .. « 1 ^• 

(a) They arc tfwrrfore considerably behind Holsteins m 
weight, though a trifle ahead of Guernseys. 

IV. Milking qtialities. 

(i) Ayrshires have not produced yields so phenomenal 
as the Holsteins, Guernseys, or Jers^ bi^ to •▼e«I« ««»»' 
production they are not excdled if indeed equaled by any 

other br«ed. , , . ^t. 

(3) The milk is excellent for batter or cheese, hence uiese 
cows are equally useful for tlie cheese factory and the 

*^"*^yLike the milk of the Holstein it h admiraMy adapted 
to cali-rearing in the new or the skimmed form. 

106 



mmm 







-vi»?Tn^^- '"fi- 



r 




HARACTER- 



le an area a$ 
reeds in point 

ly rather than 
■ hardihood. 



of the dairy 
;erry and the 

ir activity fits 
t rigorous and 
og food from 

t dairy farmer 
ertile, and yet 
^tions. 



ire cows is put 
ncy now is to 

d Holsteins in 4' 



to ph^iomend 
I arerfge tiUlk 
qualed' by any 

ae, hence these 
ctorjr and tl« 

niraUy *d«)ted 



AYKSHISX CATTLE. lO^ 

„ (4) It is also claimed "that because of even quality and 
well balanced constitaents it is growing in favor as a food for\ 
children in dtieji and towns. 

V. Early maturing qualities. V 

(i) These are not more than average, but 

(2) The heifers, as with those of the Hdstein, come^to 
milk at the age of from tiivepty-four, to thirty months, and 

(3) Since Ayrshires have been less inbred and less arti- 
fiaally reared than 8<Mne dairy breeds they, are productive to 
a greater age. 

VI. Grazing qtialities. 

(1) Ayrshires will give'more milk than Holsteins, Goern- 
aey^ or Jerseys when they have to travel over conndermble 
areas when s^daning food. 

. (a).'Althoui* well adapted to rich pasture lands, their 
Mtive disi^osrtion and smnewhat light develcHunent of form fit 
them admirablv for grazing on abruptly undulating and hilly 
or broken lands. 

VII. Feeding qualities. 

.,. i-1 '"^®* ?" much the s«nw as with the Holsteins, with 
ttie difference that the Ayrshires are much less in size Uian 
the former. . 

(a) When not in milk, like the Holsteins, Aey take cm 
flesh better than die Guernsey, or Jersey. 

(3) The plump form and good hindquarters of the Ayr- 
shire calves fit them for good meat production up to the aae of 
nine to, say, eighteen months. ■ 



VIII. 



Value in crossing and lading. 



(i) Ayrshires when crossed upwi the grades of certain 
other breeds and upon common cattle of good size produce a 
fine dairy animal. ' 

(2) Excellent results have been obtained by crossing Ayr- 
shires upon Shorthorn and Holstein grades, but 

(3) Such crosses shoirld not be made when the conditions 
of adaptation suited to the Ayrshires are not present 

IX. Breeding qualities. 

f I) The breedinsr qualities of Aynhires are excellent 
(2) This is largsJy the outcome of the absence of in-and- 
in breeding, of midue pampering, and of the extoit to which 
they are grazed in the fields. 



■.?x 






/tiim^'^'' 



to8 



irijiifW«Mr(if)B||yflW|p| 



THE STUDY OP BREEDS. 



X. Weak points. 

(i) Thou jrh generally quiet and dodle, they are sometiiqes 
ovet^^nervous and shy, and are possessed of that temperament 
that resents ill treatment. . 

(2) The teats are frequently a little small for the highest 
comfort to the milker. 

XI. Compared with Holsteins. 

(l) Ayrshires are not neariy equal.. to Holsfeins in size, 
and are also behind them in general popOlarity, in milk pro- 
duction, quantity alone considered, and in marked docility, but 

(a) They are ahead in rO^^edness and all-round adapta- 
bility, evenness of milk production and quality of milk and in 
grazing and breeding qualities. 

(3) In early maturity, in feeding qualities and in value in 
crossing and grading they are probably not far different 









liil 



V 







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i.. 



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'^- 



A 



!»■ ^ ' 



ire aometinies 
temperament 

}r the highest 



skeins in irize, 
in milk pro- 
i docility, but 
round adapta- 
f milk and in 

nd in value in 
liferent 






LECTURE NO. 28. 

AYRSHIRE CATTLE — ^THEIR STANDARD POINTS. 

I. The following scale of points was adopted 
by the American Ayrshire Breeders' Association 
1111889: 

von cows. 

POINTS 

) Head — Short; forehead wide; nose, fine be- 
tween the lAuzzIe and the eyes; Muzzle large; . 
eyes, full and lively ; horns wide set on^ inclin- 
ing upward lo 

Neck — Moderately long, and straight frtnn the 
head to the top of the shoulder, free from loose 
skin on the pnder side, fineiU-its junction with 
the head, and enlai^ng symmetrically toward 
the shoulders^ . ... . 5 

For^gworter*— rShouldcrs, sloping ; withers, fine ; 
chest, sufficiently broad and deep to insure con- 
stitution; brisket and whole fore<iuart6rs light, 
the cow gradually increasing in depth and 
width backwards ... . . . .5 

Back- — Short and straight: spine, well defined, 
especially at the shotiiders; short ribs, arched; 
the body deep at the flanks . . . . iff ■ 

Hindquarters'^'Long, broad and straight, hook 
bones wide apart and not overlaid with fat ; 
thighs, deep and broad; tail long, slender and 
set on a level with the back . . . 8 - 

t7(i<f«r— Capacious and not fleshy, hind part 
broad and firmly attached to the tody, the sole 
nearly level and extending well forward ; milk 
veins about udder and abdomen well devel- 
oped; the teats from two to three inches in 
length, equal in thiclkness — the thickness being 
in pro()ortion to" the length — hanniing perpen- 
dicnlarty; their distance apart at the sides 
I should be equal to one-thira of the length of 
I the vessel, and across- to one^half the breadth 30 
X7) L*gf— short in oroportion to size, the bones 
fiae, the joints firm ..... . .3 

109 



r 



(2) 



(3) 



(4) 



(5) 



(6) 



T^" 



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MMMHWillpI 



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-i 



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no 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



? 



Z' 



-S^ 



' r 






(S) 6>Mi— -Ydtow, soft and destic and covered with 
soft, dose, woolly' hair . . . . • S 

, (9) Coter— Red of any shade, bro*n of white or a 
miscttire of these, eadt color being distinctly 
defined . . , . . • *. • -3 

(10) Av^age Live Wnght—la full n»ilk abont |ooo 

poonds . . . • .8 

(u) GeiunU Appearance— Indxiding style and move- ' 
'i pient . . . . i . , . - . ~ 10 

(i3)"*J5*c«*cA*«i--Large andvfine development 3 



Perfection 



100. 



(I) 





(») 




(3) 


./ 


(4) 




(5) 


if 


; (6) 

! <7) 


1 


[ (8) 


i 


liBi (9) 



10 



10 



(10) 



FOR BULLS. 

roiircs 

//earf—The head of the bull may be shorter 
than that of the cow, but the frontal bone 
should be broad, the muzdc mwd siw, throat 
nearly free from hanging folds, eyes full ; the 
horns should have an upward turn with suffi- 
ci^t size at the base to indicate strength of 

ttonstitution • 

Neclt--JOt medium length, somewhat arched 
and large in the musdes, which indicate power 
and strength . . . . ... 

Far*<(«ar/«r*— Shoulders; dose to the body, 
without any hollow spaee bdiind; chest broad, 
brisket deqp and well developed, but not too 
lairge . • • ... 

Bflc*— Short and straight ; spine,, suflkiently de- 
fined, but not in the same degree as in the cow ; 
ribs, wdl spning and body deep in the flanks . 
Htttdquttrters—lAins, broad" and straight; hip 
bones wide apart; pelvis, long, broad, and 
straight; tail, set on a -level with the l»ck; 
diighs, de^ and broad . ■ ■ 
Scromm—L&Tffe, with wdl developed teats in 
, front . . . . . • • • "-v^- 

i>gi*-Short in proportion to siie, joints firm; 
Mitd legs wdl apart and not to cross in walking 
S*t»>— Yellow, soft, elastic and of medium 
' thickitess , . . . . . . 

Color— -'Rxi of any shade, brown or white or a 
mixture of these— each color being distinctly 
defined . . . . , • • • -3 

Average Live Weight— At n«»urity, abput ijoo 
petmds . * .10 



10 



10 



10 



'ft- 






',■♦ 



, \ 






•" 



red with 

lite or a 
iistinctly 

out ^000 

id moye-" 

tnt - 



. 3 



100. 



FOiMTS 



shorter 
tal bone 
e, throat 
full; the 
ith aufii- 
eogth of 

t arched 
te power 

le body, 

St broad, 

not too 

ently de- 
the cow ; 
flanks . 
ght; hip 
oad . and 
he back; 

teats in 



10 



lO 



10 



lo 



uts &r^; 
n walkiag s 
nKdiiim 
. , .10 

'hite or a 
(Ustindly 

3 
bput 1500 

. .10 



AYfcSHIRE CATTLE. 

(li) General A fpMra$ue~lnc\vd\ng sfyle and move- 
ment ....:.... 
( 13) £<cwlrA«ott~-Large and fine development . 



Ill 



100 



,* perfection 

__ II. General Appearance -^The Ayrshire is a 
sprightly IcSoking animal of what may be termed the 
plai# plebeian type, with straight top and rear lines 
and pcwsesscd of much relative development in the 
hindqtiarters. 

i. III. Compared with Holstein^s. 



V U) J^ general outhne of body the Ayrshire might almost 
ba called a mmiaturc Holstein, if the color markings were 
ejunged and the horns differently curved, but 

(2) The head of the Ayrshire is probably a little stronger 
relatively, the horns are much more erect, the eye is not so 
.restful, the play of the ear is more active, the skin is thinner 
and the teats are considerably smaller. 

(3) The Ayrshire is itfsO more active in movement 



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<c 



LECTURE NO. 



GUESN'S]^ CATTLE — THEIR OKIOIN AND HISTORY. 



I. Guernsey cattle afe so named from the isl- 
and of Ouemsey, one of the Channel island group oflf 
the northwest coast of France. 

- (i) Like the Jersey, they are' supposed to be descended 
from the cattle of Brittany and Normandy, but more par- 
tiehkdy from the latter. 

Wf For many centuries they have been bred withotjt 
admixture of alfen blood. 

(3) Through Jong years the importation of cattle to' 
poemsey from any quarter except for purposes of blaughter 
has been strictly prohibited. 

. II. The climate of the island of Guernsey is 
less genial than that of Jersey, hence something more 
of hardihood in development ha§ been sotight. 

" (i) The extreme length of Guernsey is ten miles, and it 
contains only 16,000 acres of land and rock surface. 

(a) The growmg of <»ttle and dairy products is the chief 
concern of the farmers. ' 

(3) In 1896 the totiri number of cattle op the island was 
Saoa, and yet many animals tfre exported ev^ry jwar, 

III. Management of cattle in Guernsey. 

(i) In the summer they are tethered m the fidds, which 
partially explains their- great docility. 

(a) In winter, hay is supplemented with roots and meal 
and bran. 



rV. Improvement of Guernseys. 




(l) For more than a century the improvement of Guem- 
jseys has been carefully sought in thejr island home. 

(a) The outcome of these efforts it increased »iz^ earlier 
maturity and a more fully d«vd<HKd lieteal i^ttetn. 
8 113 



KMm*9«n«r»«iRM« 



i^'-A-^iirtfrfta ^ 



}■ . 



in.. 



4 



114 



THK STUDY OF BKEKDS. 



\ 



». 



\ 

A 



\ 



V. The objects most sought by breeders. 

(i) The animals are mAtcktA and bred with a view to - 
Otilt^ rather than beauty, and for maxhnnni butter producUon 
of a high quality, which explklns ^ ' „ i .. ^- 

(a) The relatively plain app&rance of GoemMys,' the 
rich orange color of the skin and the superlative golUeR color- 
ing of the milk and butter. v 

VI. Exportation to other countries. , 

(i) Guernseys have long -been exported, more or Im, to 
various countries, but chiefly to England and the United States.^ 

(a) In several of the counties In the south of Englan4 ^ .. 
they stand high in favor. ' t ^^ 

Vn. Importations into the United States. ^^^ j^ 
(i) Information on this head is as yet not plentiful. <^ > 
(2) They have been ^lumerousty imported within the Ia||f 
two or three decades. • 

VIII. Organization in the interests of the 
breed. #, » 

(1) Associatbns have been formed in Guernsey, the 
United .States and other countries to {ffiptect the interests of 
Guernseys. " . " i^ . „ 

(2) Two herd rpcotA^. hai/e been esUbhl^ >n Guernsey, 
one on the principle of selection and th(p oflliK admitting ail 
Guernseys on thtrisland to registratibn. "i* „ 

(3) The Aiifcrican Guernsey Cattle Oub was organued 

ini8«'. - . ■ . 

(4) It now offers prwes from time to time to the largest 
producing cows to encourage the breeders to keep private " 
records and to reach o»t to higher production. 

IX. Distribution in the United States 'and 
Canada. ' 

(i) Guernseys are now being remstered from some 
twenty-eight slates in the Union arid from nearly all the 
provinces of Canada. . . ^, „ ,■. „ 

(2) They exist most numerously m New England, New 
Yorl^ Pennsylvania,' New Jersey and Wisconsin and least 
namerouitty in the Sonthw«rtem states. 

X. I^egistration in the United States. 

(i) The Guernsey herd roister, first publi^ed in i9^ 
has been issued qua-terfy since 1895 under the name of the 
Guernsey Herd Register and Breeders* Journal. . 

(2) The total number of animals recorded is i8,o$3, of 
which 6132 are bulls and - 1 1 ,931 are cows. 







IHIIIHMi 



iy|)!r'.y^i)ffljj;i|;.,'.^;'l^t^.,^ 




,^-: A 



Ir 




sdcrs. 

h a view to 
ir ptxMlaction 

MrnMzW tlie 
BOlUen cotor- 

S-' 

re or lest, to • 
Jnited State*. ^ 
I of Eiiglan4*r 

States. ,./-„ 

dentlful. fi - 
rithin tiie lai^ 

at8 of the 

iuemsey, the 
e interests of 



! in Guernsey, 
admitting aU 

iras organized 

to the largest 
keep private 



States 'and 

I from some 
learly all the 

Sngiand, New 
sin and least 



ites. 

idled in l^, 
i name of the 

I is i8,(^, of 



V 



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^ 



tBCTURE NO. 30. 

GUKRMSEY CATTLB— THEIR LEADInS' CHAKACTER- 

ISTICS. 

I. Topularity. . 

(i) Aithoush tWre is no little rwtemblane* between tli« 
characteristics of the^rseys and Guernseys, the latter have 
never bec»nie so generally popalitc in this country. 

(a) This may probably have arisen, in part at least, from 
their greater plainness in form, bat more from the less effort 
put forth to place them before the public, as 

(3) While breeds arc yet young in a country, men have 
more to do' with their popularity th«i «v^ OMiit. 

II. Adaptability. 

(t) The Gmttaie^ M. better Adapted to ten^wratt and miM 
climates than to thoM that are -rigorous, but ip>od herds have 
done well ip the climate of Quebec • 

, (a) Through ancestral inberititnee rather than great size 
they are not well adapted to endure fatigue in ^therim food- 
on thin pastures and hdly lands. 

(3) They are best adatrtcd to the average arable farm 
where mBk is wanted for the creamery or the {private dairy 
and where attractive looking and high class butter is an impor- 
tant conSiideration. 

(4) A lunited number of Guernseys in a large 4riry of 
average co'ws adds to the mslrketiUile quality of the b^er 
through the. rich vcoior imparted. ^ ' 

III. Rel^live size. 

(i) The Guems^s ar^ about equal to the Ayrshiresln 
size of frame, but they are.proba^ a trifle behind them in 
average weight. 

(2) Putting the avenM^ weight of the matured Ayrshire 
cow at 1,050 poraid^ th^nuMnre Gttemsey would be abotit 1,000 
pounds. , 

IV. Milking qualities. 

(i) The Guems^ has deep and prol(Mq:ed milking qtalf- 
ties, the averN(e production of whole herds hiSa^ h^, at^d 
the rdative cQSt4>i prdductioti is Iqw. 

116 



__.■.. ^'..-i V— 



.*■ • 



' ,'» " 









yis 



, .^h 



.) . 









■ • 



; tietween the 
« latter have 

7- 

at least, from 
he lew effort 

ry, awn have 



mte and mitd 
*d htri* have 




lati gMpt utte 

I arable farm 
private daii^ 
r is an impor- 



affe <Wry of 
ci the ^tter 



Ayrshireain -. 
^ind them in 



milking qtiali^ 
ing hi^, at)d 



ouhmsby gattuc 



117 



(jy The milk ia fully equal to that of the Jersey in butter 
{at. ii even richer in color, and the average yield per cow is 
probably greater.' 

(3) It is relatively better adapted to making butter than 
<^heese, though' for chee»e-making ft is good also. 

(4) The naturally rich color of the butter is tinexcellcid, 
so that when Guernsey milk is jnixe4 with that from common 
oows and from icertain dairy breeds, the color of the butter is 
{HPOportionately improved. 

V. Early maturing qualities. ' 

(t) The Guernseys are only average in maturity, being a 
little bfchind the Jerseys probably in this respect. 

' (a) They usually come into milk something over the tfe 
oi twenty-four months. ' • 

VI. Grazing qualities. 

(l) For a breed of ftnly moderate 8i«<;, they are not by 
inheritance adapted to other than productive grazing and also 
«asy of access. 

(3) Like the Hdstdh and the Jersey they have special 
adapttttion to the combined sjrstemnf grazing and soiling. 

yil. Feeding qualities. 

Y I ) Their offspring grow to a laraer size than the Jersey, 
and they are, on the wB«e, more in favor as meatproducera, 
but they should be, made mdy for the block at an age consid- 
eraUy prior to maturity in order to obtain from them the 
greatest profit 

(3) The cows discarded from the dairy have tome capac- 
ity for meat making. 

VOL Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Goemseys are especially valuable tot crossing- on 
cows of mixed Iweeding to produce milkera of fair size and 
hardihood and that will give a good fair quantity of high chiss 
milk for butter making. 

(3) Any favoraUc influence on the progeny as meat p(o- 
ducers should not be too highly prized, as certain other brrads 
exercise a mncli higher influence in this respect. 

IX. Breeding qualities. 

( I ) These are at least average, but 
(3^ As with all other breeds, they improve or decrease 
leocdmg :ts they are subjected to wise or unwise manage- 
ment in breeding, feeding or environment. - 



•A 



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O 



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--'5 



.^■■- •» 




THE STUDY OF BKE&D3. 



X. Weak points.' 

(i) These are not pronoun^ in any direction, 
(a) They are not so rugged as some breeds, ba 
not delicate. 



ronouncxa in any oireciion. 
rugged as some breeds, bat they are 



XI. Compared wit|i Holsteins. 

(i) The Guernseys have a decided lead in averue rich- 
ness of milk, are probably something ahefd in easy keying 
qualities and are better adapted for crossing where improve- 
ment in the'char^cter of the milk and butter product are both 
sought -^ 

(2) The Holsteins lead as yet in the extent to which they 
prevail, are fully aoo pounds ahead in size, give more milk and 
are relatively better adapted for meat-Q»king, either in the 
pure or ra^aded form. . > 

(3) In other essential characteristics, as early maturity, 
grazing and breeding qualities they are about equal. 




'•» -?w^' 



I - #■" 



M:. 



J 




ction. 

is, bat ihty are 



a average rich- 
in easy Keeping 
where improve- 
rrbdoct are both 

>t to which they 
'. more milk and 
I, either in Uie 

early maturity, 
^uai. 



LECTURE NO. 31. 

GUERNSEY CATTLE — THEIR STANDARD POINTS. 

I. The following i^. tht scale of points adopted 
by the American Guernsey Cattle Qub : 




roiNTS 



COUNTS 



U) 



30- 



(a> 




40—. 



(3) 



16—' 



(4) 



ioo~- 




QmlityofMUk. 

(a) Skm, deq> yellow in ear, on end of bone of 
tail, at base of horn, on udder, teats and 
body generally. . . ." . ^ . 

(b) Skin loose, hmIIow, with fine, soft hair . 
QuaHHty and Dwatio» of Flow. 

(i) Escutcheon, wide on thighs, high and 
broad, with thigh ovais 

(b) Milk veins, long and prominent . 

(c) Udder, fall in front . ' . . 

(d) Udder, full and well no. behind . 
(«) Udder, large btit not fleshy . 
(f) Udder, teats squarely placed . 
(jQ Udder, teats of good size . 
SiMe-and Substance. 

(a) Sfee, for the breed 

(b) Not too light bone . 

(c) Barrel, round and deep at flank . 

(d) Hips and loins, wide . 
(0) Rump, long and |>road . 
if) Thighs and withers, thin . 
Symmeiry. " 

(a) Baci^ level to setting on of tail . 

(b) Throat, clean with small dewlap . 

(c) Legs, not too long, with hocks welKa^rt in 
wdking 

. (d) Tail, long and thin 

(e) Horns, "turved and n<H coarse 

(f) Head, rather long and fine, with quiet 
gentle expression 

Cf/ Gemiral appearance 

Perfection 



20 
10 



and 



10 
6 
6 
8 
4 
4 

2 

5 
I 

4 
a 
2 
3 

3 
I 

a 

I 
2 

3 
. 2 

100 



(5) For bulls, deduct ao counts for adder. 

(6) Fiw heifers, deduct ao counts for udder. 

119 



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<. * 



1 20 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



II. The above very neatly worded scale of 
points would seem to be defective. 

. . (i) In the eKCtubn aiimber of cotmts allotted to the 
indications of milk ptoductioii m the df«l. udder, mUk veins 
and escutcheon. 

(a) In the meager allotment of counts for other essentials, 
eqwaally in form, indicative of good milk pfodocticn and iJso 
stamina, as head, nedc, body cafKpcity and width through the 
breast, and , . . 

(3) In want of comprdieiisiveness in detail 

in. Additional particulars not given in the 
above sode: 

ii) Head, inclinitig to long and not coarse, with mod- 
erate «8h. . 

(2) Muzzier broad and white or buff in arfor and sur- 
rounded by a fillet of lii^t short hair. 



(3) Ejres, large, dear and mild. 

(4) " 



Horns, inclining to small, cirding well forward and 
consicferably upward, and yellow and waxy at the base. 

(5) Ears, not large nor thidc and thinly covered with hair. 

(6) Neck, inclining to lon^, deep and thin. 
(f) Forcquarters, sonwthiiw less in develo^ent than 

the hindquarters, moderate width at the withers and wide 
through the heart. 

<8) Breast, wide below, but not full. 
(9} Barrel, cspadous, increasini^y so far downward and 
backward, 

(10) Ribs, of but moderatdy rotmded and deq> qiring and 
well ddined. 
, (ii) Excessive downward -slant awa^ from the sacrum and 
droop toward the tailhead are to be avoided, though both fre- 
quently characterize good animals. 

(la) Thighs, indining to broad and thin and to incurva- 
ture. 

(i^) Twist,, (^len and ^aced high. 

(14) Limbs, moderatdy fine. 

(15) Skin, not thick, soft, pliable, unctuous. 

(16) Hair, plentiful, soft and not long " 

(17) Prominence at the angles characterizes many excel- 
lent animals, but dionld not be airried too far. 

(f8} Wlien in full milk there is an af^iearance of spare- 
ness of flesh. 

(ig) The indications of gentleness should be prewat in 
both look and movemedt. w—^ 

(ao) The ccAm and color markings riotf C(»aiden^y. 



'!, 




.'£'^104^ 



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♦ y 






o-t 



GUtSNSEY CATTLE. 



121 



d scale of 



lotted to the 
r, milk veins 

wr essentials, 

tion and also 

through the 



ven in the 

s, with mod- 
>lor uid sur- 



forward and 

: base. 

red with hair. 

ofMnent than 
n and wide 



>wnward and 

ip spring and 

e «icrtun and 
ugh both f re- 

d to incurva- 



many excel- 
u» of spare- 
« preaeat in 
lidera^y. 



(a) The cdors include red, light lemon, orange and Tel- 
low mwo, MHnetiie^ solid but more commonly with white 
maddngt. c 

Cfr/The shading includes such hues as reddish yellow, 
darker than hfown, and fawn dun, but never gray, as in the 
Jers^. 

(c) The color marldngs are white and are distinct, and 
they are found s<>metinies on the body, but oftener on the face, 
flanks, Iws and switch. 

(i) AnKMig the ^vorite colors are orange red, orange 
&wn and lemqpt fawn, with white markings. 

IV. Bulls contrasted with COWS. 

(t) They are stronger and xsson masculine in form and 
limb. 

(a) The bead is shorter, wider and less dished, and the 
horns are stnmger, shorter and lesi curved upward. 

(S) The neck is shorter, thicker and mort ardwd. 

(4) The forequarters have more relative de«flopment and 
more width through the breast, the cotqding^is rdatively not 
so long and the angular ppints less distinctly defined. 

f S) The skin should be thicker .and particularly loose and 
pliable before uid around the scrotum and the embryo tesfts 
widely placed. 



embryo 
(6) The carriage and actiott.ure more pronounced. / 

V. General ApfeariHce — ^The Guernsey Jias 
that plain attracUvcaiess and evenness of balance in 
d^ry development which conveys the idea of capacity 
for everyday woric and her mild look speaks of a 
quiet and contoited disposition. 

VI. G>mpared with Holsteins. 

ii) The Guernseys are consi^«iiA>ly less in siw and 
weight than the Holsteins and they a*e wso more prominent 
at the antpilar points. 

(a) They are not so long in the head, arc less incurved at 
the horn, less straight in the back and at the rear, shorter, 
hghter »,nA less sqlnre relatively in the hin^torter and thin- 
ner and more incurved at the thifid^i, 

^ (3) They are scmiewhat thilmer, more unctuous and'hifi^ 
cMOTed in the skin and there are the differences in color 
mandngs. 



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LECTURE NO. 32. 

JjgRSEY CATTLE — ^tHEIR ORIGIN A^D HISTOKY. 

I. This excellent breed of dairy cattle oi%i- 
nated.in. thfe island of Jersey, which is a dependency 
6f Great Britain. , - 

(i) The island is aboqt eleven Miles Idng and considerably 
less thurf^that in width and contains J9.68Q acres, of which 
about as,ooo acres are tillable. . 

(a) Dairy cattle and dairy prodiKts are tfie chief concern 
of the farmers. • - 

II. It is generally betreved that Jerscrj^s are 
descended from the cattle of Britt^y and Nor- 
mandy on the adjacent coast. ' 

(i) It has been claimed that they have beeii bred with 
little or no admixture of alien bbod for a period of 500 years. 
• 1 V*l ^^""^ ^^ **•* importation of other cattle into the 
island has been strictly prohibited except for parposea of 
slaiijS^ter. h ^^ 

in. Improvement of the breed in Jersey. 

({) For more than loo yenn the breeders of JTerseys have 
steadilv sought the imjprovement of the breed, more especiaQy 
m prolotu^ milk jgjvmg and in milk rich in butter fat 
^ fa) To attain this end much care has been exercised in 
breeding and selection during alt those years, and 

(3) Along with these .qualities they have secured much of 
, beauty md utility in thfeir cows. 

IV. Management of cattle it? Jersey. 

(I) Th^rwe pastured all Ae year daring the day by the 
tethering sy^psxi 

(a) From May to October they are out night and day. 
**^ *i"»« the hdttest portion of the day in mMswnmer. 

(3) in winter thw are housed at night and the grass pas- 
tures are iiberaily supplemented with hay and roots. 

■|23 



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124 



>' 



THE STUDY OF BRBEDS. 



V. Importaftons to the Uftited Stales^ and 
Qtttada. 

(i) In 1850, John A. Taintor imported several Jerseys for 
a little riub orgentleinen in Hartford. Ct., but it is probable 
that Jersey blood had reached th? United States prior to. that 

(2) In 1851, an importation was made by Thos. Mdtley of 
JTaraaiGa Plain, Mass. , »,- . , r^ • „^^" 

(3) In 1868, S. S. Stephens of Montre^» Can., imported 

nine animals. « . , . .it. k. 

(4) Many of the desceridants of these wiimaU have be- 
comiJ greatly distinguished as btitter prodacerJ? . 

(5) From iStei onward, importation^ became fr^uent, 
not only fromjersey, but frwn England. 

VT. Exportation to other countries, 
(i) The great demand for Jersey cattle awrte fifst from 

(2) Because of their beauty they were mu«h sought for 
to graze in the parks of noMenftn. ], , . , 

(3) For a time the craze for solid colors and for be?^ 
types wrou^t mucH injury to the dairy qualttj|es of Jerseys , 
ill E^^g^and. . » ' , 

' <4) They are aow found in many^ countries in botlihemis"- 
pheres, but the United SUtes is pre-eminently their hotoe. . 

VIL, Competition at the World's. Fair in 
Chicago in i893r 

(i) 'Twenty-five pufe bred animals, of the Jersey, Guern- 
sey and Shorthorn breeds respectively, were pitted against each 
other for fifteen days in the producti«Mi of cheese and by-prod- 
ucts, and for ninety days for the |)roduction of butter. 

(2) In both instances the first awards wept to the Jerseys 
which produced the most milk, phcese Snd butter respectively, 
of the highest quality and at the lowest cost, but 

(3) In this tnagatficent showing Jhe greaWr number of 
the eli^le Jerseys that could be selected from should not 
be ovenooked. 

.VIII, Organization to promote the interests 
of Jerseys. 

(i) Associations have been form^'d to promote the in- 
terests of tiie breed in the United States and Canada, Jersey, 
England and other countries. ... 

(2) The American Jersey Cattle Club was organized m 
1868 with a nMsmbership of forty-three. 



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^26 



THB STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(3) Abotrt 18*^ tiie Royal lersey Agricultural Sodety 
drew up a scale of poinu as an ajd to bteeckn and judges. 

IX. DiStributiott of Jerseys in North America. 
(t) Jertejrs are kept far sdl parts of the United States and 

in all the provinces of Canada. ,^ ,,.j ., ^a 

(a) They arc most naflierously keirt m the Middle a«d 
Eastern states and are also k<*t in conuden^le numbers in 
the West and South. 

X. Registration of Jerseys in the United 
States. -- 

(i) There have been issued fifty vdames of the American 
Jersey CatUe Oub Register, the first of whiA aplfardi in 1871. 

(a) The total registration is ly^sao, at vl^ 5S.5«> a^e 
males and i44>0(» females. 

XL Butter4ests. ^ 

(i) Provision has been r^ide for conducting butter tests 
with r«x»rded animals and keeping a record of the same. 

(3) The first volume of the book of batter tests, records 
3Q5S such trials, carrying the record of the same ujJ to Augtast 
I, 185^ ' . 



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MPMtBaanMnbfaMiMlMMlia 



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ttiral Society 
id judges. 

th America, 
ed Sutts and 

e Middlp and 
e numbers in 

the United 



the American 
>eared in iBfU 
lich 55.500 are 



m turner tests 
re same. 
• tests, retards 
: ui) to August 



>^ 



r 




LECTURE NQ 33. 

JEHdfeY^CATTLB — THBIR LEADING cHARACTEMSTK^. 

Popularity. 

(i) The Jersey is unquestionaU^ the most po^^^t breed 
qf dairy cattle in America, if humbfers are taken as the basis 
of judgment. >. 

(a) It is probably true that JerseyS, excluding Ri^f teins, 
outnumber all tfae other dairy breeds comWned. - 

~ (3) This great popularity ^is to some extent owi^ td^ the 
longer period they have beeii m the, country and to the great 
enterprise shown m disseminating them, but it is chiefly owihg 
. to their intrinsic merit in the dairy. 

II. ^Adaptabifity. 

(i) The Jersey is par excellence the cow for the indi- 
vidual who keeps but one, because^l her gentleness and her 
easy keq^ng and unexcelled cream-producing qualities. 

(a) She has also marked adaptation for the dairy, where 
butter primarily is sought. 

(3) Jerseys can be kept in cold climates, but are better 
adtq>ted to mildly temperate rep:i(ms, and they will thrive fur- 
ther south than some other dairy breeds. 

(4) Although small in frame they should not be kept on 
q>arM or rugged pastures, as they have not the sUying powers 
of tne Ayj^hires, or lUrries. 

'III. Relative size. 

(i) The Jersey Is small and deer-like in form, the average' 
vei|^t in the matured cow being under rather than over 99) 
pot^ds.^ » „ 

(2) She is the smallest of the dairy breeds in America, 
save the French Canadian and the Kerry, and the s^eBi of 
breeding and selection practiced for many years would seem 
to have reduced rather than increased the size. 

(3) In recrat years a wise revolt against too small^ze 
and over-refinement of frame has set in among breeders in the 
Eastern states at least. 

(4) As a result the average Jersey of the Eastern sUtcs 
is probably so to 100 pounds more than the %ures given above 
m Note (i). 

127 



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Tii»finfi-|iinffifmiiitwi^ 

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138 



THE STUDY OF BKEED6. 



/ 



IV. Milking ^lialitica.^ 

(I) The Jtrwy it noted ''r»Uier for the,irichn«M ol Ut 
tank than for the qtumtitir of the tune, aithouih Out is notably 
petaistent in milk production. > ^ , ,. 

(a) In the prodtiction of butter fat rfie is without a peer 
and without a close rival, save in ttas Guernsey and French 
C^adian breeds. 

(3) The fredi milk undiluted has In some instances been 
found too rich for successful calf-rearing. 

(4) It is goodJfor cheese-nuUunf also, but tome other 
breeds are ahead oOhe Jersey 4n that reelect, because of the 
(greater quantttiies given. , 

V. Early mattirirtg qualities. 

(i) No other breed ^f dairy cattle matures more quickly, 
(a) The heifers usually come into milk at the age of two 
years, and in some instances at an eariier age. 

VI. Grazing qualities. 

(i) Jerseys should be given rich ^stunes, but they will 
do fairly well on such as are of average production. 

(a) It will be found more profitaUe with Jerseys than with 
scMne other breeds to supplement scant posture productimt with 
soiling foods rather than U) have them travd far in search 
of food. 

yil. Feeding qualities. 

(iV In easy keei^ing qualities Jerseys rank high, but 
(a) They stand low as meat producers, even among dairy 
Itreeds, because of the extreme dairy form which ct»racterizes 

(3) The claim that the steers will make as rapid growth 
I>rior to maturity as those of the beef breeds js yet to be ques- 
tioned, but 

(4) Thotigfa they should, the discrimination in price 
against such m«kt is severe, however. 

(5) Jers^ calves fed snbirtatttidly on skimmilk and cer- 
tain meal and fodder adjwuits up to the age of sav >ix to 
eig^t months, nu^e good and prontaUe meat. 

VIII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(l) Tl« marked prt^otency of t^ Jersey when crossed 
upon cemnKMi cattle, and even upon pure breds of the ether 
dairy breeds, almost invariably results in adding to the rich- 
n^te of the milk. 

(a) Whenbtttter-ma||ngi»th«cliief cohoemondieMmtr 
Jersey Mood may oftentimes be used with great advftntage. 








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ichiwu of her 
I fbe It notably 

witbctot • peer 
ey and French 

instanoei been 

>ttt some other 
because of the 



I more quickly, 
the age of two 



, but they will 

tk»i. 

Tseys than with 

iroanctiofi with 

i far in search 



high, but 

en among dairy 

:h characterizes 

« rapid growth 
jriet to be ques- 

«tton in price 

nimilk and cer- 
of sav six to 



f when crossed 
ds of the other 
Ing to the rich- 

iin on the farm; 
tt advantage. 



^ 



4 



JEttSIt^ CATTLE. 



129 




. M) Where skimmilk is an important factor, or wherie it 
Is desired to grow good beef, such crosses should not be 
mtiroduced. 

* ■ 

IX. Breeding qualities. 

(i) The breeding qualities of Jtrsevs naturally have been 
in some mstances Impaired by in-and-in breeding, and in others 
by subjecting them to conditions too artificial, but 

(a) It would not be correct to say that as a race they ans^ 
shy breeders. 

X. Weak points. \ 

^i) Chief among these are small liie, lack of width 
through the heart, and in some instances a tendency to delicacy 
of constitution. ^ 

- (2) Injtidicious selection, in-and-in breeding, environ- 
ment too artificial, and the search for extreme refinement and 
sparencss are largely responsible for these weaknesses. 

XI. Compared with Holsteins. 

^1^'^ T^' ^^^y? '^a*' >n all-round popularity, in richness 
of the roUk, in early maturity and probably *in ouy keepins 
qualities. - ' *^ ^ 

(3) The Holsteins lead in 411-rotmd adaptation, in sire, 
in quantity of milk produced, including value of skimmilk, in 
value for meat production and pnrfiably in average stamina. 

(3) In Brazijig qualities, in value for crossing and grading 
and in breeding qualities the differance between Se two breeds 
would not seem to be greatly marked. 

XII. Compared with the Guernseys. 

(1) The Jerseys are more refined in form and limb and 
are as yet more in favor with the general puUic. 
, (2) The Guernseys are considerably larirer and stronger 
m frame, have larger teats, are even more ctuiracteritli^ly 
yellow in the skin and are something ahead in meat pro- 
ductton. *^ 

_ (3) In all other essential characteristiibs they are very 
similar. ' ' 

9 



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$f 



LECTURE NO. 34- 

JERSEY CATTUS— TMlHBlt StANDAKD POINTS. 

I. The following scale of points was adopted 
by the American Jersey Cattle Qub, 1885 : 

FOR<<!;;ows. \ ,.4 

mms W oouHTS 

(i) HeadSmail and lean; face dwhed, broad be- 
tween the eyes and nafrow bdtwwn the homs . a 
(a) Eyet-~¥n\\ and placid; horna, wuail, crumpled 
and amber colored . . • . • • ■ » 

(3) Neck—thia, rather kwMr, with ckjui Ihroat. and 
not heavy at t» shoaWers . / . . • • » 

(4) flflf*— levej to the netting on of taa . . * 

(5) Lflinr— Broad across . . - , • • . • <» 

(6) flofr*f— I^ng, - hoqpedt broad and d«in? at the 
flank W 

(7) Hi>*— Wide apart; ruBB^lwig i" 

(8) L«*r-Short . . . • • -.•..• ^ 

(9) ra5— Fine, reaching the hodcs, with good switch i 
(10) i/W«— Mellow, inside of ears yellow . . . S 
<u) Pore Udder— FnW in form and not fleshy . .13 
{ la) Hind Uddtr— Full in form and well up behind . n 

(13) real*— Rather larg«, wide ajart and squarely 
placed • • • •. . . 10 

(14) MUh Firffw— PttMBineat . . .3 

(15) i)w/tojr«<»o»i— <Jh«* . . . . . S 

(16) Central Apfeartofcf 9tttf Apparem ^, onstUutton 10 

Perfection • • »«" 

(17) In judging heifers, omit Nos. ii, la and 14. 

FOR BULLS. 

( 18) Th« «*!«t: Hcal* of fttlnts ahril be ased in judgkig tmlls, 
onutttn >W'!^ I4< and making due allowance 
for mai.. t T^**n bulls are exhibited with 
their pfoge sepwKte cla«, add 30 <x»mts tax 
progetiy. 

IL Additional f>articulars sitboiit^, though 
net given in the a! 'e : 

«30 



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liflit color. 

, (3) E 
Uld below 

4) Horni 
, 5) Eari, 
apd posaeaMd 
(6) Withei 
) Back, 




•MM 



JERSEY CATTLE. 



»3i 



The bead should incline to long from the eye to the 
;le. black in color and encirded with a band of a 
intelligent, liquid and rimmed with black above 



ti«>ed with black. 

inclming to small and welLfrinfiM with -hair 
' cOfisideraMe erection andTnov^jment. 
, fine and(RicIined to rise. 
(7) Back, frequently swayed, more or less, the spinal 
CMumn prominent at the chine and open spaced, the ;>elvic 
arth somewhat elevated, j^nd the crupper prominent with * 
downward siopc toward the outer hips. . , 

f8) The junction of the neck is somewhat abrupt 
(9) Breast, wide in lower frtint, but not full, and brisket 
V-shaped. 

(10) Chest, wide through the heart, but frequently it is not. 
Forearm, long but not full. 
Thighs, long, lean and incurved. 
Escutcheon, well developed. 
Udder, thinly haired and the veins covering it well 



(u) 

«) 

13) 

M) 

defined. 

(15) 



apart 
tinetively yellow at. the 



,. Milk veins, long, tortuma. branchedi and Aey 
should enter the body through two or more large milk wells. 

(16) Limbs, inclining to fine and placed well apart in front 
and behind. 

(17) Skin, inclining t< 
armpits and around the ; 

(18) Hair, abundant, I fiatf: 

(19) The appearaB<« wfien in milk shotild be spare. " 
(ao) The-cok>r maw imtede gray fawn and white, yellow 

fawn and white, " un, cream-colored fawif-«Ml light 

silver and dark Jid colors with black ooinhiWog 

formerly much i« Mfoi. ' '*> * 

III. Btifts contrasted with cows. . 

(r) The head of the former is-stronger, <^ider retotively, 
d the horns are shorter, stronger and ma>re 

1 i«f neck is thicker and is arched. 

1 lie relative development of (he fori^narter^ .. 

S eater, more particularly at the withers, breast and thnfugh 
e heirt, 

.t S*] ^H ^^''^^ ** relatively shorter, the hide thiclwr and 
the limw «t»onger, 

IV. General Apfearmce — In general outline 
the Jersey has a beautiful, deer-like form, a large 



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1352;, THE STUDY OF BREEf)S 

body supported by fine, clean Hmbs, a small head, 
small and crumpled horns, large, lustrous and liquid 
eyes, and, When in milk, a decided inchnation to 
spareness in frame. 

V. Compared with Holsteins. 

(i) The Jerseys are much smaller, more refined, shorter 
in limb, more (Mstinctively wedge-shaped, and as a rule not so 
straight in oMtline. • , '. » ui-*^. 

(2) They are not so long ip the head W»d necl^ a re n^»er 
and narrower at the withers and pelvic arch and itt ^gmm^ - 
have more of a downward sway in the back and aT<x^mmmm 

the tailheaA . . . . - ^ 1 „-j_ 

(3> They are less wide in the breast and cheat, less wide 

and straight in the hips, thhmer^and more mcurved m the 

thighs and smaller in the teats, and 

(4) There are the differeBccsm color. 

■ VI. Compai-ed with Ayrshires. 

(1) The Ayrshires are not so r^ned.ln form and Jirob, 
are tnore plain m appearance, particularly about the head and 
neck, and are more than 100 pounds heavier m average wetgltt 

(2) The head is a little stAiq^ef and not qiitte so touch 
dished, the pbll is wider and theloms are a httle stronger and 
are upturned more or less, ijf^ereas in the Jersey they are 

crumpled- k ^ . . . ^ .•. t ^l 

6) The back is st«i|*^r, the chest wider through the 
heart, the couplin«.aift«^horter relatKely, the hindquarffcr 
has njore of ttX^'^Simf^civvMxA, being more strai|fht above 
at the sides and atfhe' rear, the teats are a little smalleivand 
the legs are probity reUtively shorter. 

(4) They ao^ore sprightly and acUvc of movement, and 

(5) ThtTtJett the differences in color. 

VII. ^Compared with Guernseys. 
(1) Th|f Guernseys are less clean cut and less handsome 
than th|8[ J«»sey9. some coarser in the bone and larger in 

^^'TzyThey are somethmg plainer in the head, less crumpled 
in the horn, deeper in the neck, a little wider at the '"tnef*. 
something wider through the heart, a little heavier m the hip, 
even more prominent at the angular points, a little longer m 
average length of limb and richer in the color of the skm. 

(4) The formation of "dder and average size of teat are 
even more perfect than in the Jersey. . . 

(5) In other respects they arc very similar, save m the 
color iharkings. 



■»klm 




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small head, 
IS and liquid 
iclination to 



;t 



LECTURE NO. 35- 






•efined, shorter 
iS a rule not so 

eck, are hii^r 
and ir np i U lii f 
1 droop* 6SwtB»' 

Aort, less wide 
ncorved in the 



?orm and limb. 
It the head and 
average weight 
quite so Inach 
tie stronger and ^ 
Fersey they are ^ 


J 


er through the 
the hindquartfcr ^ 
straight above m 
tie smaller, and 


^H 


movement, and 




less handsome 'M 
and larger in lS 


J 


d, less crnmpted 
at th« witbers, - 

ivier in the hip, 
little longer m 

f the skin, 
size of teat are 


1 


lar, save in the ^ 


1 



FRENCH CANADIAN CATTLE — ^THEIR ORIGIN AND 

HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS AfJD 

STANDARD POINTS. 
* - ■ 

I. The French Canadian rattle are doubtless 
descended from the cattle of Brittany and Nor- 
mandy. - 

(r) The early settlers of Quebec came largely from these 
provinces of France, and doubtless brought with them the 
stodcs of cattle bred there. 

(a) They were found in the new French colony as early 
as jtao. 

II. Subsequently to 1620 the additional colo- 
nists who from time to time arrived from north- 
western France, added, by sundry importations, to 
the cattle previously introdiKed. 

(i) These early importations wer? the only source from 
which French Canadian cattle derived their characteristics. 

(2) No othe®cattle were introduced into the colony prior 
to 177a 

III. Ifris more than probable that the ancestry 

of French Canadian cattle is idenljfal with tha^t of 

the Channel island breeds. 

(1) So dose is the resemblance that it would not%e easy 
to distinguish a French Canadian cow from a dark-colored 

Jersey. . . , , 

(a) Their essential chaitwrteristics other than those Which 
relate to form are very similar. 

IV. Introduction of the English breeds. 

(j) Subsequent to 17A cattle of English origin were 
introduced to a tonttwhat limited extent, but 

133 



<-*r. 



^•1 



•■ 




..FSf 






it. 



j^ f^ 



' / 




MWakMNMM 



FRENCH CANADIAN CATTLE. 



135 



(a) Their intfoduction has been chiefly confined to the 
neighborhood of cities and to the limited rural districts occu- 
pied by Anglo-Saxon settlers. 

(3) Their blodd has been mingled only to a limited extent 
mrith tiiM of the French Canadian cattle, hence 
" (4) Many o^ the latter have been bred pure in Quebec 
for more than S150 years. 

' V. The effects of envilronment 

(i)'The long and cold winters of Quebec and th<j expo- 
sure to which these cattle have been subjected have begotten 
ir. them a hardihood that is simply unrivalled in dairy cattle. 

(a) The coarse fare upon which they have been fed dur- 
ing much of the year has made them content with such food 
in" the absence of meal, and 

(3) The cqa^uous handling to which they have .been 
subjected Jm^pMe them exceedingly docile. 




tion of foundation animals. 

,(i]|f<i^^i3es relating to the r^stration ojf foundation 
animvs were first established by the Quebec legillature. 

(2) Before these foundation animals could be admitted 
to r^stry, they must be^correiif'm form and of undoubted 
purity in d9S<xnt. 

(3) The foundation herd book was kept open until the 
end of 1896, titat is to say, for a period of tea 'years. 

VII. Organization. ** 

(i) The French Canadian Cattle Breeders' Association 
was organized in 1895, chiefly through the efforts of Dr. J. A. 
Couture, D. V. S.^ who was elected "perpetual secretary" of 
the same. v- . . 

(2) In September, 1805, the registration of French Cana- 
dian aittit was placed under the care of the said association. 

VIII. Distribution in Canada and the Unit'e<l 
States. ' 

(i) The French Canadian cattle are the prevailing breed 
in nearly all the counties of Quebec. 

(a) They are most numerously kent in the pedigreed- form 
in the oninties of Berthicr, Joliette, Dtummond, Kamourasl» 
andLTllet.' 

(3) A nmnber of herds' are also found in the state' of 
New York. 

IX. R^stration in Quebec, 



/\ 



imiii 



imfiff^ 









—w 



r^«^- 



"I3t» 



THE STUPY OF BREEDS' 



■»(•!.' 



i, 
'"^. 



*- 



J 



(i) Up to the end of iSgo tliere were recoi'ded |n the 
Foundation Herd Book, 922 bulls and S.307 cows. _ 

(3) The whole number of anunals now on record m o>9e6. 

LEAOmC CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. R)irtilarity. 

(t) The poflMlarity of French Canidian cattle is almost 
entinty confined to Quebec province and portions of states 
and provinces bordering/on the same, but , 

(a) Now that they are beinjf systematically improved, 
.these robust little money makers will doubtless beccmie favor- 
Ctes in o^her states and provinces. 

II. Adaptability. 

(1) Because of their inherent rumednessl they are 
adapted 'to climates where the winters are long and ster^ as' 
in Quebec, the maritime provinces of Canada, the New" Ehg- 
land statM and the highlands of f^e northern Alleghenies. 

(a) Because of their lightness of form they are eminently 
adapted to rugge'd pastures whcire much traveling must be 
done when grazing, an J . , './ 

(3) Because of their ejccellent milking and easy keeptUg 
quaUtilk they are unexcelllf3 for dairy u9«a on lands that 
mponVtarduy to the efforts of the husb«ndman. 

III. Relative size. 

(l) French Canadian cattle are the smallest of the dairy 
breods in America unless it be the Kerry. 

(a) The cows weigh on an average ^rop pounds. 

IV. Milking qualities. 

(i) They do not give so large a flow of milk as some 
breeds, but they milk with, great persistence, and aggregate 
large yields ih proportion to their size. . , . ^ , 

(a) When well supplied with food thqr should g|ve from 
S,ooo to 61000 pounds of milk a year. 

(3) The milk is said to test on an average from 4 to S i-a 

per cent, and "" ... ' . ^ ... 

(4) They have much power relatively to produdc milk on 
fodder supplemented Iqr only a small addition of gram or even 
in its absence. 

V. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) These are not marked, but . _, 

(a) With more jatenerous feeding thjy will improve. 
(3) Even now heifers frequently come into milk at the 
age of thirty months and sometimes earlier. 







* ^>. 



■^i 



I 



—A 



. < 



\ 



'""■T, . . 



» • - 1 



) - 



xoi'ded in the 

ws. 

record it 6,^366. 



attle is almost 
tiont of sutes 

ally improved, 
become favor- 



less' they are 
S and stern, as' 
the New Ehg- 
Ulegfaenies. 
f are eminently 
reling must be 

id easy keqiing 
on lands that 
an. 



Est of the dairy 
Dunds. 

t milk as some 
and aggr^te 

lould give from 

from 4 to S 1-2 

)roducie milk on 
of grain or even 



I improve. 

nto milk at the 



r 





.1 


• v" 


-* 




)-'■*':- 


1 




• 




W-T. 






» 

..!* 





PSiEN(:H CANADIAN CATTLE.'' 

VI. Grazing qualities, 
(i) These are of the very highest order." 



137 



They will gather food and give fair supplies of milk 
where the large bruds and the small and less robust breeds 
would completely fail. 

VII^ Feeding qualities. - 

(t) They give an excellent return in milk for food con- . 
sumed, but 

(a) They do not excel ^for meat production, since the 
dairy form is quite pronounced. 

(3) The calve^ however, may be turned into profitable 
meat at an earlx. a^e,' 

Vni. 'Value in crossing and grading. 

(l) The experience , in crossing^ French Canadian cattle 
> upon other breeds or gndea has not been extensive, but 

(a) When> in^roved nriiking qqalities ccnnbined 'with 
hardihood are desired, they may be crossed with advantage on 
unimproved stock. • 

IX. Breeding qualities; 

(l) These are of a very high order. v 

(s) The unpampered oondittons to, which they have been 
subjected, for generations and the iexercise which' they 
must needs take in gathering food l^Ve prov^ eminently 
favorable to reproduction. - ';, 

X. Weak points. , 

(l) The (^ief of thes^ are their small size fpr sooi&^onc! 
ditioQs. ^d a little slowneta in maturing, bm -' ' .^ 

(a) With imjsroved eonditions as to feed and cnvircm- 
ment they would "doubtless soon improVe in size mm maturing 
qualities. ,v "' 

XI. Compared with Holsteins. 

(t) The French Canadian cattle are much less well', 
known, very much less in size, niature more slowly and' give 
a less quantity of milk, but . '. 

'(a) They are more rugged, are better grazers, ^iasier 
feeders and give richer milk. , . ' '; '• 

STANDAld> POIlttS. y 

I. The following is the scale of points adopted, 
"by the French Canadian Cattle Bre^ri^ Associa- 
tion: "^ 

(i) /feiMf— Short; fonhead wide; horns, gencltily famed 
jnward aitd sometimes a little upward, whitii in^^oidor with 



^ r ; .^■'..*>^ -A 



> 



V^' 










^ ' 



'♦. 



? 



—- «,- 






j#i -n . 



# 



/ 



'Vi -^.. :»raJr^;S <*«^ 



,Vf 



? -^ 



: \ 



i 



"\ 



138 



THE STUDY OP. BREEDS. 



Mack tips ; muzzle surrounded with a gray or yeilowish circle ; 
eats tieither vciy small nor very long, the inside pf which is 
orange color aihd covered with thin, short hair^ 

{2% Neck— Thin. 

(3) Back — Almost straight. 

'(4) Chect-^Deep and almost in a line with the belly. 

{5) BeUy--Not bulky and forming a cq^Hnuotis line with 
the ribs and hips. 



(6) 
(7) 
(8) 
(9) 

(II) 



Loins — ^Very broad. , ; '' 

Rump — Broad and long. ' j 

Barr<f— Round, broad and deep at the flank. 
Toi^-Thin, long, peaching very often to the fetlock. 
I.'^'— Short, fine and stn^ght*, 
Sktn — ^Tlun.and mellow and covered with an abun- 
dance of hair. 

(i2) Color for Femaits — Solid Uack, black with a yellow 
stripe on the back and around the muzzle, brown with black 
points, brown brindle. ' 

(13) Color for Males — Black, with or without the; yellow 
stripes in order to get the color uniformly black within as 
short a time as possible. 

11. The following additional points are sub- 
mitted': .J 

, (i) Head, fine and well di)>|hed. ' 

(3) Neck, joining the shoiuders abruptly. 

(3) Withers, inclining to fine. 

(4) Spine, sharp and well defined. 

(5) Shoulders, coming near in the upward slope. 

(6) Chest, wide through the heart. ■ 

(7) Brisket, V-shaped. 
(o) Barrel, capacious. 
(9) Ribs, distinct and open spaced. n 

(10) Twist, open. 

(11) Uddef,"!*!^ and well quartered. 
( la) Milk veins, wcjl defined and well forward and more 

or less branched. . 



III. General Appearance — French Canadian 
cattle are small in size and limb, relatively capacious 
in body, and inclining to spareness m form. 

IV. Compared with Holsteins. 

(t) French Canadian cattle are not much more than half 
as large, are shorter in limb, less square in quarter and mote 
spare in development 

(2) They.are more abrupt at the angular points, and 

(3> There art the differences in color. 



-S^j-^ 



■J, --fi. 





'iBy, 



/ 



A 




mmmmmt 



■■"■'^*" * "fii 



LECTURE NO. 36. 

KERRY CATfLB— TSEIR ORIGIN AND I&ISTOIY, 
CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL, POINTS. " 



ORIGIN AN|> HISTORY. 

I. The Ken'y is the only I>urely native breed 
o| cattk in Ireland that is jpossessed of much merit. 

(1) Fr»m time immemorial they have been br^ iMirc, but 
onijr m to aimless way until withlA a comparatively recent 
period. « ■ ■ 

(3) In size^ shape and dbior they bear a dose resemUanee 
to the native cattle of Britteny. 

II. Kerry cattle ar§ so named from the county 
of Kerry, and until a compar^vely recent period 
they were confined chiefly to the southwestern coun- 
ties of Irelatid. • : 

' (i) The tinartiiicial conditions which snrrotmded them ~ 
for centuries have mad« them the hardiest of the British dairy 
breeds." ,> 

(2) They have frequently been called the "poor man's 
cow from the great service they have rendered to the co!tafi%r 
In rural districts. . 

(a) The extent to whkh th^ have beenlcept for this ^r- 
pose measurably accounts for their characteristic docility. 

Improvement of tlie breed. 

(i) This was late in commencing, bat has been rapid- dur- 
mg reeent years. 

(3) BQth in England and Ireland noUemen have zealously 
ei^aged m the woit. 

IV. Exportation of Kerries. 

(1) Details with reference tp this work are meager; but 
(a) FwMn their original home they have been in(rodu<xd 

into manv of the counties of Irdandr 

(3) .They hire also numerously kept in several of the 

southwest counties of England, and 

139 M 



mmm 



y 



l\ 



/ 



\ 



* \ 







< M 



.-..ft 



■.Ml 



{ 



/ 



\ 



KERRY CATTLE. 



141 



"•nr 



. -^r,. 



. (4) They have been exported to the United States and 
Canada, though as yet only in very limited numbers. 

V. The Dexter cattle.* 

(i) The Dexter is a variety of cattle, the outcome of a 
cross between the-Kerry and Devon breeds, according to some 
authorities, and of selection, laccording to others. 

(2) Opinions differ as to the ortffin of the name. * 

(3) As distinguished from the Kerry they have a rounder 
and pTnmper body., shorter and rather thicker legs, a heavier 
and strbnger head, and lai;ger. straighter and coarser- horns, 
and are better for beef, though not so good for milk, but 

(4) 'These distinctions are being quickly obliterated 
through the indiscriminate blending of the two types. , 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 



r/ ^ 



I. Popularity. * , - 

(1) The popularity of Kerries can scarcely be said to have 
been tested in the United States, owing to the very limited 
ntmibers yet introduced. 

(3} In Ireland they^ are the maSt popular breed of dairy 
cattle, and in some parts of England they are meeting with no 
little favor. ' ,. 

H. Adaptability. 

(i) Kerry cattle have special adaptation to conditibns 
where the pastures are much brok^en and not abundant, thus 
involving much traveling in seeking food. 

., («) They should be admirably suited for the dairy in 
semi-mountainous areas m the United States, where hardihood 
and staying qualities are an important consideration. 

III. Relative size. 

(i) They are quite the smallest of the dairy breeds as y'tt 
imported into this country. 

(2) In many instances the hight does not exceed .forty 
inches, and the average weight 'of matured cows is not more 
than 600 to TOO ix>und$. 

IV. Milking qtialities. 

(i) The ability of this littfe creature to give milk under 
adverse climatk and pasture conditions is simply surprising. 

(2) Th^ quality of the milk is also rich, being not far 
behind that from Guernseys or Jerseys in butter fat, and the 
quantity is large for die size of tne ammal. 



/■-A 



^ 



142 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



V. Early maturity. 

(i) These cattle are dower in nwtaring than any of Uie 
dairy breeds yet introduced into the United States, owing , 

(j) To the unameliorated eonditioas under which they 
were kept in former years. ^ ^ 

VI. Grazing qimlities. 

(i) These are cf the verv highest order because of their 
natural activity and hardihood. ^, ^. . ,. . . 

, (a) Kernes will prove profitaUe under conditions where 
nearly all dairy breed* wouW fail- 

VII. Feeding qualities. 

( I ) Hirfi feeding qualities are claimed for Kerries by 
some British writers, but probably on insufficient grounds, 

although ..... 

(a) Kerry cows will fatten quickly when dry. 

VIII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Their highest value in crossing and grading in this 
country would probably be found in mating Kerry sires with 
common animals kept in semi-mountainous regions, with a 
view to improving their milking qualities. 

' (a) On good grazing lands it would seem wise to mam- 
tain larger breeds, 

IX. Breeding qualities. 

(0 These are of the first order, owing ' 
(a) To the unartificial nature of the condittcms of their 
environment. , • 

X. W«ik pomts. 

(i) file chief of these are their sawll size and slowness 

in maturing, but ... . , . 

(a) In both respects they are beii« itmroved. s^^ 

XI: Compared with tlw Jerseys. 

(i) They ar< not to be compared to the JTetseys in the 
general estimate of the public, in general ad^>tation «r in the 
field that lies before- them for crossing atfd grading, And they 
are not equal to them in siie or maturing qualities, though 
nearly equal in the quantity of ths milk produced, but 

(a) They are far ahead of Jerseys in vigor of constitution, 
in ability to "rough it" under advene conditions, and they are 
something ahead in ea^ keepinK and in feeding qualities and 
in the abuity to breed vm UBfailing regutari^. 



-;iX^i^s:2i^*ii?i?«*K^'*''^'*w>#aA-'i 




* 



tn anjr of tfw 

J, owing 

r which they 



»use of their 
ditions where 



r Kerries by 
lent grounds, 

•y- 
ing. 

radin^ in this 
rry sires with 
{i«na, with a 

wise to tnain- 



itiont of their 



and slowness 



ed. 



V 



JecKys in the 
ition ar in the 
dinf. 4nd they 
allttci. thoogn 
1, but 

>f constitution) 
i, and they are 
; qualities and 



KBUtY CATTLE. 
PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



143 



In the artwence of an anthorited scale of points 
in the United States the following is submitted i 

J. ^'isr— This should be regulated to a con- 
siderate degree by the nature of the environment. 

II. Gjeneral Outline— Jht^ body is esseni,iaHy 
dairy in form, tt|iaugh not of the most pronounced 
type. 

III. Hrarf— Small, inclining to fine, tapering 
and well balanced in the different parts. 

Forehead, wide. 

Nose, line and inciini«« to long. 

Muzzle, fiae. 

Nostrils, ii^Ked high And somewhat often. 

Cheeks, lean. 

Eyes, mild, full and lively. 
„ , Horns, rather thick at |>ase, but gently tapering, with 
black tips, and coming gracefully forward and upward with 
considerabh erection- 

(8) Ears, small and fine and rather lively in movement. 

IV. AT^cife— Straight, fine, inclining to deep, 
with medium abruptness at the neck vein. 

V. Bo^-*— Straight from withers to tailhead. 

(i) It is not wide at the withers, and is but moderately 
prominent at the chine, and 

(a) It slopes down considerably away from the >sacrum. 

VI. Forequarters — A little less in develop- 
ment proportiofately than the hindquarters. 

ti\ Shoulders, smooth and relatively deep, but not broad, 
(j) Chert, wide. 

(3) Breast, fairiy deep and broad, but not full. 

(4) Brisket, V-shaped. 

(5), Forearm, inclining to full. 

yil. Barrel — Capacious and deep, inclihing 

to round more than to flat. 

(i) Ribs, of medium H>ring and distinct wheo'Qie cows 
are" in milk. 

(3) Crops, medium in fullness. 



f 



v^e kyAx f iimmMMa lm 



=,^ 



* 



\ 



« 






THK iTUDY or BIBKM. 

Fore flank. <«>»•.,. 

Hind flank. ^°l^f*\r^ ^„ of th« animal and am\7 
(i) HcMt |irth. good tor Uie m*" "• 

rnual with tiw Bank girth^ A„„r*uMi. 

^ (6) Underline, a httle ^€Vr*-*^ . 

VIII. Hindquarters^'Oerp znA of meditim 

development- 

Hipa. straight on the aide. 

ThTWif. in^jning.to hght 

Tt.itTrvks a little jncurvca.* _ 

T»iM. op"" •"'' ■''"'^ •omtwMi mi» 
T«ll, lom mil S"- . 

IX t;<l<fcr— Between oblong and ™''"'«* '", 

•^r Jft/r^t^^-d long, v«y pron,i- 

„r„^'- JS; viiibl. «-*. n^^. ^ •»-» 

"^"xil L*g>-Short, not coarse, and clran. 
Xlli Co/»r-The wlOT.moBt in fa™'.'' » 

rich Siwith. '<- "■"' j*;^,' ^tS^S^ 

brow^ a«d white. , , .^. ^„„^_fepi^rv is a 

neat little creature, almost if ^ot'i^f^^^^, 
L thf Tersev and she carries m her appearani 
W^^:^t^n*ination of docility and sprt 

ness of movem^t. >. 

XV. Compared Wiethe Jersey, 
(O The Ketry i. ccmridenWy i^^ler *nd « I^« pronu- 
jient at the andes. '^ „„,,ie gtrWiiW and more urturned 

'''^'(T)* There ire the differences in coiot. 



''II'* 




H*.f *««!»»"*' 



^ft. p :**. "^. 






It 

appearani 
tv and sprii 

r and is I^a» vromi- 

aiMJl more upturned 
«vter frame for her 



LECTURE NO. 37, 



POLLED DURHAM CATTL 
TOfcy, CHAHACTERISTICS 




mtk»Mmmmm0m 




GIN AND HIS- 
ptpAL POINTS. 



ORICIN AN6 

^f.J:\^A^^ I>«rhams orJfFFJated in the United 
&tat«, and more particidarlj in the state of Ohio. 

^u.J9 IJ^- <'«'*'«'0Pment ot thi« breed ha> all been accom- 
plished withinahe last two or three decaderand 

- il*; .J™" '**" "0"« •'y several -breeders who for a timo 

trSL"}?y "*'^ °* ^ -o^her. though'iLntWt; 

(3) The efforta of Dr. W. W. Crane of TioDecanoe Otv 

a. to popularize the breed have been abundlnl l?K«aSSE: 

A-a "". '^'^^ %5^ R."f^**"? *^ave.come from two 
different sOMixfes d«,^^try. ^* -. ^$. 

at 011^ c&k"'"*^'' ^*» been established through the croMltiff 
(a) The othfer is pure Shorthorn but hornless. ^ ^ 

i.-i, "^: T^. ^°'!?w'ng details relate to the estab- 
lishment of the Polled Durhams upon a m ^ "- 
foundation : 




(i) Good common muley cows were sdnH^oH nf i.n.. 
form and «»d milking qualitL ^*^*''' °* '*'^ 

cilor These were crossed by pure Shorthorn hulls, red,ln 

of thS o^J Irh^'aV^n'oSe'ss""" "''"' '^^'* ""»' »^ 
and ho JI2f "♦il!fJ""'*' "* ="5, per Cent of Shorthorn Wood. 



lo 



MS 



*■ 



^•' 



THE DUAL-PURPOSE BREBl5s^ 



••«?' 



■^^^ 




1 ■'■,, 



fttj. 



..H .^ 



# 



■ t^«><» 



:¥■■ 



•f^ 







146 



THE STUDY Of BREEDS. 



* 



IV. The following dftails relate to the estab- 
lishment of the Polled Durhams upon a pure .Short- 
horn foundation. ^ 

(1) Recorded Shorthorn '4»alls that had neref p068««d 
horns were secured by diflEerent hfe^ien. and these were bred 
to pure Shorfihoca cows. . \. ±1^ 

"(a) Only sudi of the progeny were kept to breed from 
as were honuess. ' . . 

V. The American Polled Durham Breeders' 
Association was organized in Chicago in 1889. 

(l) Eirfit persons took the initiative in the wotk, dl of 
whom had be«i engaged for some time previously m establish- 
ing the breed. . .-, ^ 

(3) The membership at the end of 1893 numbered forty, 
and included residents of seyeral sUtes. . 

VI. The following are the requirements for 
registration in the /^merican Herd Book of Polled 
Durham cattle. 

(l) Animals for registry must be at least one year old. 

(a) They must be hornless. . , . _. .^• 

(3) Tim mn^ have the color and markings charsct^istic 
of the ShorSom. ,,.».-. 

(4) They must not have less than ^ i-a per cent of Short- 
horn blO0d after 1893, 93 3-4 pw-cent after im. wd 96 7-8 
per cent after 1899, mi the requisites prevkmriy mentioiiwL 

(s) The produce of animals alrea<^ on record will be 
recorded, provided they conform to the requirements men- 
tioned in t, a and.3, also ^ .. ^ rv. 1. « j 

(6) fhe produM of any bull in the Polled Durham Herd 
Book, with the same requirements, and 

(7) The produce of any cow in the Polled Durham jeg- 
istnr, when by a bril tecordedin the Amencau Shor^m Herd 
Bo<^, and poss^sedif the same requiroaents. ^ 

vil. The leading Fair Associations were slow 
to give recogrinion to Polled Durham cattl^ln their 
prize lists, but 

(1) At the World's Fair in Chicam> in 1893, * f«>U Hst 
qlpremiums was offered for Polled Durhams. | 

^ (a) The grand sweepstakes prize at the. same fair <»en 
to ah -"seneral •^•'«'~*°' ^^mI* i»aj> wnn hv the Polled 
Durhams. - 



\l 



porpose cattle, was won by the Polled 



£1 



T 



\y 



4 



■k'- 



^■vi 



" , ^•• 



,^f 



• / 

{ 



POLLED DURHAM CATTLE. 



147 



to the estab- 
L pure,Short- 

iev«f possessed ' ' 
liese were bred 

to breed front t , 

im Breeders' f 

in 1889. 

he wcrtrk, all of * 

sly in establish- , 

lumbered' forty, »f'-^ 

r 

lirements for ^■ 
ok of Polled 

one year dd. ^ 

gs characteristic 

:r cent of Short- 

[896, and 96 7-8 fi 

ily mentioned. ,ti 

record will be 
litrements men- 

i Duiluun Herd 

sd Durham r^- 
Shor^mHerd 

cms were slow 
cattl<i.fai their 

i8gi3, a ftdl list 

. same nir onen 
by the PoUed 



^-.* 



^ VIII. The future of Polled Ourhams. 

(i) There would seem to be a bright future before this 
i- breed in the United States and also in certain other countries 
possessed of the requisite adaptation, since v 

(2) They meet the growing demand for cattle with all the 

§ essential characteristics of Shorthorns, and yet without horiw 
X3) They are rich in the blood of several of the bdr 
strains of EJiu^ish and Scotch Shorthorns, and many of them 
have in additron the renovating influence of muley foundation 
blood. 

^A IX. Distribution in the United States. 

^W' (^) Polled Dtirhams have been recorded fron^bout 
"^^il twenty different states. ' # 

(2) The leading centers of distribution are Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Ohio, T«xas, jHichigan, ^Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennes- 

#see; Missouri, Iowa and Wisconsin, and probably in the order 
,-^named, ') ' " " '""" 

(3) The first fexporution of Polled Durhams was made 
to Argentina from the herd'of J. H. Miller, Peru, Ind., in i85>4- 

X. Registfiation of P^ted Durhams. 

(1) fiut one volume of the American Polled Durham 
^Herd Book has yet been issued, and it was published in 1894. 

(9) There have been recorded 2100 animals, of which 850 
are trulls (md 1250 cows. 

i< ' . -' 

I LEADING CHKRACTERISTICS. 

|. I. The characteristics of the sPolled Durhams 
I: are essentially the same as those of the Shorthorns 
^. given in Lecture No. 9. 

(t) They have the same large parallelograremic frames, 
and •* . 

■ (3) Like the Shorthorps they are adapted to arable locali- 
ties ridi in food production. 

II. They differ in the following edsentiats: 

(i) More attention has been giren to the devdc^mettt of 
'tfieir tailking qualities, and 

(a) TMi ,ite more free from ^e weaknesses o^ some 
^higWy inbred, Shorthorn fomilies, as, for instanoii, shyn^s in 






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149 



I. No Standard scale of points has as yet been 
drawn up for this breed, but i 

(i) These are essentially the same as in the Shorthorn, , 
(a) They are given iiwleuil in the scale iuBlnitted for 
Shorthorns in Lecture No. lo. 




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^"^ LECTURE NO. 38. 

teOWN SyiflSS CATTLE^THEm ORIGIN AND HISTORY,^ 
CHARACTERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



': . ORIGIN AND aiSTORY. 

I. Switzerland has two diistinct breeds of cat- 
tle^ and several jsinor breeds,, which are chiefly the 
offshoots of tb«i two pSLtt^t stems. ^ ~- . 

(1) One of these, th<r Befner spottedj^ a large and heavy 
breed, isfoanrf ntO«t numerously in the canton of Berne. 

(2) The other, the Brown Schwyteer, originated in th< 
^cant<«i of Sch*7tz, and it is now.kefft numerously m many 

of the cantons of Switzerland. ( ^'r . 

(j)'^Both breeds have been relwed hy rtany centuries of 
careM «reatuei«t afad intelligent bre«iing. 

II. the uniformity -which characterizes the 

Brown Swiss cattle has been" brought about by a 

long ^riod oi careful breeding. 

, (i) The government gives encotirag«ije|it to c«reful 
breeding, jiwl ttie cattle receive the hest of «re, ^ , 
rTsTEvTry animal of the breed exhibited at Pans, la J878. 

'**' (3)" n*ran ia^ly'be said that mariad uniformity in type 
characteriies the bredl in>the United States. 

III. Distribution throughout Europe. , 
(i) The demand for ftiw'fu Swiss cattle in varices Euro^ 

pean coontries has hpen gipiei' than the supply. • 
^ (a) They stj^ndThigh m favorin nearly all countnes of 
Europe to which they have been WFPorted, »«»♦ t^' «^**»* 
demand for them his come from ItHl^, Germany and Russia. 

States. . 



IV. Exportation to the 
(i) The first i^iqrtatloB of Brown 



made into' the Unit^ States in 
Bdmont, Mass. 

151 



.. _.,,... Swiss catd«y|W| 
1869 by Henry M. O'lpi 



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IE StUDY OF BREEDS. 

(2) fSfSct thai^Mdte txtAoy imikiltatioi 
and Tti^re especiallj^ffiince iSBojA, 

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animals of the brecdra^ fot 
lion and'^tt;itt«e are a cc^ide 



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istratiqp? in the United 

1 1) Th^ee volumes of the Arteri^ui Brown 
V, ■ hay eij^tfn issued, the first of y/hith appeared in 
j^ ' i^y Tnfac?!, have been registered 3914 ani 
lao? are (ules>Qd iiW^feouTes. 



.h 





arb probably most numerous jp Con-n 
states, Ilhnois; and in. the west,' 




tes.- 

iss Record 

«f , which 



L^ADlHa CHARACTERISTICS. 



Popularity. 

(i) BrowR,^ Swiss cattk aih&, probably the mostl^^opnlar 
cattle in -Europe atnong c6ntinent»^ breMs. 

i2) 'They nH also steadily comiM iQto favor since' their 
introduction into the United States \nd Quiada. . 

(3) This result ii uu<luestionabIy base^ on merit, since no 
effort ha$,been nuL^t to boopi them. 

Adaptebility. 

.(1) Brown Swiss cattle are best adapted to the arable 
' farm where beef and miHt are both sdugfat for. » 

(2) Jheir strong, vigorous frames enable them to gather 
food with profit w^ere spme br«ed9 not so heavy ^oold^^rove 
less profitable. -■ - 

Relative size. 

( t ) In size they are medium t* large. 

(a) The weight of the standard cow in Switzerland .has 
been put at laoo to 1300 pounds, but * 

(b) As .the size is much mffected by altitude, 
elevations the average weight? woold'be considi 

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BROWN SWISS CATTLR. 



153 







lerous in Con- » ^''■ 
i(U the west, 

States, 
jss Record 

«f which 




IV. Milking qualities. 




. (i) Notwithstanding the 8tr9n0y built frames of Brown 
Swi^s cattle and the size of their hams', their ' milk srivint^ 
qualit-ies average well. ( . , ' ' 

(a) The milk is good for butter production, fpr con- 
densing and for cheese-making, and it is excellent fqjr calf-^ 
• rearing. 

(3,) Their docility and gentleness, largely the outcome of 
kind treatment, still further commend them for the dairy^ 
'■ ■ ■ ,, ■' '* • 

V. Early maturing qualities. 

(l^ These are but medium. 

,(2) The breeders have avoided rather than sought undue 
prec9city. 

VL Grazing qualities. 

(*!) These are of a hfgh order, as they have been much 
grazed in their original^ home, but 

(3) The larger types require richer knd more levd pas- 
tures than the smaller. 

Feeding qualities. , V»_ - 

(1) The co^s fatten readily when dry, and the steers' 
grow'to agood size at an early age when properly fed. 
'a) The calves especially midce a rap^growth, but ^ 
,3) The strength, of the bone' detracts somewhat from 
tiietr feeding value, a . 



yalu» in .crossing and grading. 



< 



(1) Brown Swiss cattle are particularly valuaj^le for 
crossing upon commo>n animals more Qr less debiljtated- by' 
injudicious breeding and over-artificial treatfnent, with a view 
tO'infusing renovating power. , 

(2) The"cross-bred steerk grow with great vigor and at- 
tain heavy weights at an early age, but they are not quite 90 
smooth as the progeny of <sotne of the distinctive beef breeds. 

Breeding qualities.' * 

(i) These ar^ excellent ' 

(3) They are the outcome of inheritance, of sensijfle man- 
agement and of well balanced milking qualities. 

(3) They do not breed' q«ite so young as some breed?, but 
they/ OMatiaiie to prodyce id a! ripe old age. 



Weak points. 



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THE §TUDY OF BREEDS. 



(I) They wotdd scenvto have more of bone than is flece»- 
«ary, and they are somewhat roAgh at the shoulder points and 

(a) Th^ are also leas tmiform in type than could be 
desired ' 



XL Compared with Shorthorns. 

(1) Shorthorns are much better known 



iij anuruioru» are much bener Known m U»e Umted , 
Sutes, arc larger and smoothw in fr«II»^■roature a little earlier 
and produce a more valuaWe car<9ss of beef; 

(3) The Brown Swiss are more uniformly food moxsn, 
are ahead in average ruggednfiss and have something of a lead 
over the Shorthoma in graiini; and breeding quahties. 



STANDARD POINTS. 



I. 

by the 



Thf^ following scale of points was drawn up 
Brown Swiss Cattle Association in America: 



(7) 

■i 



KMHTS 
. 3 



10) 
,11) 

P3) 
(14) 



(16) 



(17) 
(X8) 



HM<^Mediu«n size and rather long . 
F0c#— Dished, broad between the eyes and nar- 
row between the horns ' • . ,• 
£ow— Of a deep orange color within . 
i\ro<«^]31adc, square, and with the mouth sur- 
rounded 1^ a \waX, meal color^ band, tongue 
oiadc ... . . '• • •' 
£w*— Full and placid ^. . . •- ^ 
Horns— Ralber short, flatfish and regularly jset 
with black tips . •. • 

Neck-^StniffA, rather long and not too heavy 
at shoulders . . . ,. 
CfcM<— Broad and deep , . . . 
Bflcfc— Level to the settirfg on of tail and b 
acrosis the loin . •-/'•-•, 
Barrel-hoope^t—BroaA 1^ dee^ at flank . 
mps-y/i&i apart, natmmg and brdad . 
TWgfcj— Wide, with ipvy Quarters - . 
I^f jr—Short and strailllt with good hoofs . 
T(J»/— Slender, pliable, not too long, with good 
switch . ..'..•• •"' • 
HiVf*— Thin and movable . • . . -J. 
Coter— Shades from dark brown to light btwn 
and. at some seasons of the year gray; slight 
slashes of white near udder not objectionable^ 
li&it stripe liong b«A. . '. - • • l. - . 
Hair Between if tfm*— Light, not reddish. (No p^ts. ) 
Fore.Udder—¥}fi\\ in form and oirried far for- , 
ward on the abdomen . . . • . r •> 10 



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8 
4 

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4 

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lan is Aeces- 
r points and 

in could be 



the United > 
I little earlier 

!Qod milker^ 
ing of a lead 
itiea. 



s drawn up 
1 America : 

SOIHTS 

.. . a 




id nar- 

th sur- 
tongue 

irtyjset 
) heavy 



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; slight 
ionatue : 

. (Nopmnts.) 
far for-^ 

lO 




BROWN SWISS CATTLE. 



155 




(19) Hitii Udd*r— Hot -too deeply hung, ful^ in form 
and well up behind to 

(ao) r«af«— Rather large, set well apart and banging 

straight down j. 5 

... 4 

I full in thighs . 7 

-natured . . 4 

Perfection ...,*.., 100 
(a4) In iudging bulls and heifers omit Nos. 18, 19 
and ao, and for color they should be dark. brown. 

It. Additional particulars submitted though 
not given in the above scale of points: 

(i) Poll, in nuuny instances broad and always fringed with 
long and abundant hair. 

(a) Horns, fair amount of outward and upward curve. 

(3) Dewlapt usuall^r present more or less. 

(4) Breast, of medium fhllness. ' 

(5) Brisket, wide but inclining to the V shape, 
(o) Withers, possessed of medium width. 

^ (7) Back, usually prominent at the sacrum and tailhead 
and slantmg away somewhat from sacrum downward toward 
outside of hipA — 

(8) Tailhead. often strong. 
': (9) Hide, thicker than in aome breeds. ,;y 

III. General Appettrance—Thty are some^ 
what plainer in fonn, but evidence contentment, 
strength and capacity and there is an attractiveness 

•about the uniformity of their markings. 

IV. Compared with Shorthorns. 

, (i) Brown Swiss cattle are not quite so large nor mas- 
sive, but they are stronger in. bone and limb. 

(a) They are somewhat longer in the head, laqjer and 
stnmger m the horn, more fringed at the poll, less rounded in 
me br«M«rand more V-shaped in the brisket. 

(3) They are mbre prominent at the shoulder points, 
sacrum and tailhead and have a thicker and richer colored 
bide.'' rv , . 

(4) There ani^also the differences in color markings. 



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RED POLLED CATTLB— THEIH ORlfilN AND HISTORY/ 
CHARACTERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Red Polled cattle arc the outcome of 
the amalgamation of two types which iWiabited the 
cSnties of Norfolk and Suffolk respectively. 

,s (1) The former of theafc which watyhe smaller, was,, 
uiually of a blood-red color, gtcept the heaB^which wa^ mojr 
tied, and it was possessed of fair imlkmg and beef-ma^g|^ 

^^Ma) The latter had more of the dairy form, and was origi- 
sort of mouse dun in color, but . . , , 
,The colors in both were more or lets broken far on 
into tW present century, although a >(hole red contmually 

grrew into favor. , . '. . . t « i 

(4) Both types w^e polled and both have been freely 
inter-crossed for more«ftq a century. i . _ *u- - 

(5) They havfM»c«| recognized as om bre<Kl "nee the 

year 1846. . ..%;' %\ ,''.■- 

litothlilhreedSi as the galloways, West 
Htghl Jpbat^and Shorthorns, hav? to some extent 
b^ijy^sed in crossing upon the ^e4 Polls. , 

( I ) Ai||llM|nose, which ^siona^y "'W^' '^°^^- ***™ 
to indicat^Silway blood. b\;pfe "^ ™ ".'4 / 

(a) *ri^ crosses. intfodttUld msw^yean ago. ^^^k 
ably >laycd an unimportant part^,^ tm^ewenMiifrof tip 



III. iRnprov 
about by a most 
certain ^andard. 




im bqm diiefly brought 
iQgl selection, breeding to a 
>viPcar<e and liberal feeding. 
156 



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THE STUtlY or iMIttKU' 



(1) If tenn «*rly In the century, but was not rtpM until 
Hie recofnirion of tlw Norfolk «nd Suffolk typwi m one «»d 
the JMumc breed, in 1846. and . ^ . . , . _ 

(a) It hai bc$a more genend than local in character. 

IV J In Britain the breeding of Red PoII»-i«<7^ 
still largely ccMifirted to the counties of Norfolk and |j* 
Suffolk. I 

(i) This i» partly owing to the decimation < of the breed * 

by rinderpest several years ago. .... ' 

(a) And partly to the comparatively urcent period dnrtng 
which they have been prominently h€io(t the general paWic 

V. Ejrttn^on to other countries. 

(1) Polled cattle from Suffolk were introduced into Vir- 
ginia, and probably «o»ne other states, fully two centuriet 

**^(a^ The first ijegtilar iniporUtion of 1k>A Polls into 

the United States in their imprdved form WM m»<l« by Gilbert ;,« 

F; Tabor of Patterson. N. Y.. in 1873. , ,. , . f 

(3) They have also been exported tn considerable num- 
bers' to Ireland. Ci^iada, Australia and New Zealand. 

VI. Organisations. 

(i) Assodationa have been formed both in £nid«n^ "><1 
America to prmnote the interests of the breed: 

(2) The Red Polled Cattle Qub of America waa formed 
in iW3- 

VII. Herd books. 

(1) Sixteen v<^ume» of tte En^idi Red Polled Herd 
Book hav« been publiahed. the first ofjirMdi appe»ed in i^^ 

(a) Vol. I of the American Red Pdled Herd Book, which , 
appeared in 1887. is a condenttation of the first six volumes of 
the English ^k and subsequent volumes are the same m 
their registrations. . . "« ^ « « ^' 

- (3) These books contain all the recor^d R«l Pf»I» m 
the world, and . ^ ' . . , 

(4) In registering, a tribal letter is given to the eiMle^f 
each herd or fteighborhood, for convenience in tradt% triljftl 1 

history, 

VIII. Distribution of Red Polls m the United 

States. 

(i) Thiqr are now registered from nearly all the states 
of the Union, and 





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(9) They are moat namcKMitly kept in the Mates of Illi- 
noii^ Witconiin, Michigan, Ohio, Kansas and Texas, and prob- 
Iwy in the order named. 

Registration in the United States. 

(i) This is not easily ascertained becauae of the dtwl 
nature ot the isegtstrations. 

(a) There have been registered in England and America 
ai,i7a animals, of %hich .6753 are' bolls and 14,419 cows. 

LBAOING CHAItACtEIUSTICS. 

"^ * -to 

Popularity. 

(i) If numbers in proportion to recent introduction are 
taken as the gauge of popularity, Red4>ollB are probably the 
most popular at present of the purely \dual-purpoae breeds in 
th« United Sutes, and ^ 

(a) That popularity would seem to br increasiitg in an 
Mcelented ratio. " 

Adaptability. 



(i) The medium-sized bodies 'fiid the inherited inffuepces 
arising from environment adapt tlie Red Polls in an eminent 
degree to average arable conditions, and -4. 

(a) The same inheritance best adapts them to equable 
climates, although they wfll doubtless thrive in more severe 
climates as wdl as many other bi'eeds. 

Relative size. 

(t) In size Red Pdls stand about midiiray betwean Qie 
Shorthorns and the Devons. 

(a) The average weight of mature cdhih would be about 
laoo to laso pound*. 

Milking qualities. 

(1) The Red Polls are more uhiform and persistent in 
weir milking qualities than many other breeds. 
' (?) The milk, lik'fe the breed itself, has a haimy equiltb- 
nnm in its qualities, but 

(3) The teats are in some instances over-latye. 

Early maturing qualities. ' . . 

(i) In early maturity thqr rank a Httle batter than 
meditnn. />*"*t^ * 

(0 Asa breed they haw; grn'mh forced, wh«i yot?i*, to 
^injury of their brccdinlK MBit '"--•• 




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160' . TBE STUDY- OF BREEDS. 

, VI. Graiing qoaHties. « ' 

V fi) Thes&^oi are of the middle zone o'^*^- _,,. , . ■* 

. ^2^ TW'arTmost at home where £004 is plenliftU,. but 

i«, pSb^^Sentfie sanie better than tbeir^heavier Tiyals. 

yit. Fading gualjties. . ^ ' - 

O) Inno l)reed perhaps is the tendoi'cy so strong to_ pj^ 
*«* aWnd^ay whefin milk and at thi same time to iattcn 

- "^lirSSr^ thot^h of goodiair si«. faf^ ""^thly 
•and ^eaply, kill f^l a«?^iake an excellent quality of beef.. . 

yill. Value in crossing ana-gra^ng 






(1) Red Pdlls are-highly adapted for bein#croM«^ upon 
common stocks to imp.rove,them.^t>oth.m form and utilrty. . 

(a) The progeny have a c^sc resemblance to »« Kea 
Polls In fonh, aw»MB»nce -Md qu^ities. ' 

IX. .Bi«eeding qualities. , i 

(1) These arc at feast medii«n. u^,a iJ 

(2) As -with all other breeds they are. much affected in 
thisi rt^Msct by vtifidd conditions.^ ' ;^ ., 

X. . Weak points. ' , 

(iX» More uniformity would be d#raMe in breeding then** 

*"** (3) A little more of heart girth and uniform}^ in size ;- 
and setting ofteats. -."^ / 

XI. Compared With' Shorthorns. _„' . 
- (iV Red Polls are not nearty so wH^l known pr dtstributed 

as Shorthorns, and tljey. are considerably less m «^- ^ 
(a) They are mow eveg ift milk j(|odurtion and are bftteiH 

adapted to produce steers Bi tH<:"poWr order. - |". j., 

(3) Ii*othe<-rei.pect8"their«l^|ten«tic8arenotTardif- 

^■. ' Wcrent l^v ' 

STANDARD ^^o!nTS. f 

I. The follbwmg is the only authdrifcd scale 
of points for Red Polled cattle sanctifined by ijs^ 
Ameriean Red Polled Cattlfe-Club:- 

^il Col.SlS'; the tip of the tail $4 A« f ^^^^.t^i .j! 
white ; the extension on the udder a few *>die8 jjong^mwde 
.. of the flank, ora rt^ *I»it« apoKor mark on Iht tmder par^ 












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i6 time to fatten 

fatten smootWy 
lualfty of be«t:_ 

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nf cfowwa upon, 
and utility, 
ince to Ae Red 



moch affected in 

in breeding thent, 
niformi^ in size 



)wn pr distributed 

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ion and are bptter* ,^ 

M are not w dif- 



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icti6ne^ by t^fe* 

the «dder%iay be 
tesiaoiigllw inside 
on'tlKtlttderiwr^ 



ol Bw belly by the milk iwins nhaS not be held to disqtialify 
the attimal wl^)w sire and, dam form, part <4 an established 
h.erd of the b^eed, or answer all other essentials of this stand- 
ard desc^ion. . ■ ." -■ 

ffr; Form; there should be no horns, ^lugs or abortive 



fa) Pomtntf.a SufmorAmmfA. 



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Color, a deep red, y*0 udder of the sanw color, but 
the tin of th<^tail may be ^hiie; , ■; , 
CoJ Nose, not 'dark or cloudy. 

^ ' .-,r " ' ' . ■ 

II. 'jChe° following notes are appended to the 

above very incomplete descrmtion of so excellent a 

^■brecd:"; . , ., ;. ; ^^ ' ' • 

(iV ^Mw—Mediom, wrimM to large. 
^2) G*neral Oii/:W««^-£p^fairel«>gramnric form. 

(3) H«(H^— Neat, dean, inclin^ to' fim^ polled smd promi 
: nent at the poll.- ,^ • ' . 

' ^a^ None, somewhat fine and a little long. 
.(h) Mi^ie, flesh-crfored. » . 

. ^f} N<»trils,' open. : , ' . ■ 

*^ (d) Eyes, fu:i, ckjar and w^ apdrt, with a little dish be- 
twmi them. ' V .^ , 

(e)'^ti, a little ifmg and thm arid' pointed upward and 
outward. ' i '. s - 

(4) .Nech—h Utile long and inciting, to fine, 
"fa; 'Ijieat at junction «ritfa th«|^ h^d^ jenj^rding against 

<) Widenii^ development at neck vem, bipt not massive. 



(S) B<irfc— Wide, partifi|lafly at the loin,;»id straight 

(a) Withers, medium to wijfc. \ 

(b) Too mijicB promioenoe at hook ^^hts to be guarded 

'"^K-^JV ' (6) Forr^iMir^CT'*— Nearly evenly devefoped wit!i'tl(B..hind- 
. '^ .> quarters, but not massii^e. " * " Ji 

(a). Shoulders, fairly large, smoqth, sloping graduall;^ up- 
. ; wardJUid forward.' '^ 
' J (by Chest, wide, especially through the Io^mt M*. 

(i) Breast, wide, Atep and fairly ftdt. ^V 
(i) Brisket, between V-shaped and roun^^ i 
(e) Pbwarm, df medium development. •' 
^ (tr) Bodfh-lMtts^ somewhat long, especWly fn • the 

fdn«]ea, a)id^<9)q»da4ii 

f . W Ribs, at-l^st toodetately outward and rminded in 
ll^ritig and comtn» well dawti^.* '«' 

C(0,Sta^tnes8 ^t^ck^ ajjd'fore^ank to'be'guardra against, 
^^Hhtd fKnk, OQiMnK««r^ otft And wdl downward, but 
oijly mbdera^y thfdt. ' 



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162 



THE STUDY >0F BREEDS 



. -X 



(d) Deficient heart girth is to be guarded against. 

(e) Underline, nearly straight 
(8) Hindquarters— hoti^, deep and wide. 

(a) Straight rather than full. 

(b) Thi^s of medium devel<M>nient. 

(c) Buttock, straight, square, rather than rounded. 

(d) Pin bones, wide, but not prominent. 

(e) Twist, medium- 

(f) Escutchfion, wide and pronounced. 

(g) Tail, long and fine rather than coarse. ... 
{9) f/ddCT-— Capacious, not high nor pendulous and mcely 

quartered. 

(a) Not fleshy, but glandular. 

(b) Unduly large teats to be guarded agamst 
(to) MUk Veim—lATfs^ coming well forward, branched 

and milk wells well defined. „ .. . ^ • 

' (11) SiWii— Medium in fincmess, idiant, flecible and unc- 
tuous and coveosd with soft hair. 

(12) Le«— Medium in length, fine rather than coar|e,^ 
clean and placed wide apart ' ,y 

ml General OuHine-^Red Polls are a heat, 
trim and active breed of cattle, with clean cut outline 
and much uniformity of color. 

IV. Compared with Shorthorifts. 

(i) Red Polls are considerably snudier, somewhat less 
angtuar, and less broad throughout. 

(2) They are sc^newhat finer in head, neck and limb. 

(3) lliey have more marked development of milk veins, 
and . . , 

(4) The differences in horn. develc^[Mn«it and in c«lor. 




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lous and nicely 



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n cut outline 



somewhat less 

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and limb. 

of milk veins, 

id in c^or. 



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LECTURE NO. 40. 



DEVON CATTLE — ^THEIR ORIGIN 



(D HISTORY.. 



I. the Devons are one of the mosf. ancient 

and pure of the distinctvbreeds of cattle found in 

Great Britain. 

(i) They belong to the middle horned class, aiid are sm>- 
posed to be descended froth the same aboriginal breed as tnie 
Herefords and the Sussex. 

(2) The most ancient records tend to show that they have 
been bred without admixture from time immemorial, in parts 
of Devon^ire and Somerset. 

II. They n|^ occupy, with little exception, 
the whole of the district from Dartmoor forest to 
the Bristol channel, and frpm West Somerset to 
Cornwall. • 

(l) Good herds of die breed were established early in the 
century in the shires of Leicester, Gloucester and Shropshire, 
tod in some other parts of England. •' 

(3) Individual herds have also been established at various 
other points In England and in Ireland, but noti'to the extent 
of becoming thie prevailing brMd, and f 

(3) Wnere they were supplanted for a time iti the south 
of E^mnd by other breeds, as Shorthorns and Herefords, 
they are again regaining the ground lost. X - '« 

III. Of all the British breeds Jthty had the 

greatest reputation as grazers a century ag6, henoe 

fi> Tlie ptrecedence given them in the prize Mfttfs of the 
Smithiield Cattle Qub, and of the Bath and West «| Eni^a^d 

Socitiy- . 

(a) At that time the North Devon was considered the 
breed Par excetU^e for smalt bones and bi^ quality. 

(3) They wete also very popular as oxen, owi^ fb;4heir 
activity, combined with their 9tAying powers. 

IV. It eantKj^t be said that the name of aify 
on? person stands out supremely conspicuous as the 
gttAt improvfef of Devons, as improyement "was 

163 




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DEVON CATTLE. 



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(effected by a mynber of persons working simultane- 
ously and more or less <tn concert. , 

(l) Prominent among the early improvers stand the names 
of Friuicis Quartly of Champson, MolUuid ; John T. Davy of 
Rose Ash ; Walter Farthing of Stowey Court, Bridgewater ; 
and the Earl of Leicester of Holkham, Leicestershire . 

^ (a) In sever^ instances Devons hSVC bAM Urt^JlLifeS 
satne fatnilies for at least 150 years. 

^ V. The high prices paid for meat early in the 

century, while the wars with France continued, 

tempted numy bre<iders to° part with theij: .best 

animals. \ 

(i) This IfU to a lowering of the averagle standard of 
excellence in many Hierds, but jtm 

(3) The equilibrium* has again been restored, latimlr 
dirodgn the establishmeilt of agricultural societies and the 
demand for good breeding stock. 

VI. !pevon cattle were early distinguished as 
North and South Devon respectively, the latter 
variety being also known as South Hams and Som- 
ersets. ■ ^ 

(i) The North Devon was the, smaller variety, their coat 
wias softer and more curly, and they were m6re distinguished 
for their fleshing properties. /v • 

(3) The South DevoQp, supposed to contain a daM< of 
Guemsiey blood, were of lai^r ^ize and of coarser appear- 
ance, and were more distinguished for milk production. 

(3) These have beep so intercrossed in many instances 
as to oblitefate the distitif^uishing marks of the two classes.' 

- VII. Exportation to the United States, ; 

(i) The first well authenticated impbrtation of Devon 
^Atle was made into' the tJpited States by Robert Pattiferson of 
B^imoF9, Md., in 1817. 

(a) They came from the herd of th^- Earl of I.«icester, 
Hflliduun, and a Very large number of the Devtos now in the" 
Uahed States trace" to this imjportatiDti; 

(3) From 1817 onwaM, importations have been frequent 
aadlquite recently. . , ^ '^ - .» t 

< VIII. Exportation to other TOuntries.' 

\ (i) Devwis were iinpbrted somewhat freely into Ontario, 
€»a.t. thorjtly afteir the middle of the century, but thity havt 
HM prevailed to any considerable .extent in ^at country. 



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IiB6 THE STUDY OF BUEEDS. 

■ (m^ Th'ev have also been introduced into Jamais, MexlcO^, 
the cJjeTStt Hope. Australia and Newiealand. 

IX. Herd books. 
(I) The first volttme of the English D^on Herd Book. 

^n^Ae'^fi^roSe^TSet^S^^^^^ 
was ™'W'|he<»fi';;,»Sme of the American 5^on Record was 
^*^**RiiSions are al«> kept in OtoUrio and Nova 
Seam. . ^ ■ ^, •-., 

Distribution in the United States. iC - 
(I) Devons are kept in. every state in the Unian, save 
North DatoS Washington, Wyoming. _ New Mexico and 

^"'?5)'The"'arc more generally dinriiited than any bre*d 
largely devoted to meat making except the Shorthonis. 
largely ac_v most numerous in the »tates of Ohio. Penn- 

sylvania, N?^ York. Connecticut, MassadiusettsJV.sconsin. 
Kislirtd Texas, and probibly in th* order .named. 

XI. Registration in the United States. 
(I) Six volumes of 4e American Devon Record have 

'^"(S'There have been recorded 18,843 animals, of which 
6902 are bulls and 1 1,941 are cows. 



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i LECTURE NO. 41. 

■v .:•'!. ,.^ .. >* • v^' ■'' '■ •■;■ ' ■■■■ ' 

DBVON CATxi-B— THEIR IJfcAt)IN6 :<:HAI^CTEia9XICS. 

• ' ■ ' " • ' '■ '■','■. < ' ■ .. ■ 

I. Pppulanty. 

.(i) In all-roaad popularity jdi|« Pevops occupy a place 
not higher than medium. 1 ' • 

(2) Their want of size is ai^inst them in rich pastoral 
and arable sections, and 

(3) Their qualities beitig ot!^y medium in the dairy, they 
are not often preferred to'the disUnctive dairy breeds for dairy 
uses, while .. ' 

(4) It is probably, true that.Iess effort has been made to 
popularize them thai in the case of other breeds introduced 
somewhat early. \ " ' 

II. Adaptability. . . 

(i) The relatively small bdXes of the Devons and their 
active habits and good grazing qualities adapt them to locali 
ties where the land is broken, and the soil possessed of bw 
operate fertilitr. and 

(2) Their fail- milking qualities fit them for situations 
where the arable portions of the land are small in prt^tortioB 
to« the pastoral, and where at the same time the system of 
husbandly is of the mixed order. • , 

' (5) They are also, better adapted to warm latitudes than 
the hMvter-tx)di^ brtiSds. 

III. Relative size. 

(i) In size they a« considerably less than the Shorthorn 
and Hereford, less than the Polled Aberdeen, and something 
less than the Sussex and Galloway, but 

(i) The size is largely dependent - upon the strain, the 
pasture, the breeding and the care. 

IV. Milking qtialities. 

, (i) Devqns are noted rather for the quality ^han the 
quantity of their milk. 

(a) Their symmetry of form, their proverbial docili^, 
their well-slM^ed udders, their medium-sized teats, and their 
good butter itiiddag properties all tend to make them favorites 
ra Ute dairy und^r the (^ndittons of adi4>tation named i^ve. 

167 



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i68 



THE STUDY OF. BREEDS. 



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V. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) In this respect they are fair, but probaUy not ({Ike 
the equal ot'sdme of the heavier bree4> ^"f^ bave beeh more 
forced in feeding, and yet '^ 1. ... 

(a), Their neat, pony-like frainef will mature auickly 
with ^d keep. , \ 

VI. Grazing qualities. ' . 

(i) The grazing qualities of Devons are of the first order, 
owing 

(a) To their tnuacularity, their activity, and to the inheri- 
tance of the grazing habit j ..... , 

(3) They reaililv obtain a good li/Jtlihood on lands where 
the heavy-bodied breeds would probably fail, and when food 
is plemifal they fatten quiddy. 

VU. Feeding qualities. 

(1) They feed guickl:^in the stall, and make good gains 
in proportion to the food consumed, but , -- 

(a) They cannot stand fordng for so long a period as 
some of the other breeds. .; 

(3) They lay on flesh evenly aud smoothly, hence they 
are not given to patchiness. 

(4) The quality of the meat is excellent, and in thdjnar- 
kats'ot Great Britab it fetches' prices neariy as high, and, in 
some instances, quite as high as those paid for Galloway and 
West Hirfiland beef. • ' . . . „ ' 

(5) The meat is nicely veined and marbled, and is wdl 
flavored, juicy, and of prime quality. 

(6) A large proportion of roast meat is furnished, and 
the offal is stnjdl in proportion to the weight ^f the careass. 

VIII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Devons are high^ prepotent, owing to tlmr inherent 
vigor and to the kmg period dnriag watch Aey have been bred 
pure. 

.(a) They should answer well fw aedssi 
stocks where the aim k to improve tihdr euy 
without tmp«rii% tlmr butter prodAdi^ powers. 

(3) Such CK>««^ should be cMifbi^ within the limits of 
a^pti^lity sttitid^ to the successftd reariog of pure Devons. 

(4) The grades from Devons «« wdl a^ted to the 
home BMotet, as tiu^ auty be fattcaed at tagr 1 

'IX. Breedif^ qualities. 



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ft) TH natural omidjtfons under which Devons are ke^ 
are tavon^ tb ^ devdopraent' and maintenance of good 



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bly not ifitkt 
re beefa inore 

iture quickly 



lie first order, 

to the inheri- 

> lands where 
id when food 



Ee good gaini 

r a period as 

f, hence they 

d in thK^mar- 
hiffb, and, in 
Galloway and 

1, and is wdl 

iirnishftd, and 
hecai€liss. 



their itohnent 
ave been bred 

1^^ common 
ipiy Qualities 




1 the limits of 
pure Dev<m». 
lotted to tite 



ivont are kept 
anok of good 



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CATTLE. 



169 



breeding aualities, hence we find those possessed by thein in- 
at least a f^ir degree, ^ , ^ 

(a) Many 9f the females breed to an advanced age, as, 
like all the grazing breeds, they ase noted for their longevity. 

X. .\Veak points. 

(i) Their lack of size, which renders them less suitable 
for exportation for beef. "^ 

-_ (a) Their lack of supreme dairy qualities, which drcum- 
sci|j^8 the field of their adaptability in dairying. 

XL Compared with Shorthorns. ' '^ 

(l) Devons are not nearly equal to Shorthorns in general 
popularity and in size ; they are also behind them in all-round 
adai^bilitpr, and are not quite equal to them in maturing 
qualities, in feeding qualities, and in the extent of the field 
mthin which they are useful for crossing. 

(a) In milking qualities tfiey areiiot far different. - 
. , <3)..Jn grazing qualitiea, in the quality of the meat, and 
m breeding qualities they hiive a decided l^d. , . 






■'li 




'A 



LECTURE NO. 4a. 



b 



■" •4; 



DEVON CATTLB — ^THEIR STANDARD POINTS. 

I. The following scale of points was adopted 
by the American Devon Cattle Club in 1886: 



FpR 



cows. 



C30UNTS 

(l) H/flit— Moderately long, with a broad, indented 
forehead, tapering considerably toward the nos- 
trils; the nose of a -flesh color, nostrils high and 
open, the jaws clean, the eye bright, lively and 
' prominent, and surrounded by a flesh-colored 

ring ; mroat clean, ears thin, the expression 



gentle aWlntelligcnt ; horns matching, spread- 
ingTand p'iScefully turned up, of a waxy color, 



m 



(9) 



hair^and reaching the hocks 
(10) L#g*-i-Straight, squarely placed when viewed 
from t^hind, not to cross or sweep in walking, 
hoof Well formed . . . . • 

\ 170 



8 



tipped with a darker shade , 

^^f*— Upper line short, fine at hea4 widening 
and deep at withers and stron^y set to the 

shoulder • • , 4 

Shoulders— ¥'xtit, flat and sloping, with strong 
arms and firm joints . . ... .4 

CA«/— Deep, broad, and somewhat circiUar in 

character . . 8 

i?i7)j— Well sprung from the backbone, nicely ^ 
arched, <teep. with flanks fully developed . . 8 
i&Bck-J-Stnd^t and level from the withers to 
the setting on of the tail, Ipin broaoNand full, 
hips and rump o< medium width, and on a level 
with the back . . . . • • • »o 
Hindquarten—Hwp, thick and square . ; . 8 
t/rfAff— Not fleshy, coming well forward in line 
widi the beHy and well up behitid; teaiS mod- 
, er'ately large an* squarely placed . 
Tai/r-Well set on at a right angle with the 
back, tapering, with a switch of white or roan 



20 



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POINTS. 

was adopted 
1886: 



COUNTS 

indented 
the nps- 
high and 
veiy and 
i-colored 
cpression 
, spread- 
icy color, 



. .*• 



•A>, 

I 



widening 

!t to the 

h strong 

rcnlar in 

le, nicely 
ed . 
ithers to 
and full. 
Ml a level 



rd in line 
ats mod- 

with the 
: or roan 

1 viewed 
walking. 



8 

4 
4 
8 
8 



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8 



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I«VON CATTtE. tyt 

(11) S*m— Moderately thick and mellow, covered 
with a|t abundant coat of rich hair of a red 
color; no -white spot admissible, except the 
udder . . • . • • , 

(la) Sif*— Minimum weight at three years old, 1000 

'. pounds • • ■ • 

(13) General Appearance— h» indicated by stylish 
and quick movement, form, constitution and 
vigor, aiid the underline as nearly as po«^e . 
parallel with the line of the back . . .J/m • " 

Perfection . . (, '^m^ ^^ 

FOR BULLd. 

' OOUHTS 

(i)-i/*flrf--Ma8culine, full and broad, topering to- 
ward the nose, which should be flesh-colored; 
nostrils high and c^n* muzzle broad, cyfcs full 
and placid and surrounded with flesh-colored 
ring, ear? of medium size and thickness ; horns 
medium size, growing at right angles from the 
head, or slightly elevat«d, waxy at base, tipped 
with a darker shade . . ,• > . • 

(2) C/if*^FulI and broadlt root of tongue, throtrt/ T 
dean . . . . . ' . . . . ■'- . ■/. a 

(3) Neck~-Ot medium length and muscular, widen^ 

ing from the head to the shoulders, anc 
strongly set on . ' . . . . , 4 

(4) SAcf'W^w— Fine, flat, sloping and well fleshedi 

arms, strong with firm joints . . > \. 6. 

(5) Chest — Same as in female . -. . • 10 » 
i6) Ribi — Same as in female . . . ... 10 

(7) Bar*— Same as in female ao 

" „'(8) Hindqmrters—Saime as in female . w 

(9)' ToJt— Same as in female . . . a - 

(10) Legs — Short, then same as in femih . .* . 4 
(n) SiWf*— Moderately thick and mellow, c6vered 
with an abtmdaift coat of rich hair of a red 
color; no white spot adiufssible unless around 
the pjirse . . . . 8 

(12) 5tf«— Minimum weight at three years old 1400 
pounds , ■:. 4., 

(13) Gemral Appeanmct^Staat at in female -'. 8 

PeHection . . .... . .100 

II. Additional particulars submitted though 
not given in the abovcscale : 




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THE STUDY OP BREEDS. 



^ 




(0 Horns, somewhat of the semi- spiral upwird and out- 
ward curvature in the female. 

(a) Withers, of medium width. 

[31 Breast, full and somewhat rounded. 

(4) Briucet, between the V-shapc and round. 

Forearm, full and neat. 

Crops, full. -* ' -« 

Hookk and pin bones, not protnineot • . 

Thipchs, full and straight. 
(9) Twist, full rather than open. 
' 10) Milk veins, well developed, 
fix) LimbB^ inclining tp fine and clean, 
(la) Shape, parallelogram^iic 

. III. General Appearance^— In general appear- 
ance the Devon is neat, smooth, tidy and graceful in 
form and movement. v 

IV. Compared with Shorthorns. 

<!> Devon* are nnaller in form and limb, less broad 
throughout and less massive. 

(2) They are iiner in the muzzle, more spind and elevated 
in horn curve and longer in the horns and something less 
prominent at the angles. 



(3) They are mote active and sprightly in movement, and 
' (4) There are the differences in color. 

V. Compared with Red Polls. 

(i) They are a little smaller and somewhat more tidy in 
.form andjinfl), and 

(3) They are more rounded in the breast, hav$ a more 
arched spring of rib and a rather more pronounced tM^f form. 



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PART il 



BREEDS OF SHEEP 



LECftjRE NO. I. 

2^ SHEEP — TSEIR INTRODUCTION INTO AUBSICA, 

I. The sKeep (Ovis) is agenus, or, according 
to some, authors, forms a gr0up of genera of mam- 
mals belong^g to the family Bovidt^and are Rum- 
inants, of the Artiodactyle or pair-toed section of 
the U-ngtUata or hoofed mammals. 

(i) As many sis ai different' wild species have been" 
enumerated. 

(2) They are indigenous only to Asia, Europe, Africa 
and the western mountain ranges of America. 

II. They have been grouped i|nder two sub- 
genera, viz. the Ovw and the Mm«»»o«. 

(1) Of the former, twelve species have been named, of 
which ten are in Asia and two in North America. 

(3) Of the fatter, seven species have^Mm mentioned, of 
which one inhabits the mountains in certain islands of the 
Mediterranean. 

(3) In Asi| these are generally spoken of as the Argali, 
or wild sheep, in Nofth America as the Rocky Mountain 
shop or Bighorn, and in Europe as the Musimon. 

III. Wild sheep are essentially inhabitants of 
n^untainous districts. 

(i) They never from choice frequent level deserts,' opeii 
plains, or dense forests or swamps, and 

(2) These natural instincis should be recognized in their 
ckMnestication. 

IV. It is uncertain whether the various species 
of sheep now under domestication were derived from 

173 



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174 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



«• 



any of the existing wild forms, or from tiie cross- 
ing of ^mc of the^, or from some now «xtmct 
species. 

(1) It was a domestic animal in Asia and EupP* ***?" 
the dawn of historjr, but was unknown as such m Aflienca 
until after the Spanish cooouest . „^-j 

(3) It is WJW to be found wherever there is a setfled 

agriodture, but^ better- adapted to the temperate than to the 
torrid zone, unless when reared on niounUin ranges. 

V. The variations of external character in 
"sheep include the following t 

(1) The number of the horns, which, in many. .i*«a«». 
are entirely wanting, while others have no fewer than eight. 
(2\' The arching of the nasal bones. 

(3) The form and length of the ears. 

(4) The length of the tail. . . ^ .\^ _,, .„ . 

(5) The develppment of fat at each side of lU root, and 

within the tail. , . , . . "a 

(6) The color markings of the face and legs, and 
hS The color, length and quality of the wool. 

VI. Sheep are apparently not indigenou 



♦1 




the British islands, as 

(i) No fossil remains have been found in the^a* 

explored true Tertiary beds, hence a1*Jlm :« 

' (2) It is probable they were brought from th^ «*5t m 
pre-historic times. 

VII. The breeds of sheep nop. most iii favor 
in Great Britain show great diversity in size, form 
and general characteristics, owing ,, 

(l) To a diflfercnce In origm. • , . . 
(a) To a difference in climate and food, and 
(3) To the nature of the breeding and variations m arti- 
ficial treatment 

VIII. Although domesticated sheep as they 
, existed in Europe were not found in America at the 

time of its discovery, yet 

(l) In SouW^merica four forms of the genus ^«icA<r»Ma 
were found, viz.,^hc Guanaco and Vicuna, and the Uama 
and Alpaou / 







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uch in America 

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rate than to the 
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character in 



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of its root, and 

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most in favor 
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sheep as they 
America at the 



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(a) The former were known 
latter in the domesticated state. 

' (b) These all furnished wool for clothing, and the Uama 
was also used as a beast of burden, and 

(a) In North America there existed the mountein sheep, 
or Bighorn (Ovts montana),»aA a sub-species, the Ovis mon- 
Utna milt. 

(a) The former, commonly called the Rocky Mountain 
«Be», IS found on both slopes of the Rocky mountains, from 
the head waters of the Saskatchewan on the north, down into 
Mexico on the south. 

(b) The latter, commonly called the Alaskan Sheep, is 
found on the slopes of the mountains from within the Arctic 
cirde^uthward, nearly as far as the head of Bristol-bay. 

'.- ^^- domesticated sheep were first introduced 
mto North America by the Spaniards in 1493. 

, -(').From these are descended the inunense native stocks 
of Mexjca New Mexico and Texas and other parts of the 
continent first settled by the Spaniards. 

(3) It is now pretty certainly proven that these were not 
Mennos, but were descended , from tt|^ common, sheep of 

»». S?^ .^" "^^ they, numbered more than 1,500,000 head in 
the Mexican state of Nuevo Leon. ^ 

♦fc- f^lvlv^^ u"i^^ }° California m 1773, and in 1825 
the Qttholic church owned. 1,003,970 head, and the ranchers 
probably as many. 

X. Sheep were introduced into South America 
from the Spanisli settlements in Panama and 
Mexico. * 

<0 They were taken to Peru prior to 1550. 

(3) From Peru^ey were taken to Ghifi about tsso, and 
at a latcrperiod to Qinquisaca, and - 

' (3) From Chuquisaca they were taken to PaiBguay and 
thence to the country of the La Plata. 

XI. Sheep were introaoced into the English" 
colonies of North America soon after the settlement 
of each. 

(*^ V^^ reached Jamestown, Va., in 1609. 
M^i5^J ^}^ **!* *L** brought to New York, then' the New 
Netherlands, 1^1625, by the Dutch East India Company. 
. (3) Tbev were first introduced into New Jersey from 
Sweden in 1634. or shortly prior to that date. 



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176 



THE STtlDY OF BRiaSDS. 



(4) They were broui^t into Masaachuaetts between i6a4 
and wag. 

Xll. in the English speaking colonies, the 
sheep were essentially British in origin. 

(I) Th^ were much inferior to tBe stocks of the 
preset day^ ^j^engjon of the industry was much retarded for 
a titne through losses from wolves, thefts by the Indians, and 
European enactments forbidding the manufacture of wool. 

Xllt Sheep were introduced into various 
provinces of Canada at an early period in the settle- 
ment of each. 

(i) They h»tt been bred in. these for both wool and 
"*" (2) Ontario is justly mrted for the many. varieties of Aeep 
found there and for their high average in quality. 



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tts between 1624 

colonies,' the 
n. 

I stocks of the 

luch retarded for 
the Indians, and 
ture of wool. 

into various 
d in the settle- 
both wool and 

varieties of sheep 
lality. 




\ 



LECTURE NO. 2. 



SHEEP— THEIR IMPROVEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION. 

I. From the very earliest ages, sheep-rearing 
has been one of the most important and profitable 
industries engaging the attention of mankind, but 

(i) Until the more recent centuries they were'.kept for 
Jthe wool and milk which they funtished, rather than for their 
flesh, heuce 

(2) The improvement of their flesh-producing prc^(%ies 
rec^ved but little attention prior to the eighteenth century. 

II. The improvement of the fleece engaged^he 
attention of mankind at a very early period. 

( 1 ) Wooten ?oods were manufactured in Asia at least aooo 
years before the Christian era, and ' 

" (a) While Rome was yet a.repu&lic the fine wools of, 
Italy were improved to a degree unexcelled by us at the pres- 
ent day, 

III The improvement of the fleece first seri- 
ously engaged the attention of the people of the 
United States. 

(,i) The object was to enable them to manufacture a fine 
.{class of (pods for home consimiption, and' 

(a) The breed introduced to enable them to attain this 
end was the Spanish Merino. 

IV. The people of Great Britain and Canada 
have rather sought improvement in the carcass. 

(j) They have attained this end largely tiirough jMfec- 
tioQ, grossing and imitroved keep, and .-' 

(2) In realizing it they have in every instamx effected 
improvement in the wool. 

V. Robert Bal^ell of Dishley Hall, Ldces- 
tershire, was the fir^t great improver of the modem 
breeds of sheep. 

12 177 




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178 THE STUPY OF BREEDS. 

(i) He began this work about i76o,,imd originated what 
is now known as the New or Improved Uftester breed._^ 

(2) The material chosen by him was taken froid the 
Diahley ofold Leicester breed, 

VI. The improvements he sought 'twere more 
perfect symmetry, aptitude to fatten, early maturity, 
smaller bone and improved in quality, an increased 
quantity of improved flesh iaiid. a diminution in the 
quantity of offal. <- ' , - " 

(i) In accomplishing these objects he also incidentally 
secured a larger quantity of more valuable wool. 

(2) He effected improvement through the selection of 
the most perfect specimens ol the medium types, judiaously 
crossed and intercrossed for a long term of years. 

VII. The aim at the pr^ent time in the United 
States is to improve the mutton^ualities of the sheep 
now in the country, and-thft means more commonly 
resorted to in effecting this improvft^nt include the 
following: ^ \ 

(0 Crossing successively upon these, rtos. of one or 
other of the improved mutton breeds. \ , 

(a) Selecting with much care breediMTstocB^ from the 

progeny, and ' \ 

(3) Giving better tood and providing better shelter. 

VIII. Nearly all the improved breeds now in 
the United States, except the Meriho, Were imported 
from Great Britain, the country in which they 
orighi^ted- 

hey are sometimes classified as the heavy breeds, 
the down breeds and the mountain breeds, but 

(2) Th\ classification is not sufficientiy concise or 

complete. \ - .■ . \ j xt 

{3) A mo\ common classification is based upon the 

character of the wjool- 

IX. The pHncipal breeds- imported into North 
America may be^ssified as fine \^ooled, mediimi 
wooled and coarse wooled. 







I 




SHEEP. 



179 



originated what 
ter breed.*- 
;aken frotA the 



it ^Srere more 

irly maturity, 

an increased 

nuticm in the 

ilso incidentally 
«1. ,, 

the selection of 
^s, judiciously 
'ears. 

in the United 
;s of the sheep 
jre commonly 

;nt include the 

f ,. 

nli^s. of cme or 

sto<^ from the 

tier shettpr. 

breeds now in 
were imported 
1 which they 



de heavy breeds. 

It 

ntly /concise or 

based tipon the 

ted into North 
x)led, medium 





ut -^S) 2*^^ *•!', *."* *°<^*<^ ''••*<'• *«« *J»e American 
Mennto, the Deiame Menno and the I^bouillet, fine probably 
in Uie fflfder named. . t; 

J ^"^A-^**? medium or middle wooled breeds are the South- 
down, Tunis, Dorset, Shropshire, Cheviot, Suffolk Down. 
Hampshire Down and Oxford Down, fine probably in the 
order named. ' 

—J i^\ The cwse wooled breeds are the Leicester, Lincoln 
and Cotowold, fine probably iq the order named. 

X. Exception tiiay be tilken to the above classi- 
fication, owing 

(i) To the influences of climate and food in producing 

- variations m the same breed, and < . 

(a). To the differences arising from variations in tije 

tastes of the breeders and a want of harmony in their aims. 

nence , > ' ■ 

(3) It is not improbable that the above dassificilion, 
tnough accepted now, may have to ,be somewhat modified in 
the future^ and 

(4) The same may be said of the average weights of car- 
cass and fleece submitted when discussing i£e yaruius breeds. 

XI.' Other breeds. 

(I) The Bikk-faced Highland ai^ Wensleydale breeds 
jiaveTjeen introduced into the United States, but only in lim- 
ited numbers. 

*!. l?i.i J B'a**,:'*"'' Highland is a mountain breed from 
the hi^Iands of Scotland, small, active and hardy, homed 
in the rams, spotted on the head and legs, covered with a long 
fleece of oiarse carpet wool, and produces mutton unexcelled 
in quality. ^ v« w 

fr^-flL^^^*/"^''''?'"^*" i'?*^ *"** h«avy-bodled breed 
from the north of England, with long and cparse woof which 
hangs m spiru«. -- 

*• L*l As puWie«(Mrds are not as yet kept of those inter- 

T^a^^'*^!^- "" *•?* ^'^^^ S**''*' ^^y will not be further 
noticra m this work. 




o 



LECTURE NO. 3- 



SHEEP— LEADING" ESSENTIALS Afi TO FORM 
AND WOOL. 



/ 




I. The mutton breeds all powess the same 
leading essentials as to form. These include : 

(I) Width, depth and length of body and ^Mi^actness 

° *(^*The cylindrical shape which is the outcome of jdomp 
shoiriders and hips, and well spruwtrib*. and .„ -^. 

(3) A fleece of even length and qtiali^, «)venng all parts 
of the body. 

II; The minor points of difference include : 

(O VarJartons in size of carcass.Und Ibone. ^ 
> (a) Varta^us m the length of the leg and of the coup- 

"** ?^y The color of the head and legs, and the amount of 
covering on them. , , , , . . 

(4) The form and carriage of the head. 

(5) The length, shape and carriage of the ears, and , 

(6) The length and density of the fleece and the char- 
acter of the staple. 

III. Leading essentials of the rams of the^ 
mutton breeds as to form. 

(I) ^wr^Medium to large for the breed, and the bone 
medium to strong, but not coarse. ^ j 

(a) OittliHe— The body should be smooth, compact and 
strong, cylindrical in shape, and square at the ends. 

(3) ^M«i— Medium to strong in size, short r»tber than 
long, but varying with the breed, and carried proudly. 

(a) Uoae and muzzle Upering, but not too ^ne. 

(b) Nostrils, wide and expanded. 

(c) Foreh^d and poll, wide 

(d) Eye, lai^e, f«ll, bright and danng. ... 

(e) Ear, medium in size and thickness lor the breed, 
broad rather than long, erect rather than drooping, and pos- 
sessed of lively play. ~ 

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FORM 

is the same 
lude : 

1 «oirq^actness 

»ii» of iilninp 
rering all parts 

! include : 

d of the coup- 
the amotmt of 



ears, and , 
and the char- 



rams of the 

, and the bone 

I, impact and 

nds. 

jrt rather than 

irondly. 

I fine. 



for the hreed, 
oping, aad pos- 



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(4) iV#f*— Short rather than Iqhg. not coarse, and car- 
rying the head well erect .-,..... t. -j 
Ja) It should not be coarse at the junction with the head, 
and should be free from throatiness. ^ ,^ ,. 

(b) It shoutd be round rather than flat, and ahotud 
increase in width laterally and anderncath as it recedes from 
the head. . . . . ^ 

(c) It should fit into the withers evenly above, and mto^ 
the shoulders evenljr and strongly at thc/sides and underneath, 
the Mending being imperceptible. . „ ,. . , 

' (5) Body— Long, wide, deq>, round and equally well bal- 
anceo txiom and behind. , « . . ..!«..- j j 

(a) Bade, level, wide, well fleshed jind sltgHliy rounded 
outward, with the qjinal column hidden wd even digressed 
from the loin to the tailhead. 

(b) Loin, broad and full. 

(c) Underline, straight. 

(d) Breast, broad, deep, full, massive, 
('r) Briskirti broad and well rounded. 
(f) Shoulder, large, ^ump and saywth, wide above, 

roun^d out from above, forward and below Ip the citnter, 
well filled before and behirfd, and well covered. , 
(ii Forearm, strong and well developed. 
(h) Crops, well filled. , 

(i) Girth, good around <the heart, and about equally good 
at the hind flank. . ,. 

■ (i) Coupling, short rather than long- 

(k) Ribs, v«ll sprung from backbotie, nit^ly arched and 
de«>, not distant from one another and .coming well forward 
and backward. 

(I) Hindquarters, long, broad and deep, rounded out from 
ibove and behind toward the center of th6 hip, and broad at 
Ithe buttock. . 

(m) Twist, well filled and t»laced kn||g|uL, ^ 
(n) Hind flank, well filled outwardlMF and thick. 
(o) Thk(h, broad and well fiHed witl^iind without 
' ft) Tail, set on smootiily and on a liiie with -the bade. 
" (q) l^n. a rich pink m color, and possessed of good 
handlmg qiniities. 

(6) Wool—Tht whole body diould be w«5i covered with 
wool, characteristic of the breed. • 

ia) It should be of uniftmn length and texture, and 
(h) Possessed of all the qualities essentia in first-class 
wool (see Note V. below). 

(7) Legs—'ShoTt, straight and strong, viride apart, and yet 
well under the body and standing firmly on hoofs of good 
shape and quality. ■ r 

(8) Appearance— Thit s^tpearance, should be animated 
and&the (»rriagc easy, proud and graceful. 



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THE STtTDY OV BBKSD8. 




IV. The ewes of the mutton breeds pba&ess the 
sjTme leading essentials as to form as the rams, with 
the following points of difference : ., . 

(i) t\vif %t* not so !»rfe J^ frwne, »» iffawr in bone vSA 
are more roomy m.the Urrel or coupling. . ^ .1 

(a) The heMt.it amaller and finer wid it c<rTied^i*s« 

protialy. > v 

(j) Tl» neck is longer and nnet, more eapecially whtre ^ 
' • it joins the head. ^ 

(4) The twist is not quite to well filled, and 

(5) The wod is finer in the- fiber., at leaM in *o»e 
instanced / . * 

V. The- following include the more impCfftant 

, of the eharacterjstics of a good fleec* : 

rt)''Good ieiwth, strength and sufficient density of Staple 
for the breed. . > ' • . . '' . . 

(3) Even diatribatUMi over the body, both as to length of 
staple and qwalifigb the wocd. 

3) A mm S«^t uniformly lustrous appearance. 

4) Absent of cloudiness. 
Freedom from kemp and cot and 
The a)»ence pf all itich impuritiea •• sand, burs and 

chaff. , 



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KT in bone ufd 

•peciitUy wlifere j^ 

leut ip tone 
re impc^rtant 

enaity of itaple 
M to Itncft of 








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FIN^ WpOLED>'BREED^S 

LECTUUE NO. 4. * ^ 



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'K"^;. 



■fc . 



THE AMERICAN MERINO-i*<l!fioiN AND HISTOBY, 
^ CHAXACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS..^ 




. OlftdW^Np HISTORY, " 

I. The Meijno sheep, now found in various 
countries, ciune prfginally from SiMiin, Jwit there is 
much difference of opinion' as to the exa<^ origin 
of the Spanish Merino. - \ 

(1) Even anterior to the Christian era, fiqi wdoled sheeji 
abounded in Spain, the ileeccs o( which werfr-inuch,prized for 
parpows. of manttfacture, and __, 

(a) It Km 1»eeti claimed ^that these* were «mproved by 
sheep brought J^m TarMtum in the first century. 

II. For several trenturies past, the Merinos in 
Spain have been divided intoj)rovincial varietl«< and 
these again into sub-varieties, bVigreat permanent 
flocks, usually termed Cabana*. 

( 1 ) These Cabanas were again known as Transhumantes, 
or traveling flocks, and Estantes, or stationary flodts^ 

(a) Prominent among the sub-varieties were the Ijifan- 
tadoes, Piulars, Escurials, Ne^jrettis,, Mowtarcos, Guadaloupes*'' 

and Aguirres. ' 

■ •■ ■^'*" 

III. Merinos have been extensively knported 
into France;, Germany, the United States, Atistralia 
and other countries. y 

(i) They were itpported into S^ony in 1765,^ where the' 
Ivool has been brought to an unprecedented condition of fin«;- 
ness, itut at the expense of size of carcass it^ ,cOnstitutimr. ' 

' ■ \ rr- - 183 - ,, ;*: - 



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THE AMERICAN MERINO. 



185 



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(a) Tfa^. ^re imported intd France in 1786^ and there 
.diqr have been much improved, more especially in size and 
Si weight of fleece. ^ 

(3) They were imported into Australia about the begin- 
ning of the century and now they are more numerous there 
than in any other country. 

IV. The first importation of the, Spanish 
Merino was made into Englanct by George III in 
1791, but 

(i) 'Though backed by numerous and influeyjjjlk patrons 
of the breed, uiey have never come into general llPr, owing 

(2) To their deficiency in mutton- qualtttesi ^ 

V (3) For the same reason they bave'never become pc^nlar 
in Canada. ', , 

V. Importations into the United States. 

(i) The first traceable importation 1of Merinos into the 
United States was ^de by Col. David Humphrey! of Derby, 
Conn., in 1802. 

(3) Other importations followed quickly, and on the dis- 
persicM) of many of the Spanisfarflocks dunng the wars with 
the French, many thousands were imported, more especially 
in 1810 and 181 1. 

VI. All the varieties and sub-varieties of 
MerinoSi in the United States are of Spanish origin. 

(1) Thw may be classed as American Merino, Delaine 
Merino and Kamboii91ets or French Merino. 

(2) The AnKrican Merinos are possessed of all the valu- 
able essentials of the Spanish Merino^ and 'these have been 
greatly improved upon. * 

(3) The Delaihe fontilies are offshoots of thjg, American 
Merinos and have a longer fleece and an improved mutton 
form. ' 

(4) The Rambouiliets are the oiMraota of Spanish 
Merinos, much increased in size by l<mg yeartf of careful 
breeding. 

VII. Improvements made in the United 
States. ^^ . 

(j) The Merino has been greatly improved in size, form, 
mottcm qjialities and we%bt of fleece since it was first 
imp<»1ed Into America. 

(3) This improvement has been brought about through 
selectioB, breeding and improved conditions of fce^ 









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THE STUDY OF BREEDS.* 



(3) Prominent among the early improvers stand the names 
of Stephen Atwood, Woodbunr, Conn. : Edwm Hammond, 
Middlebury» Vt, and the Hon. C. &ch, Shordiam, Vt. 

VIII. Organizations. 

(i) Probably more than a dozen organizations have been 
formed in the United States in the interests of A;nencan 

*"(a^'SeversJ of these are lo<»l, since they restrict registra- 
tion to a single state. . ' . a >%. ..^^.fli^f 
(3) the number of these organizations and the «»jitlict 

of interest which of necessity has g^wVl"*."/* !?. KrL^ 
some instances been harmful rather than hflpful to the breed, 

IX. Distribution of Merinos in the United 
States. « 

(0 Merinos and their grades are now bred numerously 
in almost every state and territory in the Union. ..,„., 

(3) About a quarter of a century ajfo they were thought 
to comprise OS per cent of all the she^ in the United^ States. 

( 1) Dunng recent years the relative proportion of Mennos 
has been greatly reduced by the increased attwition given to 
the production of sheep of the mutton breeds. 

(4) While they are found almost everywhere they prevail 
roost in states where the conditiora, food and dunate are less 
propitious, as, for instwice, in the range states. 

^ -^. Registration in the United States. 

(l) It is almost impossible to state accurately the number 
of registered Merinos, because of the decadent condition of 
some of the organizations. . ^ 

ti) The increased demand durmg recent years for sheep 
of the mutton types and for wool longer and less fine than the 
Spanish Merinos furnish, has given theni a less prominent 
place relatively than they formeriy occupied. 

'* LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size. 

(i) The Merino? are among the lightest of the pedigreed 
breeds in the United States, and . , . , ± a^^ 

(a) The average weight of the rams m fairty good flesh 
may be put at about 14a to 175 pounds and of the ewes « about 
90 to f 35 pounds, but the wcighu of Mennos vary much with 
variations in environment 






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id the conflict 
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the United 



ed numerousty 
n. 

f were tfadaght 

United States. 

tion of Merinos 

mtion given to 

;re they prevail 
climate are less 



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years for sheep 
;ss fine than the 
less prominent 



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airly good flesh" 
he ewes at about 
vary modi with 



THE AMBftlCAlA MKRINO. 



187 



II. Adaptability. 

(i) In general adaptabilt^ no breed on th^ continent has 
shown itsetf equally flexiUe, and this will ai^ly both to climate 
and food products, but 

(2) They are specially fitted to "rough it" under con- 
ditions of privation as to food and shelter. 

(3) Th^ have a higher adaptation to the production of 
wool than of mutton, but their mutton producing qualities are 
being continually improved. 

III. Early maturing* qualities. 

(i) Though improved in this rtspaX they are yet behind 
the other pedigreed breeds in early maturity, but on the other 
hand they are ahead of them in longevity. 

(a) An average Merino does not become fully matured 
until between three and four years old. 

IV. Grazing qualities. . 

(i) As grazers they are entitled to a first place. 

(a) They will eat almost any kind of herbage, however 
dry, in the summer season. 

(3) 'Shelf active habits peoriiarly adapt them for grazing 
on broken lands and wide rangies, where ihty must travel mpdi 
to secure their food. - 

V. Feeding qualities. 

(i) In feeding qualities Merinos are not equal to some of 
the other breeds, as they cannot be made to gain so quickly 
as a rule, but 

(a) They feed better probably than any breed when con- 
fined to a ration of dry hay and com. 

VI. Quality of the meat. 

(i) Much oj^ the meat of the pure Merino is lacking in 
tenderness, juiciness and flavor, and it has much bone m pro- 
portion to the meat, but 

(a) The quality of the meat has greatly improved during 
recent years. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. ^ 

^i) The Merino has been found peculiarly valuable for 
crossing upon common gra<tes, where more and finer wool 
was wanted, but - 

(a) When crossed upon pure-breds, improvement in 
wd<d production is often counteracted by impaired mutton 
qualities. 



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THE STUDY OF BREEDS, 




l88 



VIII. Breeding qualities. 
(I) Merinos are not noted for their prolificacy, nor ^re 

the AatM m^llv first-class milkers Or mothers, but 

taTTSybr«4 profitably to a greater age than some 

other breeds. "\ ;^. 

IX. Wool production. 
(I) The pure Merino pifeduces beycnd all comparison the 

^""UTt ?^"prSuS?trhSest fleece in proportion to 

^'Tar^fiv'i^^ wS^' oi the fleece ^om the ^tur^J 
ram may be put at fifteen to twenty pounds and of the matured 
ewe at twelve to fifteen pounds, according to typp. 

PRINCIPAL POINTS; 

V I. In the absence oC an authorized scale of 

points the following is submitted : 

(i) Si8«— Medium for the breed, with a decided leaiiiiig 

to increaM.^^^^ OulKa^ParaHelogiainiilic, but* a ofi^rct 

dm>roach to the cylindrical would Be 4e»irabie. ^ i 

"^Ta) H^«rf-Medium in size, but strong in the ram, broad 

above «ie eyes, wedge-shaped and covered neariy all over with 

wool which almost hides the eyes, 

(a) Nose, short and wrinkly. . , 

fb) Ears, small and of moderate erection, with a oMt of 

.soft, mossy lUir about half way to the rpots, the remainder 

^^''^M HomsTin the rams only, of considerable size, angular 
at the bJise and projecting spiraUy outward. .u^^^^ 

(4) y^rcfe— Inclining to short and thick, almost throaty, 
especially in the rams. , . ... .. . 

(a) Flatness in the neck should be avoided. ^ 
W In both sexes it is frequently wrinkled btTespeciany 
in the rams, and both have more or less of dewlap. 

(5) Bac*— Wide, straight and level. 

(a) Hirii withers and a high pelvis are to b^ guarded 
against, an ^^ ^ ^^^^ is equally objectionaWe. 

(6) Foreqmrters—Oi equal development wtOi the hmd- 

^''*'}^ Withers not narrow nor sharp, as they are in some 

"**^^^Shoulder8, plump and rounded out and blending 
niody with the neck. 



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THE AMERICAN MERINO^ 



189 



cacy, nor are 

It 

{« than some 



omparison th^ 

proportion to 

1 the matured 
>f the matured 



ted scale of 



^ded leanitig 

but a nefirer 

the ram, broad 
ly an over with 



with a coat of 
the remainder 

lie size, angular 

alntost throaty, 

i btlrespeciaUy 
irtap. 

to \^ guarded 

x;tionaUe. * 
wiUi the hind- 

ley are in some 

t and blending 



fe''i'J 



(c) Chest, wide. 

(4) Breast, wide, deep and at least moderately foil. 
(*; Bris^, low, wide and rounded and extend^ welt ' 
in front ^^ , 

(7) Bofr**~Moderately long and roomy. * " 

(a) Ribs, round and deep, though fluently lacking im 
spring, which is of course objectionable. 

(b) Crops, full irhd even. 

(c) Flanks, ftilf and deep. 

(d) Heart gi^^ good. 

(e) Underlie straight. 

(8) HiHdmiofierif— Long, deep, wide, 

(a) Hips, large and full. 

(b) Cnqmer, straight, not dro<q>ed, nor slopins outwardly. - 

(c) Thills, plump. 
td) Buttock, wt<te, straight. 
M Twist, well filled and low. 
(91 Z,*^*— Short, strong and straight. 

(a) They should be placed wide apart and alhould stand 
firmly. , , '' 

(b) The wod, which onrers them to the hoof, makds 
them appear larger than they are. j 

(io)5W»i— Thin, mellow, elastic, loose and of a rich rose 
or pink color. 

(a) Excessive wrinkling or folding of the skin is not so 
much encouraged now, but 

(b) Heavy neck fdds on the rams are still in favor with 
many. 

(n) Fhece^The fleece should contain fine wool from two 
to three inches long, evenly distributed and even in quality. 

(a) It should present a dense, smooth, even surf^e or 
Mt^rior, opening only in the natural cracks which separate 
the masses. 

(b) It should stand at right angles to the skin. 

(c) It should possess even strength of fiber from end 
to end. 

. . W. ^* should be wrinkled, curved or crimped, and should 
be highly elastic 

(e) Regularity and beauty of curvature ai« considered 
inqrartant. 

. (0 Hairs growing up through the wool in any part is 
quite inadmisslUe. 

II. General Appearance — In general appear- 
ance the ^merican Merino is a somewhat small and 
deep-bodied sheep of only moderate width, encased 
in a fleec* of very fine, close, short and dense wool 



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lOO THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 

and carrying more or less of wrinkles or folds in the 

skin, especially about the neck and breast: ^ 

III. Weaknesses to be particularly guarded 

against in selecting Merinos : 

fi) Lafck of width and flatness of rib. 

(a) A V-shaped brisket and narrow chest 

(3) Legs standing closely ft«ether. .. , . 

[4) Excessive wrinkling or folding of the skin. 




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LECTURte NO. 5. 




c-J--. 






DELAINE MEWNOS— OiKlIN AND HJSTORY, CHAR- 
ACTERISTICS AND^^AJStDARD POINTS. 

I Delaine sheep are simply Annerican Merinos 
with a larger Tarcass, a better mutto^ form, fewer 
wrinkles on the body and ^ longer flee^ dl wool. 
(X) They a« of several ««b-vaHeUe^, ^ of w!^^ 
been evoW from the. American Merino by selection and 

"''^U)*'Th<S?re a creation of the skill of breeder. operaUnjt 
more particularly in Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

II. Origin of the name. 

. ( I ) The name originated from 4he- dirt of ^» k^w" 
« delaifles. for the manufacture of which the wool of these 
sheen has been found eminently adapted. • • ii„ A 

(2) Delaines. 1. e., untwiUed dress goods, were origmally - 
alt wool, but aJe now manufactured with cotton warp and ^ 
woolen filling. ^^riB 

III. The principal varieties. ^^Mf 
Cx) No classification of Delaine Merino sheep canbe 

made^ the present time that can be ooked upon a* «>«"?«*« , 
Kal tKJcause of the transition that is yet apparently uncom- 
pleted in some of the types, but t ' . 
^ (3) It would probably he correct to sav thj^the <*«« of 
the types, or sub-types, always designated Waine, arethe 
StanSS the NatiS and the Improved Delaines r«q«c- 

tivelj. and^^ chief of' the types, or sub-types, essentially 
Delaine in their leading diarwtenstics but ^<>lJ^\^y^^f. 
designated, are the Black Top Spamsh Menno, AeI?JP~^«^ 
Black Top Merino and the Didcinson Merino, respecUvely. 

(4) The distinctions between these two classes are such 
as relate to size, character of the fleece, the absence or ?«»en« 
of wrinkles and horns, and Wood elements varyiM mwjat 
may be termed purity in descent from more or lew diitm- 
guished ancestry. 

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TORY, CHAR- 
INTS. 

•ican Merinos 
form, fewer 
e olwool. 

I of wHdt have 
y selecrioft and 

ecadlers operatinif 



of goods known 
le wool of these 

, were originally 
totton warp and 



10 sheep can 'be 
upon as ctMHplete 
l^nrently tuicom- 

thlLthe diief of 
^aine, are the 
E>elaines respec- 

typesi essentiaHy 
It not always so 
no, the Improved 
0, respectively. 
I classes are such 
jsence or presence 
varying in what 
re or less disttn- 



<■ Sh 



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iM 



DBLAINE MERINOS. 



193 



(a) The distinctive Dclainev^ Merinos have horns, in the 
rams, and more or less of wrinkles or fdds on the neck and 
breast. 

(b) The Black Top varieties have horns in the rams, but 
too wrinkles, and are further characterized by an abundant 
closure of fleece of a Mack color. 

Cc) The Dickinson Merinos have no horns or wrinkles, 
and they are further distin|[tiished by size and length of fleece. 

IV. In all these types the improvement sought 
related chiefly to size, form, smoothness, wool pro- 
dtiction and breeding qualities. 

(i) The aim was to secure a considerably greater size 
and weight than that possessed by the average American 
Merino. 

(a) The form was broadened and deepened, that is to 
ay, It was more conformed ,fo the mutton producing tyjes. 

(3) The wrinkles and- folds were entirely removed, or 
JTeft^vfliuyMi titt neck and 'breast. 

14). The length of the wool was increased and the weight 
of fleece preserved, or measurably so, without an excess of 
yolk in it, and with but little diminutioA in fineness and 
<toi8ity. 

(5) More regular breeding^^Was secured with an increased 
milk production. 

V. How improvement was effected. 

(r) Improvement was almost entirely brought about 
tlirbugn breedings selection and feeding. 

(3) la some instances line breeding was resorted to, but 
not in all. 
\ (3) The sdection had a carefwl n^ard to all the ends 
sought, but especial prominence was given to the wool, which 
cn^ges so much more slowly than the -fbrm. 

VVI. When itpprovement was effected. 

(i) The improvement in the types <j|estgnated Delaines 
has beeki chiefly effected within the past half centni:^, though 
'Some of the foundation flodca in the less improved 
form werk started earlier. 

VII. \ Organizations. • 

(i) The ^Mociations formed in the interest of ihe types, 
deiKnnmated Ddaine are known as the Standard Ddaine, the 
National Detifoe and the Improved Ddaitie. 

(2) tliese Mve only, be«9 organized daring ireeent'^rs. 

(3) Each hi» a scale of pt^nts, ke^s records uid issu^ 
flock bo4kks^ 

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194 THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 

VIII. Distribution in the United States. 
M Delaines are foundjmost numerouriy in the stetef oj 

Pennsylvania. Ohio, Iowa. Michigan and New York, and 
orobably in the order named. _ . . , . , 

(a) They hsiye *l«o *««» introdnced mto quite a number 
of tiM other states. 

IX. Registration in the United States. 

(t) The Standard Delaine and National Delaine asfwcia- 
tions have registered 24.700 anihials, of whjch 9.S0Oate ram» 

and 15.200 ewes. . • ' . . «_. \nt !•..„. 

(2) The three associations named m Note VII Have 
probably registered considerably over 30,000 animals. 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size.. 

(1) They are larger and heavier than the American 
Merino, but not so large orso heavy as the RamBouillets. 

(3) The average weight of the matured rams m the vari- 
ous types when in good flesh may be put at 14D to 190 pounds, 
and ofthe matured ewes at 100 to 150 pounds. 

II. Adaptability. 

' (i) They are adapted virtually to the same kinds of pa«- 
tures as the An\pri<San Merinos, though their larger frames 
call for better grazing. >» , , ^, ... 

(2) They are relatively better adapted to arable conditions 
than the American Merino, but are perhaps not quite equal to 
the former in hardihood. 

. lit .Early maturity. 

(i) In early maturing oualities they are something of an 
improvement on the American Merino, but are not quite equal 
to some of the Down breeds. \ * , . 

, ' (ay The laitibs can, however, be made ready for market 
within ^a few months of tjie date of birth, where this may be 
desired. ~ 

IV. Grazing qualities. 

(I) These^are^good in the Delaines, bat they have not 
quite the -same nisthng qualities as the American Menw>. 

(3) The latter will thrive tfettef on scant suwJlws of 
herbage, but the former will give returns more satisfactory 
where food is abundaiit. 
















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the Amerioun 
iSouillets. 
ns in the vari- 
to 190 pounds, 



t kinds of pas- 
larger frames 

able conditions 
quite equal to 



>niething of an 
not quite equal 

idy for market 
re this may be 



they have not 
an Merino, 
tnt sanies of 
jre satisfactory 



DBLAINK MKKINOS. 



r 



195 



Feeding qttalities., 



thoi 



i) The feeding qualities of Delaines are at least eoual 



to those of any of tft^e Merino funilics, .if not indeed 
•upcrior, but > . ' 

(a) As yet it can scarcdy be said dia^ they feed to so fbe- 
a finish as the Down breed*.' 



V I. Qua^ty of the meat. 



<i) The mutton has no supcrfa>r aoMmg the Merino 
families. "* 

(ji) The- impr^ed mutton form which they possess is 
reflected in the excellent quality of t he mutton which they 
furnish and in the fair proporthRT btthe dressed meat in the 

VII*" Yalwe in crossing and grading. 

(l) They hive special adaptation fdr being crossed upon 
grade stocks where oensi! and fine wool it w&nted and where 
at least fair mutton qualities are to be maintained. 

(a) At the present time the Delaine cross is very popular 
on western ranges, where the average fleece has become too 
light and open. 



N 



VIII. Breedtng^()uaHties. 



in the 
sought 



(i) These, it is claimed, are superior to those 
American Merino, since the breeders have carefully 
improvement in this direction. , 

* (3) The milking qudities have also shared in the 
im^rovenKut thus secured. 



IX. 



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Wobl production. ^~ 

(i) The ikece in th<: matured r^m well kejpt should 
average in the various typeaaboist twelve to eighteen pounds 
and in the matured ewe about nine to fifteen pounds. 

(2) The wo(d is fine and scouss ilreli, siiice the yolJF'in it, 
though plentiful, is -not excessive. 

(3) It should not be less than three indies iri length, but 
is usually cdnsiceraWy longer. > 

' , ^ X. Cotripared with American Merinos.^ 

(i) Ddaine Merinos are considerably larger and heavier, 
have higher adwtation for arable conditions, mature some- 
what more quickly, make better mutton, are superior in 
crossing for mutton production, are- somewhat ah(ead in 
. bre^ng qualities and have a longer and .nearly equally heavy 
fleece of wool, which kMues less in scouring. 



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TH» STUDY OF BIHaiDS. 



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(3) 



rior ruMCdneM; h«te a wider adapUtiOTi fan' »rMiag, t»r« 
tetter ^indWirwt food wpplie* wmmtt .nf wintcf are 

S*i"orVr eSni where ci^^^^^'ji^Z rT'wtt a 
harrfihood arc to be mantaiined, and have on im wn«ie a 
Ker and finer fleece of wool md ^vkr in proportion to 
the live weight of the animals. 

STAKDABD POINTS. 

I. The following « ihfi seal* of points diawn 

up by the Standard Delaine Spanish Merino Sheep 

Breeders' Association > ^^^ 

*z) Pm* Mtriiui Bhod, which tntitt be ertaWished -^ 

ike ri^ntitv and oual tiliPlhown bj^ weight of 

fl^neoJhaBdSW' °* 'V'P'*' *=""*'• 
fineneis and truenew of fiber . . • 

(4) Detaitv of fleta» . • • - • 

(5) Bv^iMMW* fjf «>rtace ,. • • • 
(0) Evennea of crimp . • . • - • • 

?) ^r^F^lSg'0« of the Ust Q-Hty andthe 
right quantity to protect the sheep and preserve 

(9) Htad^ditm »ize. EwwrfTOwina a fen;!";"* 

appearance; ra,ms, a maacahne with properly 

turned horns • • • . •„ 1 'U 'i^u 

(io> %«. bririit, prominent and well set apart, wijn 

thick, soft e^id . , • • • -j „ •4,^1 " 

(11) Nose, 8hort, broad with well «flfn<*»^ "°*^?i 

^ skht thick and covered Jith a thick, ffrry?^^ 

ing, joining the woo! 4pra<:'^ ^^°^. Vf *^? 
. («) K medium size. seT^U awrt. thickly a^, 
^r3) Ntck, short on to|>.. deep and strongly *ttach 
to shoulders, tajiering to head ; rams withd J 
acTOM the breast, »"«* .^<*P neck . •• • 
(tA) Fleece, covering over the entire bo^, head and 
legs'; skSn thidc and spongy - • ' ' 
f is> Legs, short, strong and well apart . . • 
iW ^S'' ^^ ^^^ thin hoof, well'set under 

• . • • • , 

a d^ and well rounded; back, broad, 
trwigly coupled to quarters . 



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c ftraxing. ure 
uif winw, »« 
Qo) and hieheit, 
,n the wh«« a 
II proportion to' 



points dhiwn 
ileririo Sheep 

nnNTS. 
isUbliibed • 



t, long rib 
com, with 

i i -Ittdes 

weight of 

pk, crimp, 



ty and th« 
td preaerve 

a fetninine 
h properly 

apart, with 

,tA noatrilStj 
jEorryowl 
rth«^» 
ickly c« " ' 
[ly atitac 
w>^!<l: 

y, head and 

11 'set tmdcr 

back, broad, 
[Barters . 



an 



f "f 




roiNTa. 
Bwe$ at maturity, loo pounda and •■ 
P..JI, 150 and above . . • J ' 

Afpearanc*^ good carriage, bold and « 
aljrte, iymmetrlcal form . -. . 5 



Perfection 



100 



II. Scaling prior to registration. 

tif Before being admitted to regiatnr the iheep must be 
•tcaled, by « ^mipetent pMraon, on Uankt fvmt^ed by the 
KCfctftrVi ' " < 

(a) They cannot be recorded unless they scale 60 per cent 
in every particular andTo P*"" eent in the total of' points, but 

(3) The scale of points given a^ve docs not apply to all 
sheep of this class, since a^;j^dard of excellence has been 
drawn up by some of the other Delaine associations. 

■ T. *' ' ' ■ ' ' ■ 

HI** Generat Appearonce^-^ln general appear- 
ance E^jaines ar^ compact and strong in build, nearly 
free! from wrinkles and folds, covered with an even 
' and abundant fleece of wool; dark in color on the 
outside, and possessed of a vigorous style and ea^ 
carriage. . . 

IV. Cortipared with American Merinos. 

(i) Defaines are larger, more compact and sytpm^rical 
ifi build, stronger \n bone and possessed 6f better average 
qtring of rib. • ' , . , . . 

(2) The. limbs stand wider apart before and behmd. 
" (3) They are more free from wrinkles, folds and dewlap. 

(4) They, have a longer fleece, equally well distributed 
over the body, but not quite so fine nor so well glued together 
on thostfirfitce, although • ° 

(5) These coiftrasts do not equally apply to all of the 
ittuMAred vtfietki of the American Merino. 







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LECTtTRE no: 6. 

RAMBOUILLETS ORIGIN AND. HISTORY, CHARAC- 
TERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. 





ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. Rambouillets are Ae direct descendants of 
tiie Spanish Merino, improved by more tlian a cen- 
tury of careful breeding and selwlion. 

(i) The improvident thus made was principally achiev^ 
in France, heace the breed is frequency spoken of as the 

French Merinb, and' » ^' .. a 1 • •. i^«ih 

(2) This improYemeht rdat^Ss chiefly to sue, vigor, length 
of wool and strength of texture in the same. 

n. Where imprbvetnerit was eifected, 
~ (r) Until recent years the improvement of Rambouilkts 
has^bwn efifected almost entirely at the government farms in 
France, and duefly at Rambouillet, wludi gave the name to 

(a) The Royd flock at Rambouillrt was established in 
1786 by Louis XVI of France. , ^ j *. * 

(3) Ift that year 383 animals were ^^ed fomi t 
flocks ol Spaniui Merinos in Spam an^Tbroti^t to ^^^ 
bouillet, and a secpnd importatio» was made in 1801. .m^ 

(4) The ultimate object sought was to prevent Spain 
ti securing a monopcJy m the manufacture of fine wool. 

III. How improvement was eflfectcd 

(1) The improvement of Rambouillets has;be^ ''J*?^! 
about by long years of careful breeding withm ttie f old at 
Rambouillet, by the most rigid sdeotion and by liberal feeding. 

(a) Much experime«ting was dtme with a view to further 

the ends soul^ht. 

IV. .The extent of the improvement made. 

(l) The mutton form has be«i greatly improved, also the 
qualil^ of the meat, and the weight of the carcass has ^)een 

198 






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5T0RY, CSARAC 
POIKTS. 



* descendants of 
more than a cen- 

principally achieved 
' spoken of as the 

to size, vigor, l«iglh 
nc, 

eSected. 

lent of RatnbouiUete 
lovernment farms ia 
h gave the name to 

: was establirited in 

jected from the best 
drt|rotu4it to Sam- 
ide in i«w. . , 
» to prevent Spain 
tore of ^ne wool. 

effected 

^8 has-fae^ bn»q|bt 
t within fte fold at 
nd by liberal feeding, 
ith a view to further 



vement made. 

ly improved, also the 
me «rcass has ^>een 






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&'-3r7-K' .: 



200 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 




increased from 50 to xoo per cent over that of the old Spanish 
Merino. - * ^ «; 

. (a) Greater density hasVl«in secured in the fleece without 
any deteri<Sr»tion in the quality of the wool, and its weight 
has also been increased from 50 to 100 per cent 

(3) The stamina and breedmg qtmities have also beoi 
greatly infproved. ,; 

V, Distribution in other countries. 

(1) Rambonillets have been exported to many countries 
iii Etin^te, to the United States, Australia, Argentina and 
New Zealand, and 

(»} '^^T ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^°' introduced into these countries 
chiefly to effect improvement in the wool product of other 
classes of simip. 

VL Introduction into the United States. 

(i) FitHst 1B49 to i860 sevend importations were made 
into the United Statfes frtmi France and were distributed 
chiefly in Vermont, New York and Mich^n. 

(2) In the decade following the civil war, Rambouillets ^ 
in their puri<^, in a great measure, disiq^peared because of the 
little praiuMh pat upon mutton qualities. 

(3) Within the last two decades there has be«i a great 
reviv^ in importing and t»«eding RambouillMs. 

VII. Crosses made. 

(1) Rambouiilets have been extensively used in crossing 
on the Spanish Merino flocks, pure and graded, to secure 
increased sisi and vigor. 

(2) ThcM crosses have bfeen most extensively made in 
Califcmia, Utah and Kansas. 

(3) Thipy have increased the length of the staple and also 
the weight of the scoured fleece. 

VIII. Introduction on Western ranges. 

(l) Rambouiilets are now in h!g^ favor for crossing upon 
milled t^g^ m, the ranges of the west. 

(*) The cross increases the wt^^^t of the fleece without 
iippairing the mutton qualities of range stocks or their hardi- 
hood. 

IX. Organizations. 

(i) Associations have been formed for the protection of 
nhonillets on the continent of Eurqpe and in the United 

(3) The American Rambooilla Sbe^ Breed^^ Assoda- 
tion'was organized at Pontiac, Kich., in 1889. 





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RAMBOUILLETS. 



20I 



he old Spanish 

r fleece wifliotit 
and its weight 

lave also been 



nanjr countries 
Argentina- and 

these countries 
>duct of other 



States. 

ms were made 
ere diMiribnted 

-, Ranibouillets , 
because of the ' 

s been a great 
s. 



ied in crosdi^ 
ded, to secure 

sively made in 

staple and also 

anges. 

r crossing upon 

fleece without 
or their hardi- 



e protection of 
in the ¥liit«l 

eders* Associa- 



•iv 



(3) In the first volume of the Record published in 1891, 
Bemardih's history of the origin of the breed is published in 
condensed form. 

X. Distribution in the United States, ^ 

(i) Rambouitlets are already distributed more 'or less 
over neariy all the Northern and Middle states, from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific, and they are now found in several of 
the Southern states. ... 

(a) They would seem to be most numerously kept m 
Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

XL Registration in the United States. 
s-Ste"" (1) There have been recorded in all ?bout 9,000 animals; 
**0l 'which approximatdy one-third are males. , - 

, (a) The number recorded would have been greater but 
\ for the fact that many of the mates sent to the western ranges 
"* have not been recorded. 

LEADING CHARACTEKISTICS. 

I. . Relative size, 

(i) Rambonillets are mucfr the largest of the fine wooled 
breeds, and they are also heavier than some of the middle 
wM^ed breeds. ... 

(2) The average weight of the nans at maturity when m 
good flesh is aitoat 17s to SBS pounds, and of the ewes about 
laS to 175 pounds. 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) B«»use of their ftrcat hardihood th^ have much 
adaptation to ran^ conditions where the v<^ation is not 
sparse nor lacking in nutrition. v- 

<a) For a stmilar reason they are admirably adapted to 
arable conditions where vall<qr and broken Ismd alternate and 
where much meat and fine wool are wanted. 

Early maturing qualities. 

(1) As with the other fine wooled breeds these are not 
more than medium, but 

(2) On the other hand they are noted for longevity, 

(3) In mmy instances deterioration has not been Unserved 
in the mod clip" until beyond the age of ten years. 

grazing qualities. 




(1) These are unexcelled by any breed with so large a 
frame. 



/ 



,•■«>■.- 



•*„■ 



202 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



f , 



^ 



(a) They l»ve the true Merino instinct for a variety of 
plants, including some whicli are not relished by the mutton 
breeds. 

, V. Feeding qualities. 

(i) Rambouillcts will winter on coarser food products 
than some other breeds. • . 

I (a) They will also fatten ia.good iom^hut must have 
liberal feeding. 

VI. Quality of the meat. 

(i) While the quality of the meat is good it is not fully 
equal to that of the mutton breeds, owing 

(a) To more of coarseness and ranginess of frame. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Rambouillets are admirably adapted for crossing 
upon range stock where the objwrt is to secure a fairly large 
carcass covered with a good heavy fleece of wool, so dense 
that it will resist the influences of mucli exposure, but 

(a) They should not be crossed on mutton breeds where 
the highest quality of mutton is sought. 

< -4^,4^ ■»' Vill. Breeding qualities. 

"^ (1) Rambouillets breed r(«ularly and afe fairly gpod 
nurses, bat . 

(a) They are not distinguished for their pirohficacy. 

IX. Wool production. 

<i) Rambouillets produce a long, 'dense and heavy fleece 
of fine wool with a sufficienCT, but not an excess, of yolk antl 
possessed of good strength of fiber. 

(2) The average weight of the unwashed fleece in matured 
rams may be put at about fourteen to eighteen pounds, and in 
ewes at about ten to fourt«n pounds. 

X, Compared with American Merinos. 

* (i) Rambouillets arc much larger, have better mutton 

form and better finding qualities and a longer staple of wool. 

(a) The American Merinos have a wider adaptation in 

grazing, since thty would maintain themselves under some 

conditKins where the larger Rambouillets would fail. 

(3) In other respeWs tfiey are very similar in their char- 
acteristics. 



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&AMBOUILLETS. 



203 



for a variety of 
i by the mutton 



• food products 
fbttt must have 

>d it is not fully 
of frame! 

ling. 

id for crossing 
re a fairly large 
wool, so dense 
ure, but 
on breeds where 



afe fairly gpod 
prolificacy. 



and heavy fleece 
cess, of yolk and 

fleece in matured 
n pounds, and in 



tennos. 

re better mutton 
;r staple of wool, 
kr adaptation in 
Ives under some 
lid fail, 
lar in their char- 



aying the poll, 
li-cir^ar curve, 



PHiNaPAL POINTS. 

I. In the absen<^ of an authoruxd scale of 
points, the following is sutoiitted: 

(i) 5ir#— Medium for the breed, but oonstderaUy larger 
than in any of the other Merino families. 

(a) General 0«l/MM^-lLarge, strong of limb, and at least 
fairly even and smooth. 

(3) H«ad— Medium in size, wide at the poll and some^^ 
what fine at the muztle. 

(a) It is conmletdy covered with dense wool^ txcept/tor 
a short distaooe from the muzxle upward / 

(b) Eye, large and dear, though dosdy surrounded with 
. wo<rf: / 

(e) Eit^ indining to ritort, with outward^^nd slightly 
upward erection and <»vered with fine hair. 

(d) Hom», in the mate only, which, on 
make a lii^ward, downward and forward 
tad then drde outward at the tips. 

(a) .Vecfc— Indining to short and dtep. 

(a) It should Uend evenly into tfie shoulders. 

(b) Excessive dewlap and thnatttiness are to he guarded 
against * / 

(S) Boc*--Broad, straigh^^d of even vridth. 

(a) Withers, wide an<L4iot sharp or devated, as they 
sometimes are. / . 

(b) Loin, wide, stra^. 

(e) Pdvic ardi, men devated. 

, (6) Foreituarter*—¥tiily equal to the hindquarters in 

(tevdopment. / 

(<0 Shoulders, well rounded out, and not roitg^ at the 

pomts. ' ,,'•' \ » ' 

(b) Ch^t, wide and deep. ' 

f<r)^reast, wide, well forward and canyii^ one or more 

folds pr wrinldes, espedally in the rams. 

(d) Brisk«ft, wi<te. 

(e) Forearm, strong and wdl musded. 

(7) Barrel^BcKp^ indining to long, but not really nagy. 
(a} Ribs, deep and roun^ rather than downward to 

their spring. 

(b) Cro]^ level and not sunken as they sometimes are. 

(c) Fore and hind flanks, wdl down and full. 

(d) Girth ai heart and hind flank, good and about even. 

(e) Underl|te, straight 

(8) Hmdqtua^tgrs—Umg, wide, deep, squase hdbJnd. 

(a) Hips, large and rmmded m the skte rather than 
deling. 



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^204 



THE STUUY OP BKEKDS. 




Cfc; Crupper," creased, and possessed of moderate and 
gradual downward slope. 

(t) 'tliighs, broad and full 

(S L7i^Stfi«*s?raih/^^^^^ but mode^te length, 
iij ThgTho«?d% JlaSl wen under the bod? and w.de 

^'^fe) Too tnob bf length is to be guarded agashst. 

f?o; H.."So«g. K «ven in length and quality and 

***"Tar the fiber should be strong, elastic, bea^^^X 
crim& not less than fpuK inches long at one year, and should 

'Hw ^^.'^edlt^SToXresem 

*****7Twhne the yolk o/oU shouW be abundant, flakes and 

""1irt2^d5&i«rypa« «^\5:^SSS£^ 
above the rauiile, the eyes and ears, and below thfc feUock. 
^^/ Skin, pinkish or ftesh-colored. 

II GenerS Appearance--'Tht Ramhouim \B 
a tall, strong sheep, a little upstanding, only fairly 
symmetrical in form and of easy action. ^ 

III. Compared with the American Menno. 
(i) The Rambouillets- are much taller, larger, heavier, 
'''°^S)r^^^^L''^f'^'^n^io^^^^-^^ alsocon- 

^'"^S'The^t'i^™ Anger, but is not ouite so dense or 
fine, and is much more free from excess of yolk. 
IV.. Compared with the Delaines. 

ii'i The Rambouillets are considerably taller, larger, 
heavier and stronger limbed and are somewhat more rangy. 

(2) They have a mutton form not quite so smooth 

"*°(t) The wool of the two types is very similar in man;/ 
resperts. but the Rambouillet fleece is not so heavy m propor- 
tion to the size of the sh^. 



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noderait* length, 
s bpdx >n<l wide 

against, 

and quality ann 

:8tic, beautifully 
year, and shbttld 

|ht,4u8troas, oUy 

ndant, flakes and 

r a short distaiMie 
)W the fcdoclc. 

Ramboutllet is 
rig, only fairly 

m. 

can Merino. 

r, larger, heavier, 

and are also con- 

t quite so dense or 
^Ik. 



bly taller, larger, 
rhat nwre rangy, 
uite so sifiooth or 

•y similar in i 
o heavy in prqpor 







?»> 



m 









TIJE MEDIUM WOOLED 
BREEDS 



LECTURE NO. 7. 

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP— ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHAR- 
ACTERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Southdowns are so named from a long 
range of chalky hills upon which they originally 
pastured. 

(i) These hills extend throorii the southern part of the 
coontie* of Kent. Sussex, Hampfhire and Dorsetshire. 

(a) They are aomt sixty nwles long and five or six mUes 
broad and are contiguous to the 4ea and also to vale Iwid 
capable of furnishing plimtiful supplies of food. . 

(3) They liave a dty soil and are covered with a nch, 
sweet, short, dense herbage. 

II. On these hills the progehitors of the South- 
downs have fed for many centuries. 

(i) They are one of the smaller varieties oi sheep 
originally found in various parts of England, which were 
characterized by dark faces and feet, and in siMne in^nces 
by wool of the same character, and n^rly all of which were 

homedL «« j u 

(a) Improvement in Southdowns was effected much 
earlier than in any of the other dark-faced breeds. 

III. External characters of the origiml South- 
down. 

(i) They were small in outline, long and thin in the neck, 
narrow in the forequarters, high in the shoulder, shsrp on the 
bade, low behind, flat in the rib and long though not a»rse 

in limb. . - . ,• 

(2) The wool was short, fine and cunrag. 

206 




?■■ 



7 






..*^v 



w.^'*^ 










LED 



i-rORY, CHAR- 
MNTS. 



I from a long 
ey originally 

lern part of the 

letshire. 

hr« or six miles 

K) to vale land 

l 

ed viih a nch, 

of the South- 



ieties of sheep 
aid, which wer«: 
swMiie instances ^f 

! of which were 

> 

effected much 
eeds. 

rigiimi iouih- 

thin in the neck, 
ler, sharp on the 
ough not coarse 



SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 



207 




(3) It is thought originally they were Jiomed, but none 
have existed within the historic period of the br?ed, 

IV. The improvement of Southdowhs began 
about the period of the American Revolutionary war 
in 1776. ' - 

(0 It received its chief impulse, however; from the high 
prices paid for mutton during the Napoleonic wars. 

(3) The two most noted improvers of the breed were 
John Ellman of Glynde, near Lewis in Sussex, and later Jcmas 
Webb of Babraham, Cambridgeshire. 

V. John Ellmatj began his work of improve- 
ment about 1780, and died in 1832. 

Cr) White^proving the form he guarded well the con- 
stitutional q^pcs of the animak 

(2) He leT this beautiful breed much the same m type as 
it is to-day. 

VI. Distribution of Southdowns in Britain, 
(i) They have virtually superseded the ancient breeds of 

Berkrfure. Hjimpshire and Wiltshire, and for a time peatly 
clrcoinscribed the limits of the^area occupied by homed 

DoiW^s. . . . . .L • 

(3) They occupy limited areas suited to' their require- 
ment^in mapy of the counties of England and they have also 

#becn irltroduced into Scotland to some extent, and 

(3) They have been so fused into several breed*' as to 
almost obliterate their distinctions. 

VII. Importations into the United States, 
i) They were imported into America from England 

'tirv . » 

possessed 




abom the beginrting of the century. 

(3) Dr. Kose of Fayette, Seneca county, N. Y. 
a small flock as eariy as 1803. . , • . . 

(3) Importations have been mad* at mtervals durinf the 
.'century, but not in large numbers. . , , 

(4) The great demand during much of the century for 
«ne wool and the relatively small size of this excellent breed 
have militated againstits rapid distribution. 

VIII. Organizations. ^ 

(i)' Associations to pro^iote the interests of the breed 
have been established, first, in the United States and later m 
Great Britain. . . . - , . ' 

(a) T^e American Southdown Breeders' Assodatoon Was 

organized in 1882. 



THoi^--*** 



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■;■ .''.r.iv. 



^08 



IX. 
Canada. 




THE STUDY OP BREEDS. 



Distribution in the United States 'ap^ 



(i) SouthdowiM have been rworded from forty-tV«e 
different states and from six province* of Canada. 

fa) They are most numerously kept in the provmce of 
Ontario and in the state* of Ohio. New York, Ptnnsylvania, 
Illinoia, Wisconsin, Vermont and Kentucky, and in the order 
named. 



X. Registration in the United States. 



wethers 



(i) In all, ia,35o animals h#ve been, recorded. 

(2) Of these, 3.650 are rams, 8,587 are ewes and 113 are 



{I 



LEADING^ CHARACTERJSTICS. 



I. Relative size. 

(i) The Sonthdowns gre the smallest of th^i|^ittm 
wooled breeds that have been imported into Ameri^ripht, . 

(2) Owing to their compact form, they Weigh fiatiarikajbly 
well In proportion to their swe , * 

It Adaptability. 

(i) Southdowiis are best adapted to tmdulating, rdling 
or broken and hilly lat^ Js^h a dry soil .«id a short, fine 
herlnge, but * ' 

(3) They can also be grown in ^ood form m arable sec- 
tions where &e land is lairly productive. 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) In early maturing qualities Sonthdowns sjand in the 
very first rank. ' 

(2) When well fed, the lambs are in condition for market 
-at almost any age. 

IV. Grazing qualities. 

(i) Their small size and.auctive habits pre-eminently adapt 
them to grazing on hilly and bre*;en land, and 

{2) Their tidy, thick fleece of short wool enables them to 
endure well, exposure to storms. 



V. Feeding qualities, 
(i) These also have pia«d theni 10 the tront 




OK. 



P 




s;. 



I 






; 






t 



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A States ^ap4 



from f6ity-t^rw 
in«da. 

the province of 
rk, Pennsylvania, 
and in the drder 



States. 

MMrded. 

ewe« and 113 are 



wS* 




* «MMII *W liWli« » » '*W-* i« l - mW 



^.Y#ft -»ri^«*fLJJ.»ff--*lm.t 




ndulntins, roiling 
and a uiort, fine 

»rm in arable sec- 



>wn8 i^and in the 
idition for market 



re-enunently adapt 

id 

sl enables them to 



tront ranK. 









SOUTHDOWN SHKEP. 

f a^ Their tidy, neat form» constitute them eaiy keepen 
and they «e.Xe«tiydocUe to .ubmit to the necewary 
natninu of feeding. 

VI. Quality of the meat, 

( ») In m» respect also they stand In tlje jrort r»^ 

)a> The mutton is tender, jutcy. fine afa'"*^' °* "^ 
.Javor and yields a large proportion of good meat, both to live 
Utd dead weights. 

VJI. Value in crossing and grading. 

(I) They have been used more than any other breed in 
the oriffinntion of various other pure dark-faced breeds, 

MThS^may with much advantage be crossed upon 
grades of the vamus long-wooled breeds, upon «"ge-»»*«» 
Common ewes and upon grade Mennos, where a more com- 
pact and easy keeping mutton sheep is wanted. 

VIII. Breeding qualities, 
(i) The breeding q«»lit>e« o* SoutKdowns a« good, but 

"°* Oo'tw a« distinguished for H^ number of couplets 
which they ppodttcc' . 

*'.IX. Wool produjftion. 
(i) The fleece is finer than that of any of tlie other British 
breeds Imported into America^ and it has somethtng more 

** ' ") It is dense, however, and would probably average five 
to "seven wounds unwashed. 

y- STANDARD POINTS. 

I. The following Is the standard of excelliince 
adopted by the American Southdown Breeders' 

Association : 

roiNTS. 

(,) H«Ml~Medium ife sise and hornless; fine, car- 
ried well up, the forehead or face well covered 
with wool, especially Wtwecn the ears and on 
the cheeks, and in the ewe slightly dished' t 

(a) Litgrnd VndtrJaw—Tmt and thin ^.- . 

(3) J^»— Rather smalt, toleraWy wide apart, cov- 
ered with fine hair, and carried with a hvdy 
tedc and fo^^ movement . . 

(£) E%'fs~Y\x% and bright , , . . ■ 



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THE STUDY OP /BIlX|tD8. 



vaam 
XS) Pace—K unifonn ti«t of bfoWb or |ff»y, or 
mouM arfor . 3 

(6) Ntek^Shotl, fine at the head, but nicely Upeii^ ' 
' ing, and broad and itraii^t -vtn top at the 

fhotddeN . . • • .• , , ■ ^ 

(7) 5Ao»«W*r#— Bro«d and full, •moothly; joining 
the neck with the back . . . • . .•> • 5 

(8) Br#«<~Wide, deep and peejectlng wdl for- 

- %rard, the foreli^ (tanding wide a^aijt ■ • 5 

(9) Back and Lo^»— Brond Jnd straight from Miotil- 
ders to rump ..... . . 7 

(10) i?**--Well arcM.' isxtending" far batdcward, 
.the last jsrojecting more than the others . . 6 

(n) JR«»M^-Broad, square and full, .with tail well 

set tq> . . . . • • • • " 

(ia)'H»A*—Widb,' with little apac^ l»tween tRem 
> and last rih« . .. . . ..... 6 

(♦13) TAijfiiu— Full and well let down in the, twurt, 

the legs standing well apart , ^ . 6 

(14) i:.tmb«— Short and fine in bone and in cxAta to 

- agree with f»ce . . '. . • -3 

(15) FffW/*g*— Wtll wooled and carrying mutton 

to the knee, but free from meat below' . " . a 

(16) Hind t#«x— Well filled with mutton and wooled 

to, the hocks, neat and clean below . . . 2 

(17) BW/y-^Straight and well covered with wool, 
the flank extending so as to form a line parallel 
with the back or top liiie . . . . . 5 

(18) Fkec#~-Compact, the whole body well covered 
with moderately lont and close wool, white in 
color and carrying some yolk . . . 

(19) Forw— Throughout smooth and symmetricsi, 
with no coarseness in any p?rt .... 

(20) General Appemfanch-SpmitA and attractive, 
with a determined look and p^ud and firm step, 
indicating constitution"! v,gor and thorough 
breeding , . 




12 



8 



Perfection . . 100 

li. Additional remarks. 

(i) A good Southdown furnishO in its torm the true 
ideal m>e of the mutton sheep.. 

(2) It is admirably proportioned atid of perfect sym- 
tiwtry, but 

. (3) Lack ol siz<v and lack of weight in the fleece to some 
extent interfere with its more general distribution. 



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tt tllein 

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a)lor to 

mtttton 

wooled 

(i wool, 
parallel 

covered 
white in 

netrica^j 

tractive, 
rm step, 
tiorough 



!00 

torm the true 

perfect sym- 

fleece to some 
cm. 



4 
5 

5 
7 
6 
6 
6 
6 
3 

3 

2 







Wl 






LECTURE NO. 8. , 

TUNIS SHiEI*— THEM OHIGIN AND HISTORY, CHAB- 
ACTERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



/ omOIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Tiinis sh^, as the name wduid indi- 
cate, came oi^itiaHy from Tunis, in Northern Africa. 

(i) In their native home they are what may be tertiKd 
a mountain or •emi-mountain breed. 

(a) They feed upon the rMigea aouthwardj^o the desert 
smd eastward td Algeria. ' 

II, Origin of the bcccd. 

(i) Their earliest origin' is lo«t in the obacority of A 
distant past ■ ' , • 

(a) They fed upon those ranges before the commence- 
Bl^ of the Christian era. 

Ill When imported into the United States. 

(i) The first and only importation was made, it has been 
claimed, in irosj. .... 

(a) In that yfva a few ^edmens '#ere shipped tb the 
United States by or through Gen. WiWam Eaton, who was 
then United States consul at Tunis. 

(3) Only cme male and one female survived the voyage, 
uid ttiese are the progenitors of all thr Tunis rfwej* now 
iem& in the United Stales. 

IV. Progress in the United States 

(i) The original pair were placed on the farn* of Judge 
Richard Peters near Philadelphia. / 

(a) Thew and their grades multiplied untfl the ne%h- 
borit^ counties were well stocked with them. 

V. Hindrances to rapid extension. 

(i) The dominance of the; fine wool interests operated 
agaiojrt the rapid extension of the breed Jontbward, and 
' 211 ^ 



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TUNIS SHEEP. 



213 



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(3) The advent of tfie Down bret^ bindered their exten- 
sion northward. 

VI. Introduction into the South. 

(1) It U said thigr were introduced inti* Georma wly in 
the centary arid some flocks were early established in Virginia 
and the Carolinas. ~. , . ... ..,„ 

<2) These wisre kept with satisfactory resolts untu tney 
were alnKMt annmilatcd by the Givjil war. 

VII. Re^stabliahment of the breed. 

(I) Their continued existence w" jma^e kiwwn to ^Ae 
aamti l^Wic by an exhibit made at the World s Fair, hdd at 

^*^ TWsSdiibit attracted the attetttion of Charles Roun- 
tree of Yonntf ville, Ihd., who visited the Carolinas m 1894 
and purchased a sm^l flock for his Indiana farm. . 

(3) They were selected from what some have claimed 
was ^e only surviving flock bred pure at tlat Ume ra the 
United States. 

VIII. Organization. 

(1) An association was^otganized-in Uie intere^ pf the 
breed in 1896, with headquarters in Indiana, 
(a) R^swds are also being kept 



IX. Distribution in the United States. 

'(i) Thf number Of pure flocks in the United States is 

protoAly less than a score. ■ , , ,. . c .1. n 1:.,, 

(a) These are cMitered in Indiana and South Carolina, 
but Uiey Me extending southward. ■ 

X. Registration in the United States. 

(i) Orfy a few hundred individuds have y?t been 

recorded, but .... . 

(a) The number is rapidly mcrearfng. 







LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size. 

(i) In size, the Tunis sheep are npt far different 'from 
the Dorset, and in general outUne they have some reaemWance, 
but the Dorsets are consideraMy heavier. . 

(a) The average weight of the matured rams m pjod 
form may be put at about Oa pounds smd of matured ewes 
at about 13s pounds. 





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1, 




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THS STUDY OF BSEEOS. 



II. Adaptability. 



(i) B^fecauM of A*ir great hardihood the Tunis sheep are 
mHl to conditions where breeds other than the Merino 

(2) ThCT seem tb have much ability to withstand the heat 
of a warm clin»te, hence they wijl probably spread southward 
rather than northward, where the field is much more occupied 
witih other breeds, , , . 

(3) Their "habit of breeding at almost any season desired 
emphasizes such adaptation. 

III. Early mattiring qualities. 

(i) These are of the best, since the lambs can be rapidly 
pushed along for the market 

(2) This property should prove especially valuable under 
southern conditions, where winter lambs could be gra«»l much 
of tiSie time on pastures grown for the purpose. 

'if 

IV. Grazing qualities. 

(i) These are excellent, since they are active foragers and 
like the Merino will consume a fi^eat variety of plants. 

(a) They tsdce kindly to the native grasses of the south, 
liKluding those that infest the com and cotton fields. 

V. Feeding qualities. 

(i) These are good, since they can be fed for market at 
almost any atge. 

(2) Their value in fattening under the folding system 
has not apj^rently been proved, but there would seem to be 
no reasons why they shduld not do well under such a system. 

(3) It is also claimed that the carcass dresses pro^tably 
on the block. 

Vi. Quality of the meat. 

(l) The Quality of the meat is said to be of the very test 
(3) The ht is blended with the lean, rather than laid on 

externally and internally, and the flavor of the meat has been 

highly praised. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading 

x(i) When crossed upon the various Down breeds they put 
their stamp upon the pn^ny, thus showing their grciit 
prepoten^ . 

(a) The cross upon the Merino, pure or graded, is San; 
to improve the mutton quditiea, and that upon native stocks 
in the ^uth residts in marked in^rovement '<n th^ »>n»;!-r 
ammal, «— — - 



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215 



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Tunis sheep are 
:han the Ikleriiko 

itfastand the heat 

Sread southward 
I more occupied 

ly s^ison desired 



is can be rapidly 

rvaiuahle under 
Ik gr»ed much 



:tive foragers and 
of plants, 
ses of the south, 
n fields. 



:ed for maritet at 

e folding system 
mujd seem to be 
er such a system, 
dresses progtably 



: of the very Dest 
ither than laid on 
he meat has been 

ding. 

m breeds they put 
wing their trrfcit 

>r graded, i. i;i:u 
pon native stocks 

fMnt in the pntirf 



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VIII. Breeding qtialities. 

< I ) tike the Dorscts, Tunis sheep are PfoHfic- , 
(2) They not only produce raany couplets, but m some 
instances they breed twice a year. *» ' 

IX. Wool production. 

(1) The wool would seem to be not very dissimilar to 
that of the Dorset in quantity and quality. 

(a) The average fleece may be put at about sevea and 
one-half pounds uirwasheA _^ . 

X. Compared with Southdowns. 

(i) The Tunis sheep are larger and more rangy than the 
Southdowns, are ahead of the latter in adaptation to w4rm 
dimates, have better breeding qualities and produce a heavier 

(2) The Southdowns have a somewhat more perfect mut- 
ton form. p^aWy keep more easily and dress even better on 

(3) in other essential characteristics they do not gr»tly 
differ. 

STANPAiD POINTS. 

I. The following is the scaife of points adopted 
by the American Tunis Sheep Breeders' Association : 

POINTS. 

(I) JSioorf—Imported from Tunis or a perfect line 
of ancestors extending back to the flock owned 
and bred by Jui^e Richard Peters of Penn- 
sylvania . . • • • • • .30 

(3) Coi«l»tii*io»— Healthful countenance, lively look, 
head erect, deep chest* ribs well arched, round 
body with good length, strong, straight back, 
muscles fine and firm .... • 

(3) Ffe^ce— Medium leng^, medium quality, me- 
dium quantity, color tinctured with gny, 
usvar pure white, evenness throughout 

(4) Covering— Body and neck well covered with 
wool, legs bare or slightly covered, face free 
of wool and covered with fine hair . 

(5) Form— Body straight, broad and well propor- 
tioned, small bone ; breast, wide and promment 
in front; tail, the little end should be docked, 
leaving the fleshy part fan shape or tapeiitigi 
three to six inches broad, four to six inches 
long and well covered with wool . 



IS 



10 



10 



12 



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2l6 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



FOINTa 



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10 



(6) fj^fod— Semll and hornlcs)!, pr nearly 80, taper- 
itiff to end of nose; fa3e and nose dean; in 
color, brown and whhe ; ears broad, pendulous 
and covered wjth- fine hair, in color lirown to 
Ijjjht fewn , . . . • . . 

(7) Neck—MtAmm in length,, well placed on shoul- 
ders, atnail and tapering . '. . . . 

(8) L^ir*— Short4 color, brown and white (slightly 
wooled below Ihe knee not objecttonable) . 

(9) Bute— In fair condition; when fully matured, 
rams should weigh 150 pounds and upward, 
ewes 120 pounds ahd upward . . . .0 

(10) Generd Appearance— GooA carriage, head well 
up, quick, elastic movements showing symme- 
try of . form anrf tiriiformifv ' of character 
throughou 6 

: Perfectitp! 100 

11. Compared with Southdowns. 

(i) Tunis sheep are larger, thoui^ perhaps not iscavier, 
and are more rangy and somewhat-longer in the limbs. 

(2) The ears are longer an<i * and the tail is much 
broader. 

(3) The head said legs are not quite so well covered, the 
wool is somewhat longer and coarser, and the fleece a little 
heavier. 




i 



*V 



j^ 



ill. Peculiarities 01 me lau. 

(i) At Wrth the tail has much loose skin extending from 
the base for a conrideraWe di«ance downward. ■» 

(3) Unless when cut close while the animal is young the 
sface thtts funiithed fills with a fatty gtd>stance to the width 
of three to four inches. 

(3) It will then weigh from three to six pounds, accord- 
ing to the condition of the sheep. V 

{4) The Tunis breed is n<^ to be confounded with varkws 
'hf-r races of fat-tailed sheep, found in the ol*' "'AriJ 




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iean; in 
mduloas 
rown to 

mshcml- 

natttred, 
upward, 

ead well 
symme- 
haracter 



js not ncavier, 

>e limbs. 

le tail is much 

;H covered, the 
! fleece a little 



extending from 
I. - 

»i »<? young the 
the width 

lounds, accord- 
id with various 
world. 




DORSET HORI* SHEEI»-~ORIGIN AND HISTORY^ CHAR- 
ACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Dorsets are an ancient breM of sheep, 
which, in lao^ge numbers, inhabited certain of the 
midland and southeastern countiegi of Ejngknd dur- 
ing previotis centuries. 

(1) They had substantially the same characteristics, but 
some minor different existed, largely due, to variations of 

■climate and food. ' ... 

(2) In nearly all of those districts their identity has been 
obliterated through cj*8sin| with other breeds. 

The central home of the breed at present 
is in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, where they have 
been bred from time immemorial. 

(1) The leading flocfcs ia Dorset are found in the south 
and west with Dorchester as a center, and in the iSle of 
Purbeck, * » 

(2> In Somerset it is claimed that they are more numer- 
ous than in Dorset and are somewhat larger in frame. 

III. The original sheen of ttorset and Somer- 
set compared. 

(i) The sheep of Dorset we're rather small and light of 
carcass, blacH ot nose and lip, wide of horn, light and low in 
the shoulders, long but not coarse of limb, and ragg^ in coat, 
but they were brc«d and somewhat deep of loin. ' , 

(a) The Somerset Dorsets were larger and more kak m 
form, had pink noses, longer wool, and produced larger, lambs. 

' IV. Breeding- characteristics of the original 
Dorsets. 



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f i) -There m evidence to show that for at* leutt aoo years 
past It was customary with many to bree4 thetn so as to drop 
lambs in the early autumn, and 

- (3) In many instances they have been bred twifx a year, 
like the sheep of .some warm climates. "' 

.V. The improvementof the breed. '^ 

(i) But little was done for the improvement of 'the 
breed until near the middle of the century. 

(a) They did not receive much encouragement' from th» 
agricultural societies, and were not recc^nized as a distinct 
breed^at the Royal Agricultural Society's show until 1862. 

(3) The improvement of the breed was brought abovt by 
cwrefud selecting, judicious mating and improve^ food, aiid 
without drawing upon alien blood. 

VI. The improvers of Dorsets. 

(i) No one name stands out pre-eminently as an imj^rover 
of Xk^rsets, but .the first distinguished in this fine was Richard 
S^mioar of Bradpole. '^ , 

<2) During recent years many breeders have been zealous 
in.this work. \ 

VII. Period of retrogression. ' . ' 

(i) During the first half of the antury, Dorsets Mrere 
at first supersraed by Merinos, and to a far greater extei|jk by 
Southdowns. 

(2) They were also much crossed upon by Southdowns 
and Leicesters, insomuch that 

(3) At' one time fears were entertained in some quarters 
for the preservation of the breed, but they are rapidly regaining 
lost ground. 

VIII. Distribution in Sritein. 

(i) Outside of Dorset and Somerset, Dorsets are most 
numerous in Devon and fhe Isle of Wighi but 

* (2) During recent y^ars small flocks have been estab- 
lished in other counties of England, and in, Scotland and 
Ireland. 

(3) Prior to' 1885 they were very lai^y confined to the 
counties of Dorset ind Somerset 

IX. Distribution in other countries. - 

(i) They were first imported into Canada in tSSs by E. 
Stanford of Markham, Ont 

(a> They were first introduced intA the' United States 
from Hamilton, Ont., by William Daley of Lockport, N. Y., 
in 1887. 




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220 



TStE STUDY OF BRBBD6. 



C%) TTie first direct importation wai n»d« *«*" .^'l**''! 
by A TtuS«rrHoorfdt FaC N. Y^ and E. V. Bowditch of 

Maaaadittaetts, in i88?. ^ »«.„^ ;„ ,a«, 

(4) Th^ were introduced Into France m logio- 

X. Organizations- 

(I) Associations to promote the «te«f». «* *«„S 
have been established both in England and iti the United. 

*a) The Aifterican Dorset Horn Association- was ertab- 

*"***f3)"'S'Amerirati Continental Dorset Qab was estab- 
lidied in 1897. 

Xi. Distribution in the United S^es an4 
Canada. 

(i) Dorsets are now being recorded from 37 sUtes and 
from several of the provinces of Canada. 

ria) In the United States t^ a^Jo*"*** '™»»t ""^"[^^^^^ 
iirSlcw York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Masswhusetts, Vermont 
andNb^necticot, and probably in the order named. 

XII. Registration in the United States, 
(i) The two American associations have «»istered 10,73^ 

(a) Of these a small percentage only arie dnpHcates. 
LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

L Relative size. . 
(I) In size the DorseU are larj^er than the Soathdowns, 
but do iwt weigh so weU in T«^rtioa. j j .^„ 

(a) The sim has, however, >«» nwch unproved daring 

'^*^^*^3)The average weight of matured rams in fair flesh is 
about SIS pounds and of matured ewes i6s pounds. 

tl. Adaptability. 
(i) They have a senn-itium»iain character which well 
adapts theln to grassy slopes, plains and hills of moderate 

elevation, and yet . y. , .1 . j .1 

(a) They can be reared in fine form on arable land, and 

even on land not suflkiently drained. > . „ .l . . 

(3) For ttie production of "winter larate,' that is, 

uawwned lambs which can be imrloted in the winter and 

a^ spring, they are unrivalled. 



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from Britain 
Bowdit^ of 

I90. . 



of the breed 
11 the United 

>if was estab- 

ih was estab- 

States an4 

37 states and 

«t numerously 
etts, Veitnonf 
Bcd.i 

tates. 
gistered 10,7^ 

iplicates. 



e Southdowns, 

i|>roved daring 

in faif flesh is 
tnds. 



er which well 
Is of moderate 

rable land, uad 

mbs," that is, 
the winter and 



r't«i 




III. >. Early inaturingqtialities. 

(i) T^y-«M "* ^ '"^ '"* '" **'^' maturing 
?*^'(^fTki ^mbs wpedally attain heavy wei|»ts at an 
early age „ 

IV. Grazing (fualities, 

(1^ their Krazing qualities are ex«^llent, as th^^re 
criii .4 movmSiT^fdlre possessed of good sUytng J^ow- 

*"' U? They will eat coarser herbage than some of the other 
breeds. 

V. Feeding qualities. * 
(I) Owing to their docility they sfand the confinement 

^* ^atl^S Sai;% fed the r',fth-slS?,^ 
for the market, ahrwst as soon as the lambs which they suckle. 

VJ. Quality oi the meat. 

(,) The meat is tender, pood and we»^?a*°"f ***S" 
the pasture is suitable, and it lias a fair Pf^POrt'O'WJ**?' If. 
tne Pa««^j^^ proportion of dead meat to the live weight is not 
quite equal to that obtamed from the Southdown. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 
^ (OiDorscts answer better for being crossed updn than 

for crosW for mutton uses, as j.^„ku hut 

r2)lHoms in mutton sheep are not desirable, m\ - 
■ ' \V, !n producing a class of cross bred or gr]»<le ewes 
posse^d of the pro^sity to br«;d eariy, they are ff. great 
value. 

VIII. Breeding qualities. ** 

(i) These are of the very first order. L„a^a^, 

(a) They may be mated in the spnng, .breed regularly, 

and will in some instances breed twice a year. J 

S It is claimed that they produce irom i^ 180 Pcr 

cent of lambs, and the dams are good nurses and great milkers. 

IX. Wool production. 

{,) It has been estimated that the mature sheeo «?»" *^' 
on att average from six to eight pomrfs unwashed wool and 
the kmbs ^ two and one-ha" ^ thjee p^nds. 

(3) In fineness it is next to that of Uie Turns. 





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222 THE SXUDV Of BREEDS. 

^X. Compared with Southdovyns. 

. (I) Dot-sets lead contiderably in size, are more pjfolift: 
and better riiilkeu, are superior for crossing when early lamj» 
are sought, and grow a heavier fleece. ... . , .. 

(a) The Southdowns have more of genenU adapubility, 
matiiins even more quickly, and fatten Mid Idll somewhat 
better.- » ' 

PRINCIPAL POINTS. 

I. In the absence of an '^authorized scale of 
points, the following is submitted : 

{ 1 ) 5«e— Medium for the breed, but the Mie is of course 
affected by environment. . - ^ 

(a) General 'Outline — Inclmmg to long and not too com- 

(3) ^«f— Large rather than small, ta|>ering toward the 
muzzle itfUl longer than in scmie- breeds, and covered with a 
tuft of wool of medium length. , , . , 

(a) Forehead, brwid and covered wHh a tuft of wool of 
medium length. • . ., . 

(b) Nose, frequently slightly Roman, more espMially m 
the males. 

(c) Pdl, wide. » , , 

(d) Horns in both sexes, small and flat in the female, 
hut consideraijly longer, stronger and more angular in the male 
and carved spirally outward from the side of the head. 

(e) Ears,, fairly long and fine and inclining a little 
outward. ' . . , , 

(4) Neck— Nat less than medium In length and general 
develq^iment . . ^ , 

(a) Kot strong at the junction with the lead, nor of 
more than avcra^^ development at the junction with the 
shoulders. , 

('&> Depression on the top is to be guarded afl^nst. 

(5) Bar*-— Fairly wide, strai^it and levd. 
(a) Withers fairly wide and not elevated. 

(feV Loin, broad and long. >, 

(6) Foreqttarters—Ot nearly equal develc^metAiWith the 
hindquarters, but not quite so well filled out. 

(a) Shoulders of fair size and moderately rounded out 
above, with incteasinp: fullness in center and lower portion. 

(b) Chest, caraaous. , „ ^,. ^ 

, (c) Breast, wide, deep and at lea* moderately well filled. 

(d) Bridtet, rounded and of much width. 

(e) Forearm, faidining to long and tapering. 

(7) Body—Indaang to long m the barrel wjd capacious. 







A 



~> 



more prolific 
n early \va\n 

i adaptabUity, 
all »oni€what 



ed scale ot 

'.e is of c»urse 

mA. too com- 

ig toward the 
avered with a 

ift of wool of 

; especially in 



in. the female, 
lar in the male 
e head, 
ining a little 

h and genend 

lead, nor of 
don with the 

against 



men* with the 

r rounded out 
rer portion. 

«ly wdl filled. 
Rnd capdt^ous. 



^ 



DORSET HORN SHEEt>. 223 

Rib* of mediom cIoMttcM and fairly round and^leep 
in their ^ring. 

(t) Crops, taidue dqirenimi is to be guarded i^iaiatt. 
(c) FonRuak, tuSi, -^ 

Ytfj HindilMik. low and nwderatdy fall. 

(e) Deficient heart girth is to be guarded agataist 

(f) Underiioe, nearfy straight 

(8) Hittiqitarters—Long, wide, deep and foli' 

(a) Hips, large, of at mM medium fulinns and depth, 
a»d long. \ 

(b) Crtipoer. creased above the spinal coliunn. ' 

(c) Thigns, full, inclining to long and tapering, 
(^(f^ Buttock, wide and square. 

(t) Twist, full and placed medium low. 
' (o) i>g»~-Medimn in length, size and strength, and 
straight. 

(a) They shonld stand firmly and well ai»rt 

(b) In color they are white. 

( 10) F/<f<?f ^-—Evenfc distributed over the body, coming but 
a short distance forwa^ on the cheek and down to the knee 
and hock. 1 

(a) The wool inclines to fine, is about three and one-haif 

inches long when grown, and not more thin medium in density. 

•(b) It is beautifully white and* has a fair amount of yolk. 

(c) The skin should be flesh-colored. 

II. General appearance, 

(i) The Dorset is a somewhat long-bodied sheep of fair 
symmetry and st^ie, and 
^ (J) It is active, easy and graceful in its jnovements. 

III. Compared with the Southdown. 

<i) The Dorset la considerably lander and more rangy in 
form and limb. 

^3) It is longer in the head, neck and body, not so plump 
relatively in the breast, shoulder and!^cr<^>s,,nor quite so round 
in the spring of rib. • 

(3) The wool covers less of the head and legs, is longer, 
a little coarser and considerably less dense. \ 

(4) Th« head and legs are white, while those of the 
Southdown are some shade of brown. 




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SBROPSI^IKE SHESF-VtHBIR Oftiom AHD HISfORY, 
CUAKACTWMSTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 




ORIGIN AMD HXSTOklif. 

I. The Shropshire is a sheep composite in 
character, the improvement of which has been chiefly 
effected daring the present century. 

(i) The original breed tHm whteh-tWjr are <te*c«ndcd 
were chiefly known as "Morfe Common'* sheep, horn 
extensive tract in Shn^hire on which they; k4, but 

ft) Some are the 4e8cen(lants of sheep that fed on Can- 
nock Quse in Staffordshire and«n Whittington Heath, and 

(3) The blodd of all these strains mm mingles in the 
in^roved ^ro^shire^ 

i>een effected. 

very largely thnragh 

1 better care and food. 

otswold and Leicester 

improvensent, Iwit not 



n. How improvenr 

'"nrovemcnt h^^ *"■ 

selection 

v*/ I ..^ Mood of 

breeds ha« all been fi 

in a regnlar or settled 

(3) ^Since the m 

blood has been use-' 



III. T!« 

(l) Grig 
or brown or 

(«) TlM 
wool per fit 
carcass. 

IV 

(I) 

workint 



the c«tH>ry hot tiltie outside 
, .iiany years none at all. 

M\e vet unimproved. 

i were homed, had blsic^k 
iuid were an active and hardy race 
tout two and one-half pounds oi 
jt forty pounds of mutton to the 

of Shropshires. 

ected by a number of bree<|er8 
lot always in the satm' lines, 

ty in types which characterized 
after isnprovemsnt had commenced. 




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226 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



X 




u 



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... .. * 



.•^:' 



.••^;i,. 



r^. 



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^ -."-V^ 



V. Recognition at exhibitions. 

(1) Shropshircs first gained marked distinction at the 
Roy^ S<Jciety's show at Gloucester in 1853 and again at Salis- 
bury in 1857. ... . . ,. ^ * »u 

(2) They were first recognized m the prize hsts of the 

said sl«wr in 1859. „. . « ct. 

(3) In iSii, at^the R<W»1 »how at Shrewrfmty, 875 Shrop- 
shires were on exhibition, or more than twice as many as were 
brought forward of all the other breeds comUne^- 

VI. Pistribtiti<»i of Shropshires in Britain. 

(i) While the central home of the breed is Shropshire, 
they_8we now bred numerously in more than half the counties 

of England. ^ ., ,. t. - ^ t 

:■;■:. (2) ThCT are also bred in considerable numbers m several 
counties in ^tland and Ireland. 

VII. .Distribution in other countries. 

(i) Alihough riot in^Hjrted into the Uni»ed States until 
1855, tiiey pre now m«re numerous Oian any of the t^her 
breeds, and" are also more generally distributed i>ver the Union. 

(a) Excellent flocks have also bMnJestat^i^ed in Qmada, 
more especially in Ontario, where aho t|ey are more numerous 
than a«iy of the other pure bwieds. " , 

(3^ And thCT are" foun.. in considerable numbers m vari- 
ous countries in Europe anc the 4l>n.tl^ent of South America. 

VIII. Organiza^^^ <^ 

(i) ShrcMwhires are «<!*tected by breeders' assoctatiom 
both in En^and and Africa, and registtation is carefully 
maintained in both couaroes. _ . ... 

(2) The America* Shrc^hire Registry Association was 
orjganized in 1884. anfl at least two <>ther associations some- 
what local in charad«r have since been organised. • 

I (3) The first volume of the American Shropshire bheep 
'ecord was puiiiished in 1889. 

' IX. Iptribution of Shropshires in the United 
tates and. Canada. 

(i) They are now being recorded from 50 states and 

provinces. ...... . li 

(3) The leading centers of distnbuUon are probably 
Optario, New York, Midiigan, Indiana and Wisconsin, but ., 

(3).'I1iey ane relatively ^uite numerous in all the central 
states. 




-^ 




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/ 



« 



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-j^sj-j^;,-,^ 




:d distinction at the 
33 and again at Salis- 

tbe prize lists of the 

irewsbury, 875 Shrop- 
wice as many as were 
coinUne)!. 

tiires in Britain. 

breed is Shropshire, 
than half the counties 

ole nnmbers in sevend 



X)tintnes. 

e United States until 
lan any of the other 
ihuted pver the Union, 
leltabli^ed in Canada, 
ey arc more numerous 

rable numbers in vari- 
it of South America. 



breeders' associationn 
gisttation is carefully 

[istry AssoeiatiQn was 
jier associations some- 
orgaiii^d. 
lean Sh«q»shin; Sheep 



hires in the United 



i frwn 50 states and 

ribtttion are probably 

and Wisconsin, but . 

>rous in all the central 






-^ 



(i) The American Shropshire Association has retarded 
1218,603 aninuds. 

(2) About 40 per cent of these are males. 



IfEApiNO CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Rdative size. 

(i) In ^e Shropshires are considerably larger than tiie 
Southw>wns and they are of heavier build than the Dorsets, 
but are not so lai^ge as the other Down breeds. 

(a) In weight they are'not a little ahead of-the South- 
do^s, and Uiey are probably heavier also than the Dorsets. 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) Their wide diffusim and incrouting popularity are 
sure indications of their general adiqrtability. 

(2) They are best adapted, however, fa> sot&eea not Vio- 
lently undulating, and to sections where a Mr prq^rtion of 
the land is araUe. 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) They mature quite as early probaUy as any other 
breed exooit the Southdown. 

(a> This pn^ierty in the Shropshire is ^uliarty valuable, 
owing to the extent to which th6y are used m crossing, 

IV. Grazing qualities. 

(i) ,The.grazi|ig quallti«ft)f the Shiwshire are #)od, but 
it requiri!s~b4^t«r pastures than the SoUtMown and Merina 

(3) Its docility also adapts it well to folding. 



"V. F«;ding qualities. 



%, 




(i) Shrojpshires feed vtery well under suitable amdttions. 

(a) The dioseness of the fleece enables Utem to be fattened 
where thfc iiielter ts very moderate, and they s^ve an excellent 
return for the food fed. 

VL Quality of the meat. 

(i) The quality of the meat is cxcdlMt, about equal to 
that of t^ Southdown, while the quantity ftirai^ed ts «on- 
siderabiy m>tt, and 

(3) USce the Southdown th^ dress well in proportion to 
the live iwight 



■'1 



1 



>lJaBM>ia>>s>a*AiBUi«iiJlilii4ilM&Ma<aiMB 



■,■*_. \; 



ym'^-% 



/ 



» 



228 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



* ' 



^ VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) For onMH^tig tq^m Marine fradet and comnum stocks 
general^, tlw'Slinvdiirea hav^ ahowa fli^madves at posseaaed 

of ^»eaal value. ' , ... 

(3) tW alw cross excdlently tqwn the grades of the 
lone wool varieties, and for that purpose they are now being 
used more extensively in the United States than any other 
vatiety. 

VIII. Breeding qtwlities. 

(i) The elaim has been made that Shrcm^irea are the 
most prolific of all the breeds, but this clami is certainly 

txtravagimt.. , . ^ . • *•.! 

(a) It would be correct, however, to say that m this 
TtspeeX *h«y are at least average. 

IX. Wool production. 

(i) The average fleece frran a good flock shodd clip nine 
to ten pounds unwashed in the ewes and twelve to fifteen 
pounds m the rams. .. . . .^ ^^ 

(2) The wool should be of medium length, between the 
Southdown and Hampshire Down in fineness, and it duraldbe 
even and dose. 

X. Compared with Southdowns. 

(i) The Shropshires are considerably larger, rewire 
better grazing lands, produce lai^er p«MMny when crossed on 
other rtodcs and a heavier fleece of wo(rf. ... 

(a) The Soothddwns are 8<miething ahead ip matunty 
and it may be in easy ke>q[Hng qualities, _and 

(3) In other easeotid chiuractenstics they are m)t far 
different 

ST/L^DAED POINTS. 

.1. The following is the stanoarti s«ile ol 
points of ex^llence adopted bv the American Shrop 
shire Atsociation : 

(I) Co>wHif«f»o»— Constitution and quality in<U- 
cated by the form of body; de«p and large m 
breast and through the heart ; back wide, straifi^t 
and well ojvered with lean meat or musclejwide 
and full in the Ihigh, deep in flank; skin thi««: 
but soft and of a pwrjc cdor; pfominent, bril- 
liant eyes and healthy countcnanc* . . .25 



<;. 





"W 




-,-. --te' 



■^ ^ 



Sf<K'.' 



, ,v>>t.-M^ 




tding. 

id conmion atodcs 
dves «s pOMessed 

he tt9da of the 
ey are now being 
s tins any other 



iftHuhires are the 
diMtn is certainly 

say that in thii 



k^Mrtdd dip nine 
twelve to fifteen 

^gth, betinsen the 
B, and itahonidbe 




S. 



lire 
on 



y larger, reqni 
f wh«i crossed 



(head in maturity 

I 

they are not far 



ndard scale ol 
mericati Shrop 



«WNTS>. 



ittality indi- 
and large in 
vide, straight 
mu«;le;wide 
I ; skin thick 
tninent, bril- 






35 



SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 




Ctt/#<r^iw— Deficiency of brirint, 
ttpound the heart, fiah b»dc, pointed shouldera, 
ttidked in flank, pale or too dark skin objec- 
tionable. 

(a) Site— la fair condition when fully .^^latured^ 
nuns should weigh pot less than aa;; pounds 
and ewes not less than 175 Bounds . 

Objectfont-^tLK^i in full nesh i^S pounds or 
under, ewes in full fl«^ 150 pounds or under. 

(3} C«i«ra/ /f/^anMkr«^-General appearance and 
character; good carriage; head well up; elastic 
movement, showing great symmetnr of form 
and uniformity of character throughout 

ObjecHoHi—rH) 
sliMEgish 1 

(4) BoS^^ff: 
gr^at 
. tsni 1 
atandii 
wide anUr ettem 



229 

POIHTS. 

light 



10 



to 




droopiQi; low in" neck, 



ioned; Medium bones; 

u.; well finished hindquar' 

loins; twist deep and full, 

well idaced cHttside; breast 

- J well forward ... 15 

ObiectUfu—Too fine bones, short body, defi- 

icMUt ia twist, l^fs close together, light in 

bridcet. 

(5) Head—Umd short and broad; wide b^ween 
die ears and between the eyes; short from t<^ 
of hold to tip of ncMe; ears diort, of medium 
size; eyes expressive; head should be wdl cov- 
ered with wool to a point even with the eyt», 
without any ai^aranra of horns ; ctdor of face 
dark brown . . . . ^ . . .10 

06i«lioiM— Horns disqualify; white face dis- 
qualife^; head with prominent bones; bare on 
tcQ) of head. 

(6) iVwilH^Medinffl length, good bone and muscu- 
lar devdoi^nent; imd especially with the rams, 
lieavier toward the shoulders, set high lip and 
rising from that point to back of head . • . S 

(7) Legs and F«*^Broad, short, straight; well set 
apart; well shaped^ c<dor dark brown and well 
wooled to the knees . . . . . . lo 

(8) F/«c#— Body, *head, t^Uy and legs to knees 
well covered with fleece of even length and 
quality: sciptmn of rams well cover&J wjth 
wool , . • . • »o 

(9> Qvt^tity of JFool— Medium sudi as is kiwwn in 
oiir*maikets as "medium delaine" and "half 
oMibing wool," strong, fine, lustrous fiber, with- 
out tena«i«y to mat or felt tf^ther, and at one 



£^^|s^|j^^^^j^*^^^^^E^^gg^ 



tfSl^iS^'ifefg^iaiEigSS-^^aSTOgSS^^^J^S^ft^J 




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230 



THE STUDY OP BREEDS. 



y^r's growth not leis thto tfwee and one-half 
mches Jn let^Bth . . '. ' • 



ranrrs. 



PeffectioR 



100 



II. Additional points., . 
(I) The nose of the rams should be broad, and wrinkled. 

(3) The cars of both sexei of an even dark color, ana 
neither erect nor dro^i^. , . t.w-Lji t^ 

' (3) A toft black «Sor of face and 1<«» » prefemd to 
dark trown, 'and , , ': '. „i ^ 

(4) Blade sqd gray wool anywhere and e»arse wool on 
the h5»s are oiijeefirtjable. 

III. Compared with Southdowns. 

(i) Shrt^shires are larger and longer in body and carry 

a heavier ffeece. . . - . * 1 -i 

(a) The h«ad has a more complete covering of wool and 

the wod everywhere is loi«er, bot^noi so fefc and ? 

(3) The cdor of the face and legs is coddderably darker. 



• 






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e and oo^half 1 








broad, and' wrinkled.' 
tven dark oolor, and 





legs is preferred to 
and coarse wool on 

lowns. 

*r in body and carry 

covering of wool and 

K> fine^ and 

t codt^derably darker. 



LECTURE NO. ii. 

Cheviot shekf— oeigin and history, charac- 
terlsticis and. standahd points. 



ORIGIN ANP, HISTORY. 

L. A narrow strip of eountry along the River 
fweed an^ amid the Cheviot hills fonhfed the origin 
nal. home fk this breed ofsheep. 

(i) Amid the hills and valleys 'of ^Jiis semi-inountain 
range thar haye pastured for long centuries. . 

(3) Neithfr history nor tradiUon has given "« M^»*f *} 
clitt as to ^origin of the Cheviots which nwy.^be atieepted 
as satisfactewy. - ' -~ f' 

II. Their forpier characters. 

(i) Originally they Were small, light boned i»nd light in 
^ft breast and forequarter. :V». ' t 

(a) The wo<}l was. finer than^at present, but'it wwialso^v 

much shorter. , . ... . . . . • i 

(3) They were thtn, as now, a singularly <iardy bfe^w. . " 

III. How improvennenf Was etfected. 

(i) Imptovement in breeding Hocks has been 8«aired 
entirely ^ sdertion, improved Jfeep in winter and intelUgent 

manMcmen^ blodd of bbtb.the long And mediftm wOolcd 
b««eds has 'frequently been introduced, but to, no purpose, 
^$ia»t with the dfaftslield for dispo^a!, as a lessened hardi- 
hooa is tlw invariable result. 

IV. E3^sure itvtheir native home. 

(l) During the whole df the^year Cheviot* are earopsed 
without any shelter save, that which their native i^eni afford. 

^) TTh^, arts fed some li^y in time pi deep sndw, and 
the ewes get turnips at the lambing season. . " , 

(3) The terripe winter stonsB which occur at mtep^s 
sometinMs ocouuon severe losses.. 

231 



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CHEVIOT SMEEP. 



2^33 



V. Disposal of Cheviots, 
(i) They *re seldom finished on the hmds on whkh they 

are ?^«5^^^"*^,^ ^ y^riou, ages to be finished on lowland 
p&star«s. 

VI. Distribution in Britain. 
(I) They are now found as far south as Cornwall, and 

have been artended to the extreme north of Scotiand, but only 
on elevations found suitable for them. „^.„Aij 

(a) Oil maiw 6f the Wife th^ have entirely $i«>er8eded 
the Black-facid Highland breed. 

VII. Distribution in Other countries. 

( 1 ) They were first imported Into Delaware couBtj^ N. Y., 
in i8^ by Roherl Young, but ' , . v,., ^„ij, „,h. 

(2) Their diffusion was very slow and gradual Until auB- 

•^"(5f A°nSfcr of flocks have -also >een established to the 
Dominion of Canada. , ' 

VIII. Organization. 

(i) The American Cheviot Shwsp Breeders' Aasodatidn 

was oTHanized at Hartwick,,lC Y., in ,1891. - . 

(afrhe National Cheviot Sheep Society wat organttCd 

at liidianapolis, Ind., in 1804- ■ , . -.t^. 

(3) Records are being kept by both associatRms. 

IX. Pistributioil in the United States. 

(1) Flocks of more or less size exist in n^rly all tlw 
states east of the Mississippi river and north of the Ohio and 

(2) They are most numerous in the states of N«w York 
and Indiana and in the order named. 

(3) Strang to say, they do not appear to l|ave l?een intro- 
duced into the range country. 

X. Registration in the United States. 
» (I) There have been recorded in all by the two American 

associations 5,743 animals. ^ _ _ . . «„*:„ 

(a) Of these alwut one-fourth are males and the xemam- 
dw feiradeg. 

IJEADING CHARACTERISTICS. - 

I. Relative size. 
(if> In size they are about equal to the Dorsets, which 
to acmie extent they resemble in shape, but they carry a longer 

Stece. "\ ■.,.'. 



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234 



THE ST UDY OF BREEDS. 



■Mf 



«» 



(aj The averaee weight ol the rams in good'fleth U abo« 
aoo to 230 pounds and of the ewes 150 to 160 powidt. 

II; Adaptability. - 

(i) They are wdl adapted to hiljy lands, where hardihood 
is an important essential, but they can also be aucfcessMIy 
reared on andutatinif sorf ace*. ; , ^ »« 

, (2) They should do well on the loger janges of Ae Alle- 
ghenies and the Rocky mountains, more esPcially the former. 

III. Early raaturiiig qualities. 

(1) These are rtot io good as in ^ome breeds, owing lo 
the manner of rearing whioi the cdodttions necessitate, bet 

(a) In thjs re»p«t they have be«a iiftproved during recast 
yeara. , , 

IV. Grazing qualities, 

(i) These are superlatively good, but 

(2) Cheviots do better on short, fine herbage than on 
coarse grasses and' heath. 



% 



V. Feedingf^ ijualities. 

(i) Being a semi-mountMn breed they -would not submit 
so Well, to close confinement as some other breeds, hence 

(3) They are more commonly finished on pastures and 
by folding. 

VI. Quality of the meat. 

(i) The mutton is very good, but 
^ (3) It is not quite equal to the Southdown \i 
nor to the mountain breeds in flavor. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 
(i) There is probably iMJt very wide room for us 



delicacy, 



-/. 



/ breed for crossing in rich, araMe sections, but 

(2) On exposed ranges and in Weak situations they could 
doubtless oftentimes be used with much advantage. \ 

VIII. Breeding qualities. \ / 

(i) Cheviots breed with much regularity, but . 

(2) They" are not particularly noted as producersyof 
cAupIets. 

IX. Wool production, 
(i) The average fleece should weigh (eight to ten ppundi 



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W 



/ 



CiEEVIOT SHEEP, 



335 



o6d'fl«sh it about 
poundi. 



where hsrdthoo4 
be «ucbessfttlly 

tnges of the Alle- i " 
cwUy the fortner. 



breed*, owing to 
Msessitate, bttt 
ved during recent 



herbage than on 



would not submit 

■eeds, hence , 

<Mt pastures and 



down .in delicacy, 



lom for using this 
.ut \ / 

nations they cyuld 
vantage. 



as producers /of 



^t to ten pounds- 



(a) The wool is coarser now than formerly; and Is not 
always even in quality. 



X. Compared with Southdowns. 



(1) ChevioU are larger and more ""W »nd even more 
h«r<far. ar« adwited to even a wider range of conditions, are 
SrttCTfoT crossing where hardihood is iought and carry a 

****1a)*'^ liuTh&wns mature earlier, fee^ more quickly, 
dress somewhat better on the block, and are superior for cross- 
ing whert intt>rov^iaent in mutton qualities is sougbt. 

gXAKDAW) POINTS. 

I the following is the scale of points drawn 
Up by the American Cheviot Sheep Breeders' Asso- 

"a*»o"- ' lorirts. 



■ <. 



(i) Bioorf— Pure bred from one or more importa- 
twns from Scotland •. • ^.- .•.•.• 

(a) ConsHlution and Qim/iftH-Indicated^by the 
formof body! deep and large in bfiart and 
thto^^te h#art; back, wide and straight and 
well eovemNd#i«»n meat ; wide and full in 
the thi^: de^* flank; skin soft and pmk in 
color; prominent eyes, healthful countenance . 

(3) Sts^— In fair condition, when full/ matured, 
rams should weigh not less than 17s. pounds; 
fwes 135 pounds when bred in America. Im- 
ported stock : Rams tas to 150 pounds, ewes 100 
to 125 pounds ■ • ■ .• / J* ii" 

(4) General A ppettrance— Goo^caxntst; head well 
up; elastic movement; showing Mrmmctry of 
form and uniformity of chararter throughout . 

(5) flod»-*Well proportioned; small bone; great 
scale and length: well finished hindquarters; 
thickTjack and loins; standing with legp placed 
well outside; breast wide and prominent m 
front; tail wide and well,cd»ered with wool 

(6) Head— hong aiid broad and wide between ^the 
eyes; ears of medium length and er^; face 
white, but small black spots on head flid ears 
are not objectionable; straight or Roman nose; 
end of' nose dark, but never smut nose on top 
with black or brown ; no tuft of wool on head 

(7) JV«rfc— Medium in lei^h; thick and well 
fja^d on the shoulders . . . • 



10 



25 



10 



10 



ID 



10 



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deraUy loiter 

b umI are lets 

■re more bwre 
in a>lor. 
urattor, and not 



^ 



LECTURE NO. t% 



SVVWOtX. DOWN StiEEP— PWOIN AND HI8T0tV. 

cha»act|»istics and standard points. 





1 



ipWiip 



origin and '^ history. 

I, Suffolk sheq) arc a composite breed, whose 
central homt is in the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, 
Catnbri(%e ind Essex in fengland. 

(l) They are essentially the outcome ol the crouitlg o( 
SoutM&wn ram* upon ewes of the old Norfolk breed. _^ 

(a) These crosses continued to a greater or lesser extent 
until the ndddle of the present cetltttry. 

* II. "the old Norfoiks may be described as 
follows : j 

(i) Their bo^es and limbs were long and robust. 

(a) Th^ carried their hwds erect, and both aexg» had 

(3) ThjE fll««e was fine, soft a^ silky, and we^hed about 
two and oiw-hafftJOunds. - . tt i, 

U) The color df the face and feet was a jet black. ^ . 

(S) they were hardy and prolific, but shpr, and their 
artive habSls admir^y adaj^d them for grazing on scant 
pastures. , 

III. I The improvers of Suffolks. 

(t) "flie work of improvement was carried on simulta- 
nwmriy bi a number of breeders in the countjea of Saffolk, 
Nc^fi^k, Caritbridge and Essex, . _. . 

(a) (^rge Dobito of Ludgate, Suffolk, was the most 
»a!ot» 9^d #itingui8hed of the early Improved. 

<3) Some of the existing flocks date bwdt to^the earlier 
years of jthe century. 

IV; Suffolks on exhibition, 
(i) They were first calW "Suffolks" in 1859 when classes 
were created for them at th. show held by the Suffolk Affi- 
oultural Association. 

237 




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8VPFOM(|.DOWN SHKEP. 



a^ 



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r 




(a) In 1883. flm imA 188s. ther wm« .jrmrded ««» hww" 
jfi c«np«tition with all other »hott wooled breeds at tte ahowi 
h«l4 ihaWn» those respective years, by the Royal AftictilturaL 

(3) For many years MM they hav« iho made a crediuWe, 
exhibit at the Snuthfitld Club and other fat stock shdws. / 

V. Distribution of Suffolks in other coutitiies. 

(i) SufFolks have bara exported, btttj|i|^ ^ ing r«ent 
y«irs, to sevel-al countries in Europe, to MOmmlt^^^> Can- 
ada and the United States. 

(a) The first importation of Suffol 
by B. W. Sewell, Ftcderickton, N. B„" 

(3) The first importation was ma- 
by M. B. Streeter, Brooklyn, N. Y., ia 

VI. Suffolk sheep societies; 
(i) The Suffolk Sheep Society of England was estab- 

Hshed m 1886. „ _ . ^ . "*. ■ * • is 

<a) The American Suffolk Flock Registry AsMxaation 

was established in i8ij3, with headquarters at Des Moines, la. 
(3) Registration rs being given careful attention by both 

associations. 

VII. Distribution in the Unitetl States and 
Canada. ' (.Si,'" ,_,, 

(I) The chief centjefi'*y[ distiibHtion jp the United States 
is Iowa, and in Canad^ Oiiirioi'ibSt ^ .i . ,, , ,i 

(a) There are n^ «o^s ot SuflFolks m several of the 

states. . 

' VIII. Registration iti the United States. 

(t) Owing to the recent introduetlon of Snfftflks'Unto the 
United States the ntfmber entered for record is not yet 

(a) The initial volume of the American Suffdk Ro<dc 
Bonlf has not yet appeared. 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I, Relative size. - 

(i) The Suffolks are larger than the Southdowns, Dor-" 
sets and Shropshires, and nearly as targe as the Hampshires 

and Oxfords, Wit . . t\ > 

(a) They at* not qtfite so heavy as the two last oaqaed 

bfeeds. 



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iMik 



.■4.-W*;-; 



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:^ 



m 






240 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



ll Adaptability. 

(r^ The SatldOa ate well adapted to farms wKh sonwe 
gooi ar^ Saiid a considerable range Of pasture^ »ot- 

.°''*V«TTihd^activfe habits and hardihood make them ^ 

""^S The airerage wdght of rams in good thrift U about 
830 potands and of ewes i8s pounds. 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) The strong inftfeion of S«JUthdown blood has given 
the Suffolks gwod maturing qualities, and , .t 

(2) m^ nursing quaJities of the dams favor the 
same in a marked degree in tl» Iwpbs. 

IV. Grazing qualities. 

(1) The Suffolks are aipital gnucers, but they want undu- 
lafting rather than violently hilly land. » • ... 

(2) They should graze wdl on ranges not mountamous 
^ in character. • ' 

V. Feeding qualities. 

(1) They feed fairiy well. . . 

(2) Their inclination to rangtoess m form 18 swnewHat 
against highest feeiSng qualities. 

VI. Quality of the meat 

a) In 1797, ArAur Young describe the mutton as hav- 
ing no superior in texture, grain or flavor. ^^ 

(2) These fine qualities are retained, and there have Ken 
added to jhem juiciness aftd a greatiy increased proportion of 
mtat with" fat and lean intermixed. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

<t) They have proved tMfcisdvesVry valuable for cross- 
ing upon the Merino grades of South America, and *ey 
should be specially vatag>le for this pur^se on ranges of 
moderate elevation. * .,..,*. 

' (2) They cross particulariy well on g«rdcs of the blociy 



vm. 

(l) Tlie 



Breeding qualities. ; 

,^, -li««e are exceptionally gcxk, hence In this respect 
they are not far behind the Dbrsets, and 

(2) JThe dam; toala exrentionallv eood nurses. 



.'. ^ 



4( 






^ ■♦ 



'A '■'■, 



:0,-:ikM::^'^: 



-M^ 



/ 



SUFFOLK DOWN SHEEP. 



241 



V 



to fanns wKh some 
ingc bf pastores, not 

}od make them good 

I good thrift is about 



[own Wood has given 

d 

; the dams favor the< 



I, but th«qr want undu- 
nges not mountainous 

in form is somewhat 



tes the motton as hav- 

d, and there have been 
ncreased proportion of 



[ grading. 

irery valuable for cro4s- 
,th America, and *ey 
purpose on ranges of 

n grades of the bloc% 



, hence in tiiis respect 

id 

good nar^s. 



c 



/'i. 



IX. Wool production. 

(1) In wool pfoduction, they sh«ar a ii^« n»o«*!^!J,!!j* 
SouUiiwnsT and STwool is about as fine as that of the Shrop- 

**"(2TTh"e'lve«ge fleece m^ be P«t at about seven to nine 
pounds unwashed. 
• X. Compared with Southdowns. 

(\\ Suffolk* are much larger, are adapted to more inten- 
sive cinltSf-^" relativel?^ better pastures, are better 

average makers and produce a heavier fleece- 

(2) Southdowns mature somewhat earlier, fatten more 
nuicklv and dress better on the block. u _»:i>-, 
^(i) In other essential characteristics they are much alike. 

STANDJMftD POINTS. 

• ■ f ' ■ 

I The following scale cfpoints was drawn 
up for Suffolks by the American Flock Registr)- 
Association in 1893 : points. 

(I) GeMtai ^^^MfoiMr^r-Pleasing outUne; good 
carriage and symmetry. of devek^ment ■ .^ • 7 

(a? General Fo««-Large m ««:*"«*'««* *f'°,^ 
in body; medium strength of bone; somewhat 
cylindrical in shape, and straight above, bdow 

and in the rear . .•._.• ^'i ' 1a 

(3) Tf^ad— Medium in size, m^Htomg to long, and 
"^ avered with fme, short glossy b%:k hair to the 

junctiott with the neck; a small quantity of 
clean, wWe wool oiv the. forehead is not 
objected to; mtfwle moderately fine, fV«^^y 
in ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of medmm 
length and fineiwss . . • •..,•. 

(4) JVwfc-Moderatriy long and well set. and bloid- 
* ing well with the body, with some crert « 

the rams < • •.•.•.:.. '-x^ 
fs> Paremmitri-^^ developed; breast, wide, 
deep and full; brisket broad; chest, <ap^po8, 
with good heart girth ; shoulders, broad. <*lique 
and wdtt filled in the neck-vem and crops, 
withers broad ; arm, well ^^^^^9^. ■ . ' „ 
Banet-^wma; back, ^t™*^ wSf^JK"? S^H 
fleshed throu^OHt ita entore lent*: ribj, wdj 
M>rung and moderatdy deq>; f«r#and hind 
flanks full.and deep . ... 
16 



#%■ 



15 



10 



<6) 



JS 



15 



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* 



^ 



X 






t 







* » 



■^ 



*Jt 



. ^ 



t » 



'\^ 



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» " 



toims. 



tail, broad 
wist, full-, 

am length 
ekn«e and 
ell apart . 
e, fine lus- 
tnat or felt 
' gray wool 
[toil. The 
except the 
1 hock ; and 
r, sdft and 



H 



ro 



100 



and heavier, and 

bare of wool ; the 
Hacker, and 
luite so dense. 



LECTURE NO. 13. 

HAMBSHIRE DOWN SHEEP — ORIGIN AND HISTORY, 
CHARACTERISTICS AND STANfARD POINTS. ^ 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 



» 



I. The Jlampshire Down is the outcome of a 
citMs of the improved Southdown upon the old Wilt- 
shire homed sheep and the oM Berkshire Knot 

(i) The did Wiltshires were the {digest of the fine wooled 
breeds of England, but they were liok SQnd ungainljl' in bo^jr: 
they were white or mottled in the bfgit and Iq^s, «iid htm 
sexes had horns. ,^ 

(3) The old Berk^ires were stnmg, •#» md t%«rous: 
one ^rpe only had horns, asd^ioth typn glieraBy liad dark 
faces and feet. 

(3) Both the Wiltshire and Beilcshire breeds had long 
and strong limbs, both had Iloman noses, atMlMh were very 
hardy, btti ircre hard feeders and tiiw in tsMumg. 

li. IHow improvonent was effected. 

(j) In very many instonca Sootiidown rams were osed 
upon the native ewes, but sonwttnies tlw native rams wei« 
med tQiOn Southdown ewes. " 

(a) A ^rtsful syst«n of sdecticai^ followed, juid after a 
time crossed rams of the progeny were chosen. 

(3) In this way a breed was fomwd whicltjretaine<l the 
size and hardihood of the old native breed| and the good «d- 
ing qualities of the Southdown. 

III. , When improvement was effjpcted 

(r) It commenced about the bi^nning of the century, or 
eVftn prior to that date, but 

(3) The iwrfecting of the breed bdcmgs rather 4o the last: 
than to the first half of th^ century. 

IV. There was^dc of tmiformity for a tin# 

in the lioc^roved Hwnpshire Downs, owing 

(i)^ To the vaHed tatan of the swthods of ImpKiwroeBt 
adopted, and 

243 






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e 



'N^ 



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3i 









'»'->> 










. »■ 



^^: 




HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 



245 



(2) To the variation* in soils In different sections D»herc 

''^i^^'^A^'Tn^^^^^^ been .brought to a 
hijf^ state iS«niionnity. 

V. . The improvers of Hampsjiire Downs, 
rn Early in the century many fanners engaged in the 
Work wiSt'^d^c^ed action; and hence without umform.ty 

''* ^U) About 1834 or 183s, William Humphry of Oak Ash. 
NewbuVy Snm^ a work which resulted^in Veat unprove- 

nwrnt to. the breed, and later _ /„^i,»r K» Mr Law- 

- (3) Inmrovement was carried stiff mrOttTln Mr. i-aw 
«nce of ffiridge, and Mr. Morrison of FonthiJl. 

VI. pistribution 91 Hampshire Downs, 
(i) Although this bredFori^rinatrf in the counties ot 
H. J^^AJrir^iftahire and Berkshire, they are now found to 

^■^'Sf-Prior-to the Civil war they «?« l"*/^"'^" ^°": 
sideh*le numbers into the southern states, but the flo^ were 
nracticallv amuhtldled during that contest. _ j« 

^(1)kSnmportatitm^to.the northern sto^ 

by iSmas Messengf of Great IJ«H;MaN J' '« '^^^^^^^ . 
importations were infrequent until within'the last two or tnree 

.decides. 

VII. Organizations. 

(I) A>«ociations in the interests ?f *!»« br^,.'»**»'^" 
formed both in Great Briuin and the United States. 
^)^he HMnpshire Down Breeders' Assoaatton of 

Ameriai ig. o^ni«dm iffl^^^^ Hampshire Down Flock 
jUcord was issued in 1890. ^ 

VIII. Distribution in the United States. 

(1) HamnsWres are now,dii^i«*!M.5n °'?1^1^*'' °* 
the Union anrsmall flocks ^st in ®ii»*io »nd QuAec. ^ 

(2) They are most mmierous m the rtates of New xonc, 

MicW^, 3^risylvania and OWo «!'« ^^f^f^^l^uth- 

(3) DisR-ibntion has not yet been exte^l^o the soutn- 
em and soutJiwestem sutes. "^ 



IX. Registration i^the Uniited Stales. 

(1) In all 7,45^ ammals have been rt^\^*^-. 

(2) Of these 3,<^ arc males and S,3P2 females. 



V\ 



f 



^ 



M 



.J' ^^ 





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a- 






'"^^m- 



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■f ''ii^ 




y« ^1 



■1', ';}mi^< 



y 



*^ . ",."■''.9 ,«llir '"f.^- 



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%-, 



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f'-1*- 



Jy to the 



246* T|b STl^ OP BREEDS. 

V - lisADING ci|A|tACT.El&13I£i. 

J I. dilative size. 



J^lS (i) In sioi the Hairijpshii'iiUriw'areli^ 

*^*" Oxfords among the ijiiddltfWcKrf breeds, and 
' second to th«i| m average weiirnt.,vv 

^ . ia) The «^«pnugQ|ite>gh|' of rsNI at matuHfiTa^d 
ISftl fleih a MBtlifc.D t8iU5aMBi>ouiid8 and of' ewes aoo pbtuuj 

"■'^r 

;' .'((J'^^M^^^^^^HII^HHr adapted to locations near 
' lar«r« ^l^^^^^^^^^^Hpid pasture lands are inter- 
■X vl^^^^^^^^KBrnmba fo^ the earjy tnarka|f(, . 

"f^t In^uffiliFQl^Jp^ are best adapted to an inten^ve 

'" XII. E^rly maturing qualities. 

: ) Thaw arejCxcdUent 
X2} Tbeil^pmduce fambs of heavier weight at an earii^ , 
h is dlaihliMi^thiln any other breed. C{- 



ill ..♦ 



!^V. Grazing qualities. 



(i*) These are g<Jod when the pastures art not too 
., broken, a» ^ , ' \ 

K (2) The staying po#ers of the old originals breeds have 
in 9 measure be«i retained; ' 

V. Feedfng, qualities^ 

(i) Here aJsok they excel,'' as^has been amply testified by 
tbdr 'winnings at leading fat' stock shows, 

(aV Kampshlre» may Im; fattened at an early agqi and th^ 
stand forcing welj. *' 

(3) Lambs have frequently been made to gvh a pdund 
per day from birth until marketed. 

VI. Quality of the miat. 

(i) The meat is juicy and tender, and ordinariW has the 
fat and lean well intc^nixed^ but • / 

(2) The proportion of the bone is larger tljAn in some 
breeds. 

VII. 'Value in crossing and gradiiiig. 

(i) Hunpshires are specially 4aluab]e;it/cro$&ing 
eatiy and quick t&atnrit^ and hnig^silzed >tmib» gre vt 



% 




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>% 




ri. ' 



'■> 



^ 



> .-< 



»• 




hampshire'down sheep. 



247 



to locations near^ 
lands are intef- 
e early tnark<^, , 

d to an inteiiA^ve 



|ht at an eariiitr 



es are not too 
inal^breeds have 

mply testified by 
irly ag<|and they 
to K4ih a pf^and 



rdinarily has the 
er tlum in some 

/crosdng wl 
mbs ai^ wa 



\ 



.^JVTl 



<« 



\ 



«ana «io« especially where the ewes are of the compact and 

^ """"(aTlSin^s from ci^ossbfed ewes may be made to attain 
' "^uch »i«e at an torly age. 

4 VIIL Breeding qualities. 

(I) The«e are eatceHent, as good milking and good breed- 

' ,'"' '!S"Sefinhfrit their good breeding qualitie. from the 
i old original bre^sds. 

" IJC. ♦ Wl»>l production. 

(t) They shear somewhat heavier fleeces than the &)uth- 
,downs, averaging probably from seven tp>ten pounds per fleece. 

'*"*^)* The woor is of medium l«;ngth; but a little coarser 
perhaps than Shropshire wo<d. 

X. Compared with Sotithdowns. 

(1) Hampshire are much larger, are more prolific and 
better milkers and prodiice a heavier fleece. j^^uit, 

(a) Southdown* have wider adaptation, especially in their 
grazing qualities, and dress somewhat better on the Wock. 

(3) In other respects they.ase nearly equal. _ 

, ■ , ," *.# 
STANDARD) POINTS. 

I. The following is^h^ standard of excellence 
drawn up hy the Ataerican Hampshire Down Breed- 
ers' Association in 1890 : 

(i\ Htad and LegtrrA ,, " . 

(ai Head, modewtely large, but not coarse; well covered 
with wool on forehead and cheeks. 

(b) i^ostrils, wide. , , . 

(c) Color (head and legs). daA browi^ or Wack. 
Yrfj> Eyes, prominent and lustrous. * 

(e) Eats, moderately long and thih, and darfc broHni or 
black in color. ^ . , .. . 

(f) Legs, well under outside of body, straight, with goo4 
si^e of bone; black. . ^l i s^ 

(ay Neck, ShQuUers find Chetkm ■ . ^ _ ^ 

(a) Neci, a regul- r taper f rofti shoulders to head, without 

any hollow in front of shoulders, set big* up on body. 

Cfe] ShOtdders, dopinjf. full,.^d not higher than the hne 

of bade ind nedk. ' 



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HE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(() Chest, de 
prominent and 



and full in the heart f^ut, with brcMt 



SI.'*- 



, _, Jack, itraifljit, with MI spring of rib. 

\b) Loin, wide and !ttrai|^t, withont depression in front 
of hips. 

(c) Quarters, long from hips to mmp,..jRi$hout slewing, 
and deep in thigh. Broad in hips and rump with full hsmf. , 
Inside of tbi^s fuU. 

II. Scale of points. 

WMSTS. 

(i) H#a<fcr-Size and shape, 5; CvK^ «n<l ears,. 3; 
color, 5; legs and feet, a . . .15 
'* (a) Neck, Shomldtrt wd fir«MN~Neclc, 5 ; shoul- 
ders, 10; chest and breast, 15 30 

f 3} So<f3H-Back and loin, 15 ; ribs, 5 ..... ao. 
- (4) QtMirf«rj— Lei^th, IQ; width, 10; twist, S . 35 
(s) If'tfol— Forehead and cheeks, a; belly, well rov- 

ered, 3; quality, 5 . . .... • lO " 

Perfection . . ... . . 100 

III. Compared with Southdowns. 

(i> Hampshires are mudi larger and longer and are 
more Kuwy. v 

(3) Are stronger in the head, ears and limbs. 

(3) Are darker in the face and i^^p, and 

(4) Are a little longer and considerably more open in 
fleece. 1^ 




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widiout aloping, 
with full ham*. { 



POIMTS. 

I ears,. 3; 

. IS 

S; shotU- 
.... 30 
. . . . ao. 

ist, s . as 

, well cov- 

. . • 10 • 

100 

S. 

longer and are 

mbs. 

y more <^>en in 



LECTURE NO. 14. ' 

joxford dowjjs— origin and history, charac- 
teristics AliD STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Oxford Downs originated in a cross of 
Cotswold rams upon Hampshire ©own ewes, and to 
a limited extent prol»bly on Southdown ewes. 

(1) Their deanly cut profile, the thinner nose, the Itmgcr 
forelock, the longer and thinner ear, and the compact form of 
the body are derived from the Cotswold parent, and ^ ,,,■ 

(2) The dark face and legs, the comparatively close fleece 
and the good quality of the mutton are largely due fo the 
Down parentage. 

IL When improvement was effected. 
(1) These crosses cannot be traced beyond the year 

{2>;It is thought that no outside blood has been intro- 
dficed since 1854. \' 

III. How improvement was effected. 

(1) Sometimes the crosses were from one parent breed 
and sometimes from the other, .but more comradnly Cotswold 
males were used. , • ^v . 

(a) Those who made them at first were seeking the 
improvement of mutton and wool qualities rather than the 
estjd>lishment of a new br^sed. , 

(3) After a time the improvement secured waimore than 
maintained, through J udicious selection and matii^. 

ly. The leading improvers of the breed. 

(i) Foremost amoi^ these is Samuel Druce of Eynsham, 
Oxonj^i^f^dshire, who commenced the work of crossing m 
1833? 



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OXFORD DOWNS. 



251 



(a) At a Uter period- the natnet of William Gillett of 
Sooth Lei^, J. GUl«t of Brize Norton and J. Hitchman of 
Little Milton are prominent among the many who helped to 
improve the breed. 

V. Recognition at exhibitions. 

-L^ (i) They were first recognized as a distinct breed by the 
^Bf^al Agricultural Society in i8^ „ . - * . . 

, (a) For many years they were exhibited as crossbred*, 
and were first called Oxford JDowns in 1857. 

VI. Distribution of Oxford E|pwns. 

(1) The original central home of Oxford Downs was the 

of Oxford, but now they are somewhat numerously 

ft in several of the neighboring counties. 

» v^) They are fc«md in nearly every state and kmgdom 

in Europe, j[n South Africa, Australia, South Amcricai Canada 

and the United States. 

VII. Importations to the United States and 



) Oxford Downl* wera- first imjported to the United 
lin 1853 ^ R. S. Fay of Lynn, Mass., and William C. 

^ince i^ considerable importbw has been dom; both 
!d States and Canada. 

ipiatalions. 
has received attention both in England 



by tl 




Distribution in the United Stat« and 




O) Re- 
and America. ^ 

(a) The America^ Oxford Down Sheep Record .AsMCia- 
tion was organized in 18S4. 

IX. 
Canada. 

(l) Oxford Downs an? distributed over thirtjr-one states 
of the Union and over nearly all the orovinccs of Canada. 

(a) Onurlo, Indiana, Illinois, New 'York and Wisconsin 
are the great centers of distribution, and probably in the order 
named. 

X. Registration in the United States. 

(i) MqTiUkm 18,800 Oxford Downs have been recorded, 
of yrhi% pearly 8,000 are rams and the remainder ewes. 

(a) The nurt^ of individuals recording is 619, of whom 
14a are in Ontario. 



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tmt STUDY OF BKEKDS. 



V- 



LKAIHNO CHABACTEKISTXCS. 

I. Relative mm. 
(i) The Oxiord Down* are the largest aod heavieat of 

the Down breed*, and they are al^o probably Jw«trt« than the 
lutj^xuten in average weight. - . , . . : 

(a> When in good flesh Oxford Down nana ahoold weigh 
about »5o to a75 poonda at maturity ahd the ew« ri»out aoo 
to aas pounds. 

II. Adaptability. 
(I) Oxford Downs are best adapted to arable sertipos 

where the kada produce good pattorea. but they will do fairly, 
well on coarae berhafps. .... a-^ . *w-« 

(a) They are better adiqitcd to intensive condittons than 
to thoMe <^pposite fn character. 

III. Early matining qtialitics. 

-(i) These are at least average, 
(a) The lambs attain heavy weights when one year dd. 

IV. Grazing qualitiw. 

(i) Like the Cotswold, they »raae well for so heavy ^ 

breed« Wt 

(a) Thej- Aould mt be hept on rug«ad or hroiuta pwh 

tures. 

V. Feediilg qtiaUties. . 
(x) They wiH moke good gaWfor a king perh>d, owin« 

to their gieat scale, but ..... j 

(a) To suit the maricets of to-day, tiiey shonld be fattened 

whenyoung. ' . ' . 

VI. Quality of the meat. | 
(i) The meat, like that of aU the Down httedt, ranks | 

(a) It is abHn4ant in quanttty, of medium foeness of ^ 
grain and well intermixed, >§ 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Wherever Jambs arc wanted of large sire, good ntait- 
ton qualities and good producers of heavy fleeces of median 
wool, th(i Oxford Ekjwn* will make a good cross. Xw 

(a) Where ^urturts arc good they have been found to "^ 
cross well upon Merinos, but not under conditions the 






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beftvkr tlun tihc 

mis rtKWId «feJ|^ ^" 
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Ibey will do fairly 

e coadition* than 



tn one year old. 

II for io heavy « 
d or broken pas- 

}ng period, owing 
diould be fattened 

iwn breeds, ranks 
iAivaaci fineness of 

iding. 

ft size, good Hidt- 
ftoi^es of mediwn 
ross. >v, 

ve been fonnd to' 
;r cooditioos the 



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(t) These are-very good. 

(a)TW breed regnlariy. have lair prolificacy and are 
jood milkers and nurses. 

IX. Wool prodttCtiori. 

(I) The wool is coarser thiin In any of the other jDown 
brteds, but it is also considerably heavier to the fleece. 

(a) In well kept flocks, the average fleece should weigh 
frpm tierf to twelve pounds, unwashed. 

X. Compared with fhe Southdowns. 

(1 ) Oxford Downs are mwch larger and heavier., arc 
better adapted to Intensive conditions and also for crossing 
when increase in siic and weight of wool are wanted. 

(2) Southdown* mature more quickly, have a wifler range 
of general adaputlon and are; better suited for crossing and 
gruing when refinement in form and quality is desired. 

(3) In other essentials they are about equal. 

STANDAui) POINTS. ' "^ 

i. The following is the scale of points adopted 
by the American Oxford Down Record Association . 

SBKKO TYPE OP AKIMAiS. ' 

POINTS. 

(i) Form of a good general appearance, made by a 
'well balanced confomiation, free from coarse- 
ness in any part, and showing good style both 
at rest and in motion . . . . . 

(2) Head of moderate length and wid.h between 
the ears and between the eyes, and well covered 
with wool over poll and down to the eyes. Color 
of face, an even dark gray or brown, either with 

or without gray spot on tip of nose . . . o 

(3) When fully matured and in good condition, 
rama should weigh aso to 35© pounds, ewes 
i8o to ajfs pounds . . . . • • '5 



tS 



(4) Ears medium size, not too thic 
brown or dark gray color^ 

(5) Legs rfiort, strong hi bori^ 
dant gray or brown ojlor, pfa 
the body and well apart 




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of ev«i 

(uarely umder 



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254 TflE STUDY OF l^R^EDS. 



cwMswnrnoif. " 

(6) Large around Ut^ heart and wide ancr tiJiIf in 
'^ the chest* '. ■ '. . . ... . . ,io 

,(7V The movement • 'St be bold and vigorous . I S 

(8) Eyerf, bold, prominent and bright ... 4 

' x^ Skin, bright pink in color ....... 3 

(10) Neck strong and muscular^ in rams and well set, 

on in bdth sexes . . . . . ^ . 3 

^mhroHirtbi ahd quauty. 

(it) Wide and straighj^ on top of shoulders, back, 
loin and rump, from base of neck to tail '\ 

(13) Full sbdulders and thighs, well meatedbpth 
inside and outside . ^ . ' 

(13) Flanks well filled and strong so as to make the 
low«r lines of the body as ftraight as possible, ■ 

, and side lines sttaij^t or rather fulli- . . .4 

(14) The whole earcass evenly 'covered with good, 
wdl marbled meat . ^ '. . . .'.'*' 6 

W0(HL 

(is) Fleetfe of moderate length,' close and of even 
quality, covering th* whole carcass we}1, and 

« .^ free fron\ black patches upon the bo<^, J^eck 
or head . . . . . . . ./. .15 








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Perfection 



.." of 



100/ 



II. The following additional pm^ are sub- 
mitted:" . 

X I ). The color o^ the face and legs is if^ually t little darker 
tljan brown. ' j», • 

(a) ^The rear bortion of the checks is floidijd with wool. 
' (ih^bi t^Ts have but moderate ^ttetiOBK^mtif. 
' (2jjmt legs are usually darker than bnM|Fand the fore 
legs are thound rather than flat. • / 

■^ '») The moviment is at l^ast modei^tay vtfprous. 



'is) The moviment is at l^ast modei 

(6) £;y^ «t leaSt .moderately bold. 

(7) Keck^ inclining to round, o^f mt^ 



. , miedium loigth, not latge 
at'the junction With the head and increasing graddally in width 
-and depth until it blends nicely with the Ihdtilder and breast 

(8) Shoulders and^tg^s; (>road.. . 

(9) Otrcass, evenQf, «>vered with meat. ^ 

III. ' General A ppearance-^ThtO^ordDoym'^/^ 
is p. lio-ge, substantial a^d stately locking. sheq>, . 



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OXFORD DOWNS. 



255 ' 



d vigorous . l' i 
iht .' . . 4 

...... 3 

tms and well set 

. . . f . ' 

AUTY. 

shoulders, back, 
:k to tail . .^5 
dl meatedbpth^'^ 

I as to make the 
igfat as possible, - 
r {uHk. . . .. 4 
sred with goodi 

. o 



>se and of even 
trcass we^l, and 
the bod^, iifeek 
. . , /. .15 

. ... ^ . W,f 

a! pcAttts are sub- 

'. i^^nally i litde darker 

is cojHy[ with wool. 

ictio^HHRdsy. 

»i brMvand the fore 



neither rangy nor yet of the most compact or low set ^ 
type and cov^ed with a heavy fleece of medium 
wool whicfi stands at right angles to the body. 

; IV. Compared with\Sou^downs. 



(i) They are much larger, heaviet^ and stronger in bone. 
■. (a) They have a longer head, coi^derably longer ears 
and much longer foret<|p of wool. .... , 

(3) The face and legs are more of a dark brown in 
color, and *#, ' , . *• . 

(4) The fleece is very mudh longer, heavier and coarser. 

* V. , Compared with Shropshir^ , 

^ (i) l^ey .are considerably sti-ongeiK^n rody, and not &o 

■long for thn width. - . : . f//* . ,. , u.J 

(3) They are longer in h«ad aM^ear and have less but 
toriger wool on headi . , n 

(3) The face and legrare not so darl^ and 

(4) The fleisce is very mu<A heavier and coarser. 






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dium leiigtft, sot lacge , 
tng gradibny in width 
: shoulder and breast 

Tht Oxford Down-*, * 
ly locking, sheep, 






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LONG WOQLEP BREEDS 



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LECTURE NO. 15. 



LEICESTER SHftEP—OKlCiK AND HISTOR¥> CHARAC- 
TERISTICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY, 

I. The Leicester breed of sheep is so named 
from the county in England in which it originated. 

(r) It was formerly frequenUy spoken of w tfie New 
mmey breed, from ttie lu«m-«f'RoJ|Kt Bakewcll,.its origi- 
i»tor. wJk* Jived at Di^ey Hall, nearTxmaWxJKi, m Lewei- 

ter^re, bat . . .*_ « t • * 

(a> It was more cotmrnmly taiown as aw New Leici"-*— 

n. Tte formation of the breed. 

(i) The Improved Leicester was built upon a foimd^on 
of the old long wooled kheep of the ne^^borhood. commoidy 
spoken of as the Old Dishley breed. ; . ;> 

(2) They were large, coarse, long and thin m the carcassv 
had flat sid^s, large bones and thidt, rou^ l^s; their wool ' 
was long and coarse arRi they were withal slow a^ers. 

III. When improvement was effect^. 

(i) Rjcewcll comn*en6ed the work of imprpvement h. 
irss, or abwit l4«t date, and continned it until his death. 

(a) He left an ajOmal so perfectly develoi>;4d that there 
was left little chwice for fwrther improvetnent lujless m the 
Itee of wool production. 

IV. How improvemeni: was effected. 

(I). Britewell invariably chose animals for breeding wWd» 
n;»fae«<i^ in tl«! highest A«ree the qualities which *e sp^t. 
^^3)I& ren^red tiuum penawMsit by coafinued sdfcctlmi 
sad in-aad-in breftJiBg. 



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258 THE STUDY OF BKEBOS. 

V. Leading qualities sought^by Bakewell. 

(i) Greater sjTOmetry of form. 

(a) Improved qualities of food assimilation and fattenmg. 

(3) An earlier maturity. ^ - , . 

(4) A reduction in the proportion of bone and ottaU and 

(5) Greater develt^ment in the parts most valuable pn 
the block. , jfg, 

VI. Weaknesses resulting from Bakewell's 
methods. 

(i) Too great a delicacy of Constitution. 
{2} A less d^ree of prolificacy. 
(3) ImiMired milking qualities, and 
<4) Aa insufficient wool product 

VII. System of ram letting. 

(•i)* This system wems to have been first introduced by 
Bakewell. ... " 

(2) At first he could only realize 17s. and 6d per ram 
for the season, but ere long he readily secured 100 guineas 
for the best animals. 

(3) In 1789 be was paid 6,200 guineas for tti<» «!«> of 
his rams. 

VIIL Distribution of tlie breed. 

(1) Within fifty yeai-s from (|he estaUishment of the New 
Leices^r breed it had supet^^Abd n«^rly all the long wooled 
breeds in England, or had been so mingled with them as to 
obliterate their fonror distinction. 

(a) Years a^ they were more widely distributed in 
other «>untriei» than any of tfee British brec<b. 

(3) They were intrdd Virginia and New Jersey 

prior to the War of Indepe sid &ter into other states, 

particularly New York, wJiere tor a time they became the jpre- 

vailinir hrwed, but they hiyr^hot ij*.':vnM an extensive foothold 

■■^st' , ■" / " 

I .; They were fij^^y^rti. 
Rev. Mr. Toofy oif Quebw:, atjd in . 
bwn user* "•— •liog to a greater 
,br«^8 cc 

IX. J 
well a«d the isoraer. 

^ (1) The latter are of t^-' 
■' well Leicester, but tlfey 
compMtt. 



t, H^'d't 



Leicesters, viz., the Bake 



flwwrrf style a« d«e Bak«- 
thoi^ m>t qnii^ so 






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LEICESTER SHEEP. 



259 



ty Bakewell. 

ition and fattening. 

lone and o£Fal, and 
otost valaaMe on 

^in Bakewell's 



io- 



»a. 



first introduced by 

. and 6d per nun 
vxettt too gttineas 

as for the hire of 



k1. 

sfament of the New 
ill the long wooled 
•A with them as to 

ely dirtrihttted in 



iia and New Jersey 
:r into other ^tes, 
wy became the pre- 
! e:!^tensive foomoW 

abotit iS 

lion they 

all the 



iZ., the Bake- 

i styfe M the E^«- 
ly^ not ^(e so 



(a) They are also more prominent in the nose, have, 
whiter faces and legs, bnt are more inclined to bareness on 
the belly. 

X. Organizations. 

Xi) It is simply unexplainable that St breed which has per- 
formed so prominent a part in the formation of other breeds 
should have been so many years without organized protection 
in G<%at Britain. ' . , ^ . . 

(a) The American Leicester Breeders' Association was 

forttaed in i888. 

XI. Distribution in the United States and 
Canada. 

(i) Pure bredXeicesteps are now recorded from twenty- 
one states and provinces of Canada. . , , . 

(a) In laie United Stated th^y are most numerously kajt 
in Michi^n, Pennsylvania, Oriigon, Nebraska, Iowa and Illi- 
nois, and in the order named. ' . rt .. • * 

(3) In Canada they are most numerously kept m Ontano, 
New Brunswick, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and British 
Columbia, and in the order ,named. ... 

(4) It is thought that Ontario possesses more Leicesters 
than all the states combined. _ 

XII. Registration in the United States. 

(1) Two volumes of the flock book ^ve bseen issued 
and 3^ animals are recorded, dl, which 958 »«"« males and 
a^jaS females. 

(2) Owing to their e«rly introduction into this country 
the number of grades is rcflatively faf greater in proportion to 
die pure breds than with the other bteedf. 

LEADIlfO CHAaACPERfSTlCS. 

* I. Relative size. 

(i> Leicesters »fe not so heavy as th^J^Dtswolds or Lin- 
ofdM. Iwt they welis^ more thai^any of ^e middle wooled 
bra<Mdi tmMi the Hl^ipkhire Down and Oxford.I^wn. 

<») The avenjae weight <A *a mittnft LefwJter ram in 
good fleA may hellfcit at sas to 250 p<^iimIb and of a ewe at 
ij^ to aod potuids.; 



rheySadply' 



iy adapted to arable s«c9rioM, u^ 



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7l60 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



/ 



ii) To donates which produce an abundance of succuleitt 
vegetsdc^ 

Ifl. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) No breed excels them m early maturing qualities or iw, 
lytetude 60 fatten at an early age, h«nce , . 

(2) They aie easy keepers, and the lambs can be marketed 

IV. dazing qualities. 

(i) these ar$ pnly fair, as they are not particularly well 
adapted to "roughing it," but \. ^ .. v 

(a) They ams eminently adactted to folding and feeding oil 
specialty prepared pastures, as turnips and rape. 

V. Feeding qtialities. 

( 1) These are of the very best. ■« 
(a) No other breed is more docile, f«eds more qniady, or 

gives a better return for flie food fed. . 

VI. Quality of the nieat. 

(i) The mej^t is juicy and plentiful an^ the offal is 
light, but " .^^ 

(2) The proportion of fat is large, and it is laid on too 
much externally. 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) >Io breed will render hetter service in crossing where 
early maturity and good fleshing and easy keeping qualities art 
sou^t, and 

(2) High grade Leicesters are equally well adapted for 
being crossed upon by the Down breeds. 

(3) Such crosses usually lessen the size sOmewtmt, but 
they improve the quality of t-e meat 

VIII. Breeding qualities. 

(i) Like the highly improved Southdowns they are not 
specially noted for prrtificacy and high milkjhg qualities, but 

(2). When properly managed there will bf no tro^e 
from the sources nataea. 

IX. Wool production. 

( j) The fleece dioold av*i%ge from nine to eleven pounds 
of unWashed wool. 

(a) The w>ol is lustrous, and is perh^s the fiiuest pro- 
duced' by Ae long wooled breeds. 






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LEIOKTER SHEEP. 



261 



lance of succulent 



PRINCIPAL POINTS. 



ing qiialities or tn>„ 
i can be marketed . 



particularly well 

^g and feeding ctb 

9C. 



I more quickly, or 

an4 the offd is 
it is laid on too 

kding. 

in crossing where 
q>iiigqin]|ties&r<: 

well adapted' for 

zt 8dmewtot,'but 



wns they are not •. 

iciftg qualities, but '4l 
ill h% no trouUe ,f 



e to eleven pounds 



^:s' 



I. In the absence of an authorized scale of 
.^JltS^Jtk.foHowing is stibmitted. t 

(i) ^i»e--MediunC*ini'trteMi»nB;»te,i^^ 

(a) General OufhW— Symmetrical, parallelogrammic s!l*»^.,. 
everywhere well proportionedi 

(3) Hwd— Small for the size of tha body, but much 
stronger in the rams, somewhat long and finei" tapering toward 
the muzzle, and R^man-nosed, especially in the B^ij^er 
varieties. ' ''' 

(o) It is snowy white when young, But becomes some- 
what darker with age, and the same is true of the 4egs. 

(b) It is usually entirely free from wool, but sometnties 
there is very short wool, covering.a part of the forehead. Which 
is broad, as is ajsD the poll. ^ ' ., 

(c) &re, prominent, with a qtrtet wcpression. 

(d) airs, thin, moderately loag, and without droop; 
(4)- 2V<»<:*— Short rather than loni;, round rather than flat, 

rtratght above, fine at the junction with the head, broad and 
deep at the l»se and carrying the head with but moderate 
erection. \ - , 

(5) Bocif—Wide and straight from base of neck to tail- 
head and well covered in every part when in. good flesh. 

(a) Withers, broad, close and level. 
- (b) Loin, wide, strong and full. • 

(6) Forequartert—¥viAy equal in development to the 
hindquarters. . ' ^ 

(a) Shoulders, H>Je'X*'*y rounded out from the withers 
and blending nicely with a full, neck-vein and crops. 



Vl 



(b) Chest, very wide and deeg. 
(c) 



Bi^t, to correspond with cheat in width and depth 
and bMutifutly filled and rounded. 

(d) Biisket, ,wide, rounded and well forward. 
(tf Forearm, broad, full and neatly tapering. 

(7) florr*/— Only moderately long in the barrel and nicely 
rounded out. , , , 

(9) Ribs, close, camming well forward and backward and 
of round and deep" spring. 

(b) Fore uid hind flanks ^lally low and full. 

ic) Heart girth and flank gifth.excellent and^b<Mrt equal. 

(d) Un<fcrliije, straight. 

(8) Hindqtarttn-'-iJmz, wide and deep, \ak sonwtdaes 
diere is tover mtt^h narrowing toward the buttock. 

(a) Hips, Iaii|e, leVel on top with line of back aad on nek 
wHh barrel. 

^67 Crupper, cnased above the spind cdumh. 






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THE SfUDY OF BREEDS. 



(c) Thighs, broad, full and nicely tapCring toward ,hocki 

(d) But^kk, square and straight. p ■ 
('*), Twist, full, bi^d and low. ( 

(9) Leg$--Oi moderate length and fine rather than coarse 
iit bone, white in color, bare of wool on the lower half of the 
length and standing straight and wide apart , . 

(10) PUece — ^The wool is of good length, glossy and of 
good fiber, aiid should cover the whole carcass save the head 
and legs. 

(a) It hangs in fine spirals at the outer surface nither 
than in masses, and . 

(b) The ikin under it inclines to thin, soft, elastic and 
!• of a pinkish tinge. 

11. General Appearance — The Leicester is 
symmetrically, evenly and plimiply developed, has a 
massive and yet refined frame, a restful but not slug- 
gi^ carrii^, and is, when in eood form, a, beat;tiful 
animal. 



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LECTURE NO. i6. 

uncoln sheep^-origin and history, charac- 
tiMtics and staiward points. 






' ORIGIN AND HISTORYi 

- * ■ 

i, Thh breed has long inhabited the lowlands 
of Lincolnshire and to some extent other counti<fes on 
the (?ast coast of England., 

" (i) their vahie was not rea^^ked to any great extent 

beyond their native county and thos* adjoining H Pjipr to 1850. 

. (3) Now they are found over the wh«rte of Lincoln and 

Jutland, and over parts of several of the neim^bortng counties. 

IL A century ago they were large, ungainly 
animjJs with an immense fleece of ragged, oily Wool. . 

ii) They had thick, large necks with flabby dewlw),' were 
forward in the shcailder. had flat ribs, and deep bdlie«, and 
were ii©ii*ed.:to lay on j^t at the ruinps jind ijntcmally. ^ " 

(») TTwy- were core^ed ivith wool eVen looger thM» ^t 
present. >, _ ; :^-'^' ^,. 

II|. How improvement was effected^ v^ 

(i) The old Lincolns werf *hi«iy improved throui^the 
f«e uie 6f leidester blobdumditu|tfo?ed modes of breeding 

and fe^M[. \ - . . '■-. >i 

(at) Thi Lettefler cross gr^ly improlred the symmetry 
and &te fe«dltfig qtiutties of the Lincolns. 

IV. Recognition at the shows. . • 
(i) The Lincolns were first recoicnixed as a pure brefcd 

hy the Htmti Agricaltaral Society in 1862. 

(a) imon that* time th«y could only be Uiewn in the 

general tong wooled classes. 

, V. Distribution in. Other oaintries. 'T** 

(i) Lincolns bave found their way into Australia, J^i[|b 
ZedMM, Soi^ Afric*, South America, CaW^AiiMd &• UnOTT 
Statt^ but " 

263 



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UNCOLN SH8EP. 



265 



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(a)%ey h»ve not *»<««> "o numeroiujly lirtrodueed into 
Canada and the United Sutea a« many of the other hreed*. 

(1) They werjc first imported into the United Sute» by 
teonani D. gift ♦)» OirroeK N. Y., in 1836. 

VI. Oii^nizations. 

(i) The breeders of Lincolns have been somewhat 1^^ 

*" ^^tr'T^f National American Lincoln Sheep Bfeedi 
'Association was organized iu 1891. 

VII. Distribution in the United States and 
Canada. 

(i) Lincoln sheep are distribtited throughout nuuiy of the 
northern and middle sutes and In several of the province! ol 
Canatbu 



Ewe 



V.UIBW1. ^ ^^^ ^^^^ nupfjcrous in Michigan, Wisconsin, 

Blinoi^ Colorado and Ohio, and probably in the order named. 

Vlll. Registration in the United States. 

(O There 'hsve been recorded 6,ai5 animals by the 
National Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Association. ^ ^ 

(a) Of these about 2,500 are rams and the remainder ewes. 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size. 

-- (i) Lincoln's are considered the largest and heavleat of 
the doBMWticated breeds, and their wein^t is even greater rela- 
tively than their ^ize. . j a 1. 
(a) The average weight of matured rams m good flesh 
may be put at 27s to 300 pounds ihd of ewes at 225 to 250 
pounds. ' 

II. Adaptability. 

. (1) Lincolns are best adapted to arable sections where 
production is abundant and where the pastures are level rather 

^ ty j^g^ a%iil^f 

. (2) When kept in the pore form they are best adapted to 
an intensive cultivat^, but when crossed opMi M<M-Jnc» the 
progeny do well on* tife ranges. 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(!) Lincolns mature very quickly for their great s\w, but 
(a) On the condition that food supplies are plehufw all 
the time. 



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266 



»HK STUDY OV BREEDS. 



IV. Grating qualities. 

(i) Lincotns are adapted only to such grazing lands aa 
are pfpductive and level, or gently undulating, hence 
. (a) They answer admiiahly where (olding is desired. 

V. Feeding qualities, 

(i) Lhicolns rank very high in feeding qualities, 
(a) .Their docility, improved breeding and vigorous diges- 
tion enable them to make good returns tor the food fed. 

VI. Quality 6f the meat. 

(i) Lincolns dress well and furnish a large proportion of 
good meat, but 

(a) The amount of fat -is large, and the grain and flavor 

of the 



ar« not equal tp those in some < 



middle wool Sifceds. 



VII. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Lincolns may be profitably used in crossing where 
increased aiie and greater weight of fleece are wanted, but 

(a) When so used the fo6d supplies should be adapted to 
the improvements made. 

m A cross of t'e Lincoln upon the grade Merino has 
long oeien a favorite with many ranchmdn in the United States, 
Mia more particularly in Australik 

VIII. Breeding qualities. 

(i) These are fair when the animus are Vept in condition 
not too high, but 

(a) They are not more distinguiahed for proliflcacy than 
the other long wooled breeds. 

V IX. Wool production. 

(i) In wool production, Lincolns are seldom excelled as 
to the weight of the fleece, which should not be less on an aver- 
age in good flocks than twelve to Jourteen pounds, unwashed. 
^ (a) In fineness of aualitv it is nearly the same as the 
Leicester, some authorities daiiniiag that it is the finer ol 
the two. 



X. Compared with Leicesters. 



(i) The Lincolns are considerably larwr and heavier 
th^ the Leicesters and tatty a considerably heavier fleece. 

(a) The Leicesters have teen crossed upon other breeds 
for their improvement to a much greater extetit than the 
Lincolns. ' i 



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6. 



1 grazing land* «• 
ing, hence 
ing U (teaired. 



( qualitiea. 
md vigorous diges- 
the food fed. 



large proportion of 

he grain and flavor 
e woot^reeda. 

rading. 

in croasing where 
afe wanted, but 
sould be adapted to 

grade Merino, has 
It the United States, 



re kept in condition 
for prolificacy than 



seldom excelled as 
t be less on an aver- 

pounds, unwashed. 
\y the same as the 
"it is the finer of 



tatt(er and heavier 
ly heavier fleece. 
1 upon oAher breeds 
er extent than the 



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267 



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(3) In other essential characteristics thej^-ftlendrffretch, 
other somewhat closely. 



STANDARD POINTS, 



I. 

by the 
tion: 

(I) 

(a) 

(3) 
(4) 

(s) 

(6) 
(7) 

(8) 
(9) 



The following is the scale of points adopted 
National Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Associa- 




CoHstitution— Body deep, back *ide — 
Btrai^tLwide and full in tli)^ thigh, bright large 
eyes; slcin soft and of a pink color . , 
Surf— Matured rams not less than 250 pounds 
when in good condition, matured ewes not .less 
tlan aoo pounds . . . • , . '- 
Appearance-^Good carriage and syirimetry of 
form . ■', . . • • -^ ^ ■ 
Body— Well proportioned, good . bone and 
length; broad hindquarters; legs standing well 
apart, breast wide and deep . 
HiTorf-^SJiould be covered with wool to the 
ears; tuft on forehead; ctcs expressive; ears 
fair length, dotted or mottled in color . 
Neck— Medium length; good musde,'well set 
on bd^ ^ ....•• • 
L*^*— Broad and set well apart; good shape; 
color white, but some black spots do not dis- 
qualify ; wooled to the knees . . . ■ . 
Fleeet— Of even l^gth and quality over body; 
not less than eight inches long for one 
year's growth . . . \ ^ " . 
Quality of Wool— Rather fine; long wool; 
atix>ng, lustrous fiber ; no tendency to cot . 



Perfection 



JPOINTS. 

and 



as 



10 



10 



»5 



10 



ID 



10 



100 



II. As the above scale of points is somewhat 
lacking in detail, the following additional particulars 
are submitted : " 

(i) Stff— Medium for the breed, but varying to suit the 
conditions of enyironment. 

(3) General Outline^StTong, broad, massive. 

(3) Hfod^-Mediuta but rather stronger than in the 
Leicester, and of a somewhat darker tinge. 






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THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



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(a) The nose is scarcely so fine as in the Leicester. 

(bj A tuft of rather short wool is found on the upper 
part of the broad forehead. 

fc) &«, large, clear, restful. 

(a) Eatt, brqader rdatively than in the Leicester, fairly 
long and dotted. ♦ > 

^4) Neck— Mediam in length, but inclining to short 

(a) Not large at the head, straight above and so enlarged 
as to blend perfectly at the shoulders. 

' (b) Throatiness is to be avoided eVen iii the rams. 

^5) Sa<:fc— Straight, broM iiad wide to the tatlhead. 

(a) The withers and Idin Jiave much width, and « 

(b) The back should carry much flesh. 

(6) Foreqturters—Ot plump development, fully e^ual to 
that in the hindquarters. 

' / ' Shoulders, large, fully and smoothly rounded out and 
wei^co^ered with flesh. 

ffrj^ChMt, wide and cylindrical. 

(c) Brrast, broad, deep, full and nicely roan<led out 

(d) Briaketi broad, rounded and well forward. 
' (7) Ba»W/— Mediaiii in length, cylindrical. 

(a) Rjb8,\lose, well sprung from the spinal odnnAi and 
Ctiming wdl forward and backward. 

(b) Crops, full and even with shoulder. ^ 
^ (c) Fore and hind flanks, full and low. 

(d) Heart girth a>^ flank girth, excdleqt and about equal. 

(e) Underline, straight 

(8) HMquarters— Long, iHiiit, 6stp, plvmp, 

(a) Hips, large and most full in the cmiter. 

(b) Cmifptr, crtiati. 

(c) Thighs, broad, full and well filled out downward. " ^ 
id) Buttock, broad and square. 

(e) Twist, placed low and possessed of full devdopment 

(9) £«£<— Inclining to sh6rt wide apart, sd^Mig ani 
^r«i«it bare below knee and hock, and of a dull, whij^ color, 
but n%qi»ntly spotted. 

. (Jo) Pletce—Vtry long, bright, strong in fiber 'and well 
distributed over the body. 

(a^ It hangs in fairly large and wavy spinds, but some- 
tisBca It is flakwi, and 

(h) The skin boiMtb it Should be of a pinkish color. 

in. General Appearance — ^The well furnished 
Linic»ln in full fleece: has a squarerliki^ and massive 
form, the long wool cmning well down toward the 
ground. 



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dining to short 
bove and so enlarged 

n in the rams, 
to thc' tailhead. 
width, and 

}nient, fttlly equal to 

thly roonded out and 



;ly rounded out. 
forward 
tdrical. 
te spinal odunfli and 




er. 

tr. 

Ileqt and about equaL 

, plump, 
(xnter. 

d out downward. ' 

of full deydcqmient 
i apart, ra^bng and 
)i a dull, wliij(e cxdor, 

ng in fiber and welt 

vy, si^rals, but some- 

a pinkish color. 

lie well furnished 
i^liki^ and massive 
down toward the 



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f LECTURE NO. 17. 

OOtSWOLD SHEEP— ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CI 
TERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



^ \ 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. Th* Cotswolds are a breed of sheep which 
originated amid the low calcareous hills in the 
eastern part of Gloucestershire, England. 

(i),They were also fcfnnd to some extent In Hereford 
and WorcesJ^r. ' 

(2) These hills, known las the Cotswold, produced a short, 
notritious herbage. 

II. Cotswolds wt^e^'so named 

(i) From the sheds cajlled cots or cottos, in which they 
wer* housed inHime of stoi{ms, and \ 

(2) The naked hilly giiound termed weald or wold upoa 
which they pastured. 

III. The wool produced by these sheep was 

famous centuries ago» hipnce. 

(i) Some regard the Cotswolds as of great antiquity, but 
■' (2) As the wool in thos^ times Was fine^others regard the 
Cotswolds as more modern i^ origin, and descended from sheep 
brought from lower lands, i , 

IV. The Cotswolds before improvement. • 

(i) They were large, ta^ll and rangy, and were light in 
the forequarters and flanks, but 

(3) They produced a long and heavy fleece of coarse wool, 
and were withal a very nigged and hardy breed. ^ 

N. How improvernent was effected. 

(1) Improvement was at first secured by the introduction 
of the Leicester cross, which Soon extended' to all the flocks 
of the brwid. , . 

(a) This cross diminished Ihe size and coarseness of the 

271 



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K i ■• . ' ' ft ■ 

272 THE STUDY OF > BfcEEDS. 

old CoUwold, bat it lessened the wool product, and imparted 
greater delicacy of constitution. 

VI. When improvement was effected. 

(iX Crossing Cotswolds with Uicesters was introduced 
about 1780 and continue until about 1820. v 

(a) Since i8ao. selection and gobd managen«nt tivf^ 
effected, still further improvement. 

VII. Distrilmtion of Cotswolds. 

(1) During recent years they have been fj^orted int« 
Franci, GmnaSy. Atistnflia. New Zealand, Canada.'^the United 
States and other countries. . 1 ^j _:*». » 

(2) They have been chiefly used m tlwse laii^ wth a. 
view to increajse the si«e and Wool product of other Kreedfc 

VIII. Introdtiction into the United States. 

(i) About 1833 the first Cotswold ram imported into 
the United States was brought into New York s^te. . 

(a) 'Subsequent importations were infrequent unW wttnin 
the last quarter of a century. l^xai^x. a :- 

(3) Some good flocks have also been esUUished m 
Canada. * 

IX. Organizations. 

(iVThe interests of [the breed are now protected by 
oraaniMitions both in Great Britain and the United States. 

■f^ii) The American Cotswold Association was organized 
inSsjw. 

X. 

(i) Cotswolds are recistered from every state in the 
Union save Arizona, Louisiana, Texas and Florida, and from 
every province in Canada. <„.>«♦. 

(2) Wisconsin is probably the leading center for Cots- 
. wolds in the United States apd Ontario for Canada, i 
XL Registration in the United States, 
(i) Eight volumes of the American Cotswold Record 

have beSki issued. . . c ^^ 

(a) In all, 19,500 animals nave been recorded. 

iEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size. 

(i) Gotswoldsi are the largest of the doniettic^ted breeds 

of sheQ* except Lincolns. J , *».. *„,^.r ii«* 

(a) They have 'tjuite as much scale as the former, out 






Distribution in the United States. 



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•f.^ 



^COrSWOfLD SHEEP, 



?73 



wdiict, and imparted 

I effected. 

rters wat intrtdnced 

d manageoMnt a***^!. 

)ld8. 

: beea exported inttii 

i, Canada, the United 

n these laiidi^ with a . 
ct of other Breeds. 

United States. 

1 ram imported into 
r York state... 
nfreqioent nntd within 

tNsen establidied in',,, 



re now protected by 
the United Stote*. 
elation was organ&cd 

:ed States. 

n every state in the 
uid Florida, and from 

ding center- for Cbts- 
for Canada, i 

lited States. 

can Cotswdd Record 

n recbrded. 
USTICS. 



lie doi»«B!tici|ted breeds 
lie as the former, btit 



sund ruther higher from the ground, and ar* a litUe le*»in 

*' S'^The average weight of the mature CotsWold ram in 
fair flesh is about aso to 37S pounds and of the ewe aqo to 
aas pounds. t . 

II. AdaptabUity. 

(1) When pur*. Cotswqlds require good pastures, but can 
dimb moderate elevations. .... .u. «jr..««n. 

(2) When crossed with some hardv breed, as the Me"nos 
the progeny can feed on taore rugged land and less fruitful 
pastures. » 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(1) In «irly maturity they are now almost if not quite 
" equal to the Leicesters. ' , . . .. t > „— ■ 

(3) The lambs make heavy weights at an earl/ age. 

IV. Grazing qualities. ; 

(l) Relatively they are good grazers for a heavy breed, 

*"** (a) No heavy breed can graie so well upon lands more 
rugged than mildly hilly. - 

V. Feeding qualities 



and 



4 t^n 



(1) Cotswolds feed well either when folded or in sheds, 

(3) When ill fed they are mere ungainly than some other 
breeds. ^- • ' 

VI. Quality of the meat. 

(1) Cotswolds dress well on thft block, but 

(2) Much of the fat is laid on externally, and thfcs^meat 
is only moderately fine in the grain. > 

VII. Value in crossing and grading. « ^ 
(1) Cotswolds cross well upon fine vyooled breeds, as 

MerinoV»de8, when much medium wool wijb improved mut^ 

*°" 15^ They "li'take an excellent outcross for ^restoring 
si^ and wool production in certain grades where these have 
been unduly diminished. 

VIII. Breeding qualities. 

(i) These are much the same as in the other long wool 
breedvbut _^^^ ^^.^.^^ ^^^ Cotswolds may have aoroe 
advantage, and they produce strong latnpSt 
18 



y^ 



o 




».»««.i)ijijiUHU«- '!!'' 



X 



.r" 



■,*** 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



IX. 



Wool production. 
(i> The fleece is almptt *» heary »• that of the Lincoln, 

"'^fai'lT^. well kept flocks it should weigh on an 
average from eleven to fourteen pounds, unwashed. 

X. Compared with Leicestera. 

(i) Couwolds «re larger and have shown a somewhat 
higher adaptation for outcrossing for rwiovating purposes. 

(a) liiccsters are better adapted for crossing to. effect 
improvement in the form and meat produong qualities of 

rough stocks. ... •_si-l 

(3) In other essentials they are very aunoar. 

STAMDAKD POINTS. 

I. The following standard of excellence was 
drawn up by the American Cotswold Association: 



FOR-^AMS. 



POINTS. 



8 



(V) Hm*— Not too fine, moderately smalt and broad 
between the ey<ai*irti nostrils, but without a 
short, thick ai«i<»rMiee, and m young animals 
wril covered on crown with long, lustrous wool 

(a) Fare—Either white or slightly mixed with gray, 
or white dappled with brown . . 4 

(3) Nostrits—Widt and expanded^ nose dark. - . l 

(4) EyM— Prominent but mild looking . • « 

(5) Bow— Broad, long, moderately thin, and cov- 
ered with short hair . • • • -4 

(6) Co/tor— Full from breast and shoulders, taper- 
ing gradually all the way to where the neck and 
head join. The neck should be short, thick ^ 
and strong, indicating constitutional vigor and. - 
free from coarse, and loose skin ^ . • , " 

(7) Shoulders— Broad and full, and at the same 
time join so gradually to the collar forward 
and chine backward as not to leave the least ^ 
hoUow in either place • ' ',.• u 

(8) Forelegs— Tht mutton on the arm or fore thigh 
should come quite to the knee ; leg, npnght with 

heavy bone, being clear from stmerfluous skm, 

with wool to fetlock, and may be mixed with 

gray . . - • -• • * ^ 



4 



I" 



¥t " 



^ 



COTSWOLD SHEEP. 



it of the Lincdn, 

Id weigh on an 
vashed. 



own a somewhat 
iting purposes, 
crossing to effect 
tctng qualities ol 

[nilar. 



excellence was 
Association : 



TOINTS." 

lit and broad 
It without a 
ung animals 
lustrous wool 8 
:d with gnly, 

X dark. ' i 

; . . . 2" 
in, and cov- 

. . • 4 
ilders, tapcr- 
the neck and 
short, thick 
lal vigor and. ■" 

at tie same 
tllar forward 
ave the least 

. . .8 

or fore thigh 

npright with 

erfluous skin, 

: mixed with 



'^7. 



275 



roiirrs. 



•A— . 



10 



(14) 
(15) 



(i6) 



flr*(M»— Broad and well forward, keeping the 
legs wide apart ; girth or chest, full and deep . 
Fore Flank— Quitt full, not showing hollow 
behind the shoidder • - ■ • • . . / x " * 
Back and Lo»n— Broad, flat and straight, from 
which the ribis must spring with a fine circular * 

arch . . ••..••••" 
BW/y— Straight on underline . . .• 3 

Stuarters—Long and full, with mutton quite 
own to the hock . . ... • , * ^ 
Hoffe— Should stand neither m. nor out . . a 
Twist or function Inside Thighs— Deep, wide 
and full, which, with a broad breaSt, will keep 
the legs open and upright . . • .■ • ^ 
pieece-^The whole body should be covered with 
long, lustrous wool . . . • • '' *° 



Pierfectibn 



100 



FOR> EWES. 



II. The scale of points is the same as for rams, 
with the differences mentioned below : 

(1) H^rf— Moderately fine instead of "not too fine, mod- 
cratdy small,"* as in the rams. ■■ r . 

(2) .Neck— Tht. neck should be fine and graceful itjstcad 
of "short, thick and strong, indicating constitutional vigor, 

as ih the ranis. .. , a \ jt.it «...- 

(3) For neck, including collar, foreflank and belly, five, 
four and five points are allowed respectively,. whereat for the 
rams "six, five and three" points are allowed. ^^ ^ 

III. Genial App^c^anc^r-T^he C^Sfsw^Ps a 
stately looking animal, of rectangular outhne<#hen 
the iieece is well grown, massive in build and pos- 
sessed of a fairly proud carriage. 

IV. Compared with Leicesters. , 

(1) Cotswolds are considerably larger, somethiiig stronger 
in the leg. and are more "upstanding;^' j _ _ . 

(a) They are scarcely so wide m the chest, and are .* 
trifle lighter in the hind flank- - ' . 

(%) TfieJr wool is longer, hangs in larger and more wavy 
spirals; they have a long and beiutifat forelock, and they are 
a less pure white ito the face and legs. 



k; 



-^ 



"\- 



^ 



V 




y 



K 



1 



PART III 



BRBEDS OF SWINE 



. LECTURE NO. i. ' 

SWiNB—OWOIH OF TBE DOMESTICATED EACE*. 1 

t Swine (Sus scrafa) have bctn known to'' 
exist in a wild state on the continents of Europe^ 
Asia and Africa ever since the dawn of history. 

(i) With certihi vMiktioDs they »rc also 'oj««f *JJ^«» 
th^wntinent of Amerlc. and the islands of the Pac^ft^j^ttt 

\a). They wpre not found m a wild condition on the con- 
tinent of Auetndta. 

II, Some zoologists have divided the various 
* species pf'Swine into thr«s genera, viz: 
. (i;j True swtae, indnding the wild hof of EaroMi Aaia 
and Africa: the baWraaaa of certain East fndian »«*««»rj*« 
^«ttan hog of New Gtiinea. and the wood awine of South 
Africa o - * * 

(a) The wart bearing hoft of Africa, «»d 
(3V Tl»* p^riea of Mierjc*. 

HI. TTie various species of swine with'-ee^in 
minor variatipns^posscss the following points %f ^ 
resemblance, in a greater or legs dei^ree : 

(1) The head is prolonged, somewhat cOne-d^ped, and 

ends In a movable lartilaginoiis disc. ♦»„ n„k. 

^ (2) The nixk is short, strong and nnllidbir. and thelinAs 

Wm short »nd atnong. ^«^*i. u-:, 

(3) The ddn is thick and covered more or lea«^«rtth hair 

* ("ynnfe-are lo^ of planta Mid more e^iadally of the 
roots of thes^ " •" , 

4 ■ - * 276 



I 



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-..ij^.: 



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J 



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"^ 






liUil 



/ 



.< 



> / % 



T . 



.aiiifii''iiii>Tiii<riiiiii; 



•iTiteiiri 



,-5 



kVINE 



I. 



STICATBD EACEa. 

ve befcn known to'' 
ttnenta of Europe^ 
iwn of history. 

se also found wild oq 
Is ol the Pwlfic, but 
1 condition on the con- 

iivifkd the various 

a, viz: * 

d hot of Europe, Asia 

ast Indian islands', the 

wood swine ol South 

ca,and 

i swine witKceiliain ^. ^ 

gllowing points iif ^ 

le^ee: 

swhait cMie-rimped, and 

mtuodar, and the Hndw Jl 

I more or letaVMi hair 

I more e«««dall7 oif *>»« 



■*♦ 



; 



^ 



Y 



8WIKS. 



377 



(«> They eat flesl^lwt^ not aack to captuie Ihripf «»- 
Mials for fo<}d. ^.. *" . .' _ ,_ _,^i\^ 



<! 



(6) They natarally resort to waterjr places viq wWeh to 

^7) They produce a numberof individuals a^ont »!*• *. 

(8) vTheir sense* of smel! and; hearing are pecidi^y 
aaite, and - . , ~ . „ a 

(9) The ^»ecBliaritj*« <^w'<=y** ^^^ sunilaf. 

- "^ IV. The various »ped« of the true wild Kolf 
XSus aper) have the following characteristics r^ . 
common: < . ^ 

(i) They are swift of ffX)t and fierce in'~^i(ifc8hlon, 
(a) The nudes are possessed of enormous tusks. 
(i> They ve more e*Mly tamed if captured when young. 
(4) When matured thw are sditary in their haWts. 
. , (SI They are nortuinal to thirir habHs of feedin«. 

(6) The young are l<«tHudin)|Uy^ striped for a time^and 

(7) The sows sHcWe iheir young for many weeks and 
defend them for a long period after they are weaned. 

V. It is now pretty generally conceded that 
th4 domestic varlctiea are descended /rcAn the wiid 
- species, as ' ^ 

^(i) The generrf-anatomy is the same and the form knd 
Mieral aaWmt bear a somewhat close resemWance.^ 4 

(a) The period of gestation is the same in boUi; thfeTcan « 
be itwcessfully bred togeiher and th«rc is a geiwtal reaein- 
bhmce in thenabits. - . • 

Vi. Under domesticaHon the f<aiowing are 

some of the changes that take place : 

' ( 1 ) The ^rs b«oroe less movable, the ttosks and jnusde*- 
if the neck diminish in srre, the back and stdes lengthen, the 
lank and hind«|uarters..deepen, the body becomes less capa- 
cious, the limbs grow shorter, the bristles are partially or 
wholly removed, and the «fiimal becomes much less active. 

(a) The stomach and intestines enlarge, they desire more 
food and the tenden^ to obesity increasesT ■ ,^ >, . . 
(is The male loses tht soHUry habit, the fem^ hrteds 
niorciteqnently and has-laiger litters, and they seek theiTfcod 
'lejday. 

VII. The dofnesticatcd species have been 
iknowrt to revert to the wild state, as is ^itnessed bv 



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y 



278 THE STUDY qt BREEDS. 

herds m South America, New Zealand and other 
countries, but 

(,1) Such reversion is always slow. 

(2) They do not revert to the sohtary habit again, ^jior 
have they the same fierceness of disposition as the wrilci species. 

VIII7 Swine have been subjected to* domesti-'^ 
cation from a y&ry early feriod, and even among 
semi-barbarous peoples. ^ 

(i) Their flesii was held in high esteem by many d< the 

nations of antiquity, but „ , , . «...,i^. „„„ „„* 

(3) The Jcwrs, ancient Egyptians and Hindoos were not 
allowed to eat it, nor are the followers of Mihomct 

IX. Two of the original breeds of swine in 
Great Britain are still represented in what is known 
as theJQld English hog, and a breed found in the 
Highlands and' islaTids of Scotland. 

(1) The distinctions of'^the former, represented at one 
tini? by several, sub-varieties, have been alm9?t obliterated 

»thlough crossing. . l j 1 '_ ^^a f.-v 

(a) They were mostly white m color, had large and lanK 
bodies, a long snout, large= pendant ears, long legs and coarse 
hair with some bristles. • , ' ' ' ^' . . !".' 

(b) They were hard feeders and slow matarers, but grew 
to an en<»«ous size. ■ '■ . j 

(2) The latter were small, with rather ere<* ear* and 
coarse bristles along the spine, were rfusky brown in color and 
could subsist on the poorest fare. » 

• X. The improved l-aofes of switie in England 
are prolfebly nearly all descended from the Old Eng- 
lish hog and certain foreign crosses. 

(i) They have been so much crossed and intercrossed 
that it is difficult to classify theni aright 

(2) Wbil& some of them are of world-wide reputation, 
' others artfor^y known within limited ar«w. 

XI. The principal breeds of pigs'-in Britain at 
"the present time are the Yorkshire witk certain sub- 
varieties, as the Berkshire, the Tamwbrth, the Suf- 
folk aiffl the Essex. 



X, 




f. 



* .< 




,^».' 



It 



"-•s ' 



/, . ' 



*•.' 



% 






)Y qt BREEDS. 

za, New Zealand and other 

ways slow. 

t to -the solitary habit again, ^por 

! of disposition as the wild species. 

e been subjected to domestt-' 
rlyt»eriod, and even among 

Id in high esteem by many di the 

E^tians and Hindoos were not 
e fellowers p{ Hifcpmet 

original breeds of swine in' 

represented in what is known 

ig, and a breed found in the 

of Scotland. 

j<*the f6rm«r, represented at one 
ties, have been .almost obliterated 

white in color, had Urge and TaAk 
pendant ears, long 1«» *nd -coarse ' 

seders and riow matttrers, but grew 

small, with rather erect ear» iwtd 
ine, were dusky- brown in color and 
rt f are. ♦ 

id tadfcs of switic in England 
descended from the Old Eng- 
reign crosses. 

so much crossf d and intercrossed 
y them aright. ' 

hem are di world-wide r^utjMion, 
Wn limited areias. 

)al breeds of pigsMn Britain at 
he Yorkshire with, certain sub- 
shire, the Tamworth, the Suf- 



SWINE. 



279 



(i").The more local breeds include the Dor^ Ltocoln- 
d.ire%SU Norfolk And Westmore^^^^ J^ ^ 

former beiS frequenUy called the Blade SuflEolk. 

, XII The originals of the swine in the United 
States were brought from various country m 
Europe by the early settlers, but more especially 
from Britain. 

rii Since that thne all the British brtedspossei 

been drawn itom any othef source. . '.\ 

xm The purely American varietit!? are the / 
aester White, the Poland-Ghma. the Duroc-Jersey 
or Twscy Red, the Cheshire and the Victoria. 

•'^^ Swine may be almost regarded as cos- 
mopolitan, as th«qr cm^ reared in almost any coun- 
try outside of the Arctic circles. 

(I) Being" grow feeder, they Jitaire » large «acmt ol 

*^t3)^™ - otreU'i^'4 to'the human fcunily in 
the food which they furnish. 



?<#■ 



■«-.• 



•s' 



'A -•.■-■- 



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9 



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/''• 



iP 



LECTURE NO. 2. 

SWINE— THEIR IMPROVEMENT AND CLASSIFtCATION. 

I The swine of Great Britain have >»n 
Jtnnroved chiefly through crosses made with certain 
S^ and mtWe breeds, better food and improved 

^^*' II The chief of the foreign breeds used in tjc 
improvement of the swine of Great Britam are the 
Chinese and the Neapohtan. 

(r\ The former have been used chiefly in the unprove- 
mJoi S wE br«ds. and the latter in the .mprovement 

of the black. frequently resorted to early in 

the StuTy'TutXrhre UTalmost enti«ly discontinued 

.akiring the last fifty years. 

III. The C3iinese breed described. 

ri^ Thev were a rather small race, with a somewhat long 

smalStrT^TiLnSi wen ?ut fro^ the head, short neck and 

^^sl'ln -1ortlfey'":e;;;^"Se or black, or a mixtu«. of 

'^'(;)'''KrS3'a"rSLrkable tendencyto fatten rapidly, 
but were not prolific as breeders. 

IV. 4bThe Neapolitan breed described. 
(I) They were a sma^LJireed with a long, cylindric 
hnrfv standJnK on rather short and fine limos. ■ 

body, stanamg head, dishing face, bony artd lUt 

foreSd. vS sl«,der and rather Ibng snout, very m joiris^ 
Imall fWn tars standing wcl forward; broad, short neck. 
W/ &efflatS5iJtiy devated hindquarters and well 
developed hams and diould^s. , j ... 

(3) They had a soft and fine skm and but little hair, wtacli 
was of a slate or bluish plum color. 

280 



■■^ 



f»Sif^ 



.ii^;-V. 



:^f^- 







SWtNE. 



281 



2. 

i 

(fD CLASSIFICATION. 

Britain have been 

5 made with certain 

food and improved 

n breeds used in the 
reat Britain are the 

chiefly in the improve- 
ter in the improvement 

ly resorted to early in 
»st entirely discontinaed 

scribed. 

e, with a somewhat long 
ling near the ground, 
ort snoot, heavy jowls, 
ic head, short neck and 

■ black, or a mixture of 

idency to fatten rapidly, 

id described, 
with a long, cyliibdrical 
ine limbs. ' 

jhing face, bony and flat 
[jg snout, very full jowls, 
md; broad, short neck, 
ted hindquarters and well 

I and but little hair, which 



(4) Thdr flesh had a fair proportion of lean and was 

*^**r5rTh^"'Sttt>ed easily and matured quickly.,but 
were aomewhat ahy breeders. ^ 

V. Effects of the Chinese and Neapolitan 
orosses. 

(i) Both crosses tended to reduce the »i«e of the bone, to 

shorten the limbs and ears, to refine the hair^and to improve 

the maturing and fattening qualities, but ^ 

(a) T^se advantages were gain d at the cost of decreased 

eairc, a lessened hardihood and impaired breeding qualities. 

. VI. Swine in the United States have been 
improved through crosses chiefly derived from Brit- 
ain, the skillful blending of varieties and nnproved 
management. " 

(1) This improvement may be said to have b^un in iSia, 
when Berkshires were first imported. ^«m \j^a 

i- (3) Quite as much probably is owing to the stallful wena- 
Png of materials at hand as teTthe introducUon of foreign Wood. 

VII. the classification of the pure breeds of 
rswine is confessedly difficult at the present tiihe, as 

(i) The evolution of some of the breeds is still going on, 
J fo that complete fixity of type in some insUnces has not ytt 

:"be*n readi^. ^ 1 . ^ • ^u^ 

P (2) These chwiges are chiefly caused by a diange in the 
: demands of the market, consequent upon a chaioe in the 
popular teste, but to some extent th«y are being made to meet 
kthe tastes of breeders. 

VIII. If the breads of swine were classified on 
^the basis of color, they would be virtually divided 

into three classes, viz : the white, the black and the 

sandy colored breeds. 

(i) The white biceds are the Chester WhUe. the York- 
shire in all its varieties, the Cheshire, the Victoria and the 

(a) The black breeds are the Poland-China, the Berkshire 

and tte Essex. . _. . . ^. rv- 

(3) The sandy breeds are the Tamworth and the Duroc- 

; Jersey. 



m^ms^^mmm* 



'^^'Wi^', 



m 



f 




T ■■ -I"- «,",*" 



2^2 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS, 




IX. Sometimes classification is based^upon 
the bacon-producing qualities of the swme, that is. 
upon their ability to produce a large amount of aide 
meat of superior quality. 

(I) The distinctive bacon breeds at V»tm^^J^^ 
States are the Large Improved Yorkshire and tttmm^orth.^ 

(2> Next in adaptation for bacon prodartion we the 
Chestef White, The BeVlcshire. the Cheshire, the Dufoc-Jeraey 
S Vlrtorb and the Poland-China breeds, and probably tn the 

°%"Xt«rl adaptation for the saine are the Small 
Yorkshire, the Essex and the Suffolk breeds. 

X. Classification is ordinarily based upon size, 
and exhibitions hitherto have only recognized but 
two classes, viz: the small and large breeds, but 

ri) Such a classification is not sufficiefttly flexible, as 
(J) It brings breeds into cortipeUtion sometimes which 
vaiy too much in size and leading characterisUcs. 

XI. The pure breeds of swine in America may 
with more propriety be classed as the large, the 
medium and the small breeds. 

(1) The lar«e breeds are the Chester White, the Improved 

Yorkshire and the TamworUi. «-,t,.i.;r.. the Prfand- 

(2) Thfe medium breeds are the Berkshire, the rwana 
China the Victoria, the Dui:oc- Jersey and the Oheshtre. 

(3) The small breeds are the Suffolk, the Essex and the 
Small Yorkrfiire. 

" XII. The aim has been in the above classifica- 
tion to name the breeds in the order of their size, 
commencing with the largest, but no classification 
can be submitted at present that is sure to eieeTwith 
tiniversal acceptance, owing ; 

(I) To the lack of data availaWe for making compar&wis 

*" ^aTTfthTtrttions of type in ,«>me of the breeds in 
different localities and in the same locahQr, and ^ 

(3) To the transformation in some of the breeds that 
is stul going on. 



^ 




'^V..' 



^ 



! '" 



ZEDS. 




^- 



on is based upon 
the swine, that is, > 
rge amount of side 

e arid tlNWlkm^forth.' 
m production are the 
hire, the Diiroc-Jersey, 
ds, and probably in the 

i same are the Small 
reeds. 

•ily based upon size, 
tnly recognized but -^ 
large breeds, but 1 

fficiefttly flexible, as | 

tition sometimes which /| 
acteristics. m 

ine in America may 1 
d as the large, the 

ter White, the Improved 

Berkshire, the Poland- ^ 
and the Cheshire. 
Bfolk, the EwKX and the 

the above classifica- 
: order of their size, 
but no classifi^tion 

is sure to ipeefwith ^ 

for making comparSkms 

\ some of the breeds in 

ality, and 

KMne of the breeds that 



LECTURE Npf, 3. 

SWINE — LEADING ESSENTIALS AS TO FORM. 

I. Essentials of form common to all the breeds 
of swine. 

(l) The parallelogrammic shape, with length and depth as 
the most striking characteristics. ^ . j a 

(«> Good length and depth of bo^y for the breed and 
suflficient Ividth and compattness. 

(3) Leyelness, evenness and smoothness of outlme, and 

<4) A body well supported by rather short straight limbs. 

II. The points of difference not so important 
rdatiyely include the following: ^ 

( I ) Variations in sire of carcass and of bone, 
/a) Variations in the size and shape of the head. 
(3) Variations in the length and thickness of the neck. 
» (4) Variations in the length, shape and carnage of 

(5) Variations in the relative, length, depth and width of 
the coupling. , ^ ' _,. , . 

(6) Variations in the size, length and strength of bone 
in .,iic leg, and ^' . ' 

(7) Variations in the color, length, quantity and quality^ 
01 the, hair. ' ■ 

III. The more important indications of cor- 
rect form in swine, and important probably in the 
order given, are the following: — 

(i) Constitution as hidicated by chest cagacity. strength 
of limbs and spine wd an active, easy carriage. 
V ..(a) SuflBdtot general development for the breed, mcludmg 
length, depth and width. s. 

(3) Smoothness and symmrtry of outline. 

(4) Good feeding qualities as indicated Iqr the absence of 
coarbeaess in the. head, liml» and hair. 

283 



\ 



mmammm 



•~-' 



I 
\ i 



.'^^-MPippiiN 



284 



THE STUDY OP BREEDS. 



(5) Opacity In the bfrrel as Indicated by aufBdeat length, 
depth andwni^ of wMih for the breed. 

IV. Leading essentials of the boar as to form, 

given in d^il. 

(0 Si«— Medium to lame, for the breed and the bone 

"^S 0«?iSS?:The body should be ^^^V^^;^ 
shape and compact rather than raw. ^."^J^ °^'"* 
should have the appearance of stren^ and T«or ^ 

(3) Hearf— Medium to strong m .sim, short rather tnan 

long, masculine and yet not cow-se. t.,.^:^-*;-- in a 

\a) Snout, short rather than long, and terminatmg to a 
large rather than a small disk. 

S EK.'^mldlumtn size and dear, and not hidden with 

overgrowing fat. . . ^. . j ^ 

(d) Dish, vwying with the breed. 
(t) Poll, broad. u..^ j, 

(f) Jowl, medium, but varying much m breeds. 

, /g/Ear, medhim, but varying much with the breed m 

""'(!!r^.c*iSffrt «ther than long.. moderatdy wide »d 

deep at the junction wtth the head, and mcreasmgly so toward 

the junction with the shoulders. - ^,- u »i «.;*i. . 

(a) The shape may be spoken of as flattish oval, with a 

base somewhat enlarged. >^^. • ..„_„ii«. .-^ 

,(h) The rise from the poll to the withers is reguhir and 

'"^^''S iSi' throat Is neariy on a level with the brisket and 
belly, bnt varies considerably with the breed. 

(i) The blending with the body is very complete, inM- 
much as the Ibwer rear base of the neck fills the whole of the 
space known as the breast in <»ttl« /n*.**^ . . . ^^„„ 

(ev iJody—T-of* and deep and fairly bn»d, but varying 
considerably in an these respects in the various breeds, and 
cooally well developed in the fore and hmdquarters. 

(rt) Back, level from tese of neck to near the twihiad. 
but perceptibly arched in the long-bodied b'^'^. «^y, *"« 
foirirbroad, and with but little outward and A)wnward slope, 
until the somewhat sudden descent of the side is^rracttea. 

(h) Underihie, straight frwn brisket to hind flank. 

(c) Shoulder, large, broad, deep and but shghfly rounding 
out toward the center. 

f'rf) Brisket, broad. , j, a^^x. 

«, (t) Ghest. well developed, as indicated W widUi and depth 
of shoulders, width of brisket Mid he«rt prtti. 



.,;.^...;.....:,.... ,-:.... .^T..,w».r,»,...-, ■ 



!Ky^e-*^K9®*s3&Sfle%»«'^ 



^r 






'«**»-.. 



rsuffident length, 
[>ar as to form, 

ecd and tlK bone 

ralldoKfanmuc in 
the w^<de outline 
vigor 11^ 

short father than 

i terminating in a , 
1 not hidden ^th 



I breeds. 

with the blieed In 

tderately wide uid 
euingly » toward 

attish oval, with a 

lers is regular and 

ith the brisket and 

1 

sry ojmptete, ioas* 

Is the whole of the 

ep. 

broad, twt varying 

'arions breeds, and 
[quarters, 
near the tailhead. 
breeds, evenly and 
id downward slope, 
ide is reached. 
) hind flank. 
at sligUly nwmtog 



by width and depth 

rth. 



■^^m 



SWINK. . ^^ 

m Arm and thigh, medium to short, broad, rather flat 

"'^')*SiT?ndiniSrSTon'?.\iarv^^^^^ much with the 
breedf dS5%nd s^rSJhrand !Ven from the shoulder to the 

*^VfRibs*trin^n? w"eirf?2:« the backbone. th«. deed- 
ing irlt^ a ^thS^qSi curve, and ^tending well down. 
(i) Fore and hind flanks, low and well filled 
(i) Heart girth and flank girth, good and about eqaal. ^ 

rouh&gtow»fdthe center and abruptly rounded toward the 

''""'& Tail, not coarse, and curled rather thin ^^\ 

(Zl Buttick, full and slightly roundmg from the tail to 

the twist J J / 11 

% I:StkZrt''St?1hlf lc«g. with short P»5e™^ . 

strong, but not coarse, straight, standmg wtdc apart and car- 

rving with ease the weight of the body. . . 

<7) 5ibi«-Smooth. without scales, and covered wi Jh a 

plwitBul coat of rather strong, but not coarse hair, and without 

*"^*(8) General Appearancy-lhx^ appearance should indiwte 
vigor; easy action and docility. • ^ 

V The sow should possess the same leading 
essentials as to fornj as the boar, with the following 
p(Knts of difference: 

(1) She is not so large in frame, is finer in general outline 
and in bone, and is more ro6my in the coupling. 

(afrhe head is smaller and cbnsiderab y more refined. 

(3) The neck is less massive in its development 

(4) The hair is not so coarse nor so strbng, more espe- 
cially on the neck, and . >* , 1 ^ » _.j 

(5) She shoiild have not less than twelve teats placed 

well apart' 

VI. The Style of pig bred during the recent 
decades. . 

(0 Breeders gave the preference to «»"»»« *'*J^"^ 
and short heads, short and thick necks, biWd and compact 
bodies and fine lunuD. , , _. 

(a) Whik such prefeirences secured easy keeping ana 
great fattening qualities, they produced more or less of JH- 
^cy of constitution, impaired the l>«*d^n«K^ "^If^ 
nient excessively &t and with but a snail proj^rtion of wwwi. 



Q 



'fr 



i 



r 



i 



286 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



VII. Modifications in fonn that are Hkdy to 
be more nought for by breeders. 

(1) The demand for leaner, meat ^* ««>•*. i»«^J» 
bringing into favor pigs with medium heads and necks, long^ 
bodies and somewhat stronger limbs. 

(a) Such animals are usually more rugged if not «> qiridt 
in maturing, are better breeders, produce mor«i bacori and R 
larger propbrtion of lean meat, and 

(3) They also mature sufficiently early to be martoted at 
from six to eight morths old, when they should weigh from 
ISO to aoo pounds, or even more if well fed. ^ 

(4) These modifications may be secured through erasing 
the short-bodied grade tv#i by sires of the bacon breeds, or 
by continued aekction within the breed in any of the medium 
types. 




MrtiaiMirili'M 



,fiMtMi!!'attmmfmmgmmmiftttKi 





i<(Mw«wipiw awnn i i(W^ 






6. 



lat arc Hkdy to 



ith more t>acon i» 
B and necks, loiuni 

[ged if oot M quidt 
tnor# bsccffif and * 

r to be marketed at 

should weigh from 

d. 

•d through crosidng 

tie bacon breeds, or 

any of the medium 



i 






THE LARGE BREEDS 



LECTURE NO. 4. 



f ■ : ;. ■ ^'A M, -#3 



CHEStER WHITES — ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHAHAC- 
. ! ' TBRISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 

h ■'^ ^ - ^__ . 



"oRienr 1WD' HnsTOkY. 

I. The Chester Whites originated in Chester 
county, Pennsylvania, from which they derive their 
name. 

(i) They are probably the oldest of the breeds purely 
American in origin. 

(a) The establishment and improvement of the breed has 
occupied a large portion of the century. , 

II. Mstterials used in forming thevbrefed. 

(ij The foundation stocks app^r to have been large 
hogs, white ra color, found in that part of Pennsylvania. 

(3) These were probably descended from theOld English 
White breed, the ancestors of the various Ywkshire brjeeds. 

III. The work of improvement 

(1) The 6rst impulse to the improvement of the white 
hogs of Chester county appears to hiave originated ih the iiMpor-^ 
totion of a fair of white pigs fttjm Bedford, England, by Capt. 
James Jeffries of Westchestet, Pa. 

(a) Impmvement since that time has b«e»j more or less 
oontiiitibtis, and has b^en greatly advanced by selection and 
more reotntly by breeding to a standard. 

IV. The 'improvers of Chester Whites. 

(l) A number k>f farmers appear to have engaged in this 
287 



iiiiiiiiiliiiiali 







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^i>^fe?<:;j 



'♦'''^^»'^1 



</ 



. % 



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I 



4 



/^tK. 



CHBSTBK WH1T8S. 



389 



work •itnttlUMOttdy, tM chiefly at first with « yiUm to •ecar- r 
inc • mor« toitaUe animal lor the. market . V . 

(a) But proipinent among the improves of ttw breed 
•taml the wunw olThoouu Wood ot Chetter county, Pa., and 
S. H. Tod4 of Wakemwi, O. 

V. Influences that have retarded distribution. 

(l) When the demand (pr Cherter Whites became greater 
dian the »ap]^y, dwhon««t men sold large nmnbers as pure 
which had Tlttie in comrndft with Cheater Whites save the 
color, And ^ . ' 

(a) In the West th«y have been found to some extent 
l^e to mange: 

♦ VI. Modificaticwis^ in the breed. 

(i) FoTtneily Chest» Whites were CMirae in the head, 
bone tm hair, had a1ar»e>fendant e«i;^a long^ and coarse tail, 
ami lacked smoothness of form. , , . ^ , 

(3) These coarse features have been eliminated In a 
marked itgne, and they have been transformed into a smooth 
and symme&ieal breed. 



VII. Oi^ranization, 



\ 



(0 At least five record assoeiatlons »»ve b««n organixed 
in tlw faterests of Chester White isvRne in the United Sutes. 

(a) These are the American Chester White Record Asw- 
datiop, the National, the Intomi4ici]ial, tiie Standard and the 
Ohi*> Improved. 



VIII. 
Canada. 



Distribution in the United States and 



(1) Chester White ««*»« are fairly wdl distributed over^ 
tfie astern, northern, eentral and northyestem states and 
'fflaa^ are bred in Canada. ^ . 

(a) They are numerously kejrt in the states of Pennsyl-, 
vania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and m the province jrt 
<^Qnteria - ^ . ^' ^ 

I|C. Rcgistratiqn in. the UnUed States and 
Canada; v; ' ' \ 

fit) The Standard and American Aisodatiom have 
recorded 37,576 animals, of which t6j679 are males and 30,904 
females. - -r • . t 

(a> In Ontario, 3,766 animals have been recorded. 



>< ■» 



^ 



K 



iHHiWiMtliiiMiii 



IP 



f" 



i 



I. 



"s 



4 



IHE STUDY OF BMftPS. 



LEADHfOCHAHACTEEianCS. 



L Relative sizt. 

(i) Chester Whites are amonR the largest, if they *r« not 
indeed the largest of the American or British breeds. 

(a) The size, however, has lessened since the coarsenesi, 
which charactcriied many of the earlier s^cimens was 
fliminated. 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) Chester Whites have been found best suited to those 
' portions of the United States where the climate is not too 
\y warm In summer. ^ ■ ...,•. 

\i) They also ans«^er weW for markets which call for 
Urge development at a comparatively early age. 

III. Early inaturing quaUiies. 

(i) They pqssess these in a fair degrte, but not to the 
same extent as some of the small' breeds, *k \ 

(a) The large frame i^uires longer fyjerfect its growth. 

IV-. Grazing an^feieding 

(i) The fairly strong Jimba of this Chelter Whites .adapt 
them well to summer grtuing. , 

(a) They will feed to attain heavy weighU, but do not 
finirfi so soon as some of the lighter breeds. 



A 



V- Quality of the meat* 



(i) Th* meat is good, but contains moi'e bone than some 
:ds, and 

'(a) Thfr flesh is also less fina, owing pnAaWy to ihe rela- 
tly larger amount of fat. - , 



Value in crossing and grading. 

rpMing upon grades 



' VI. 

(i) Chester Whites are'valuiJJe 
small and oVei- refined. 

{31) Suoh a cross will impart vigor, hai^hdod. inci 
prolificacy an4 greatly increased size. 



r»j. Vlli Breeding qualities. 



lai 



vv 

%] 



TlMMe arc satisfactory, but 
' ^ robably scmrcdy equal to those of the other 



m 



» 









• » 



% 



largciM, if they are not 
ritiih breeds, 
d since the coarierwii, 
irlier t^cinJens w«t 



id best suited to thqae 
he climate is not too 

larkets which call for 
riy age. 

degrte, but not to the 

rwnerfect its growth. 

pities. , 
Chester Whites .adapt 

y weighU, but do not 
eeds. 



I'mofe bone than some 
ig probably to ihe rela- 

grading. 

)^ip^ing upon grades 

ti, hai'dnidod, incr 



aal to those of the' other 







/ 



■fi;* 



V'.-.^ 



CHESTER WHITES. 



RD POINTS. 



391 



t The 



illdopted b; 




is. the scale of poiti^s as 
hite Record Association in 
same in 1888 : - 

l«tMTS 

drf—SnTdl, broad, slightly ifidMd . "^ . • S , 

I^rge and bright . «*» . •* • * 

!or— Thin*' fine, drtx)ping . -;•■.*,.;.. ►,, fi 

(4) /otf/— Neat and full . . . ♦' ^» ■■. » it 



* (5) AVf* — Short, full,. well arched- . ,vi< 

(G} Brisbe.l—F\ii\ and deep . . »,-^ 
S . {7} ShouUer — Broad and deep . . ,. 

(8) Gink Around Heart . -. . , . 

T' (9) °5arJk-rStraight and broad 

f'lpi ,?«/<*— Deep" and fuM . 

fii) Ribs — Welt sprung. 






12) £rW/»—W>4e -^nd straight . * ;. '.. 
lli) Girth Atoum PUink. . , ,. 

[14) Ham — Broad, full and deep . . ' / ' * 

iiSY Limhs-jStrlhig, straight and neat . 
16) Toir— Tapering, and. not conrse ... 
(17) Coat— Fine and thick ....... 3 

(i8) Co/or— White •. . . ,,. . . l 

(19) /ff/ioH-^Prompt, easy' and graceful . . .5 
{ao) Symmetry . ....*• . 4 



J 

a 



P^rffcticn 



too 



^ 



r 



II. The following is the detailed description 
l^rawn u|>f hy the Gl^ter White Record Association : 

(i) H^orf— Short; broad between the. eyes, and ni<-j?ly 
tapering from eyes to point of nose; f^ice slightly dished; 
cheeks Ml. Objections— Head, coarse, long ancT narrow ; face, 
straight or too much dished ; snout coarse or thick. 

Ta) E^e — l4tge, bright. and free frotn overgrowing fat 
ONfl^o^a-~!|lAui|^ dfan or hidden under prbtruding fat. 

* *jEill*«'~Drooirffig, thin, pointing outward and foiiiWard: 
wt IP pTopoTtiOned ' to size of body. Objection**-TQp lajTjjc and 
toarse ; thick, lopping ; lying t^ neaf the iact ; stiff, ereet-or 

(4) Jovit—WnW, firm and i«atrfarryiiif fallneiss wdl bwk 
to neck land brisket. Otvecti<Ma--'JFlU>by, lif^ thin in cheek; * 
tucking «fi under the neck. • 

(5) Neck—TvAX, deep, short Mid 0Si wched. Objec- 
, ttont^Long, flat, lacking in fuBaoa or dtpdi. . *" 



, ' -li'V- 






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# 




» »< ^ ji rwi i ) I V i! (i ii|( ii i>' ii I - i i " "I' l^jWg 



202 THE STUDV OF jtWEEDS. 

V«^ BWfi^Fnn. rtrong. well let down, extwdtag wtB 

*** f«?^^£cS "^Siiror^Hghtly arched. can^«R 

. ^L) Rft,_Wen sprung, carrying MIne« '^ t«^ 

dcci. Objection»-Too flat, cnrve o£ nb too ?hort. toddng 

in at bottom; sagging about loin. ' ^k-^j^^Nmiow • 

(la) Lofi»-Broad, strong and fall. Objections-Narrow , 

to heftrt girth. ObJiections-ITanlf thin, tttdted in. or cw np 
too high; loin narrow or weak. _»..««,!«• 

r«s W«iH— Broad fall, deep, of medinm lengtfi; commg 
do^^lif ^ STW!- ®ction»-Narroi*^rfK,rt; mn- 
St^ larTp the b^steep at the^mmp. 

-?^;Si^rt:^-rt-H;3rr^^. Oblec. 

(18) C««(-Fta. ami ftick. ObJectioM-Come; tair to< 

'"lirtW^mte, H. ~» o. «. «,* bUd. ,»* 

Dull, slj«Ki«*», clumsy. 



/rf- 



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i,mv , <mi'm < ii *' ¥:" ' " 11 <> ' i y V« ' "i''i " ' "'l''^ 



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!■ V 




# 



292 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



tA\ R*i.k«t— FnU atronc. weU let down, extoding w^ 
tup of the head to Ae root oi *>« *»>l-. . ^. ,_,- carmiur 

^^rSfnltlSr L'ti. of medli«n length; coming 
nins too far up the back ; steep at the ,rttmp. 

SS^ SeSon*-L9ng, dim. ^"^^^^^^ *^' 
p«terns long. dim. or flat; h«>*»>"K «^V2"ji'^; Qbiec- 

(17) rafl-SnuJI, tapering, *"«>*: *^ «^' ^'"^ 

tionVlfcoam, laf^ **» P«^"^.!Lf"/!i.^. Wr too 

(18) Cool-Fine and thick. Objecdona-Coam; hair too 

^^1;,f ck^Wte; M«e^. on akin «.d Mack .pedc. 

shall not argue impurity of Mood. AKJ«4ioii4— 

(20) .irfifl^-Eaay. prompt, fine «id gmeM, Objecttona- 

Dull, sluatiah, domay. 



><f 



•^^.i^t 



ki> 



1^' 



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•^ w 



^,.. . 









^„ 



'&. 



"■'*•-"' 



fi|ipii;i i !ffl||^!Ji^'g ' *.'. 



CHESTER WHITES. 



«93 



OF illtEEDS. 

wdl let down, extending wdl 
beUy. Objectkms-Nartow or 

(►, thkkne^ in P««82***?°JlS5 
%p. Objectioo^-ThWtbwnd 

kiu in dqjrtli or width; btoa^ 
flienne of the tack. ; 
ir(-P«dl bade of sfconlders; r*t 
d full bwfc of fo«><«^ .Ob}«- 
ttk girth, or length of body from 
thetaiL : 

It, or slightly arched, canTring 
imd of medium length. Objec- 
^ fhooldersi narrow across the 
iduMped., ... A 

frying thickness W*ll down ana 
1 orflat; shallow or thm at ttie 

carrying foUncM well back and 
com of rib too 9hort, toddng 
loin. • 

and full. jQbjectiona-iNarrow; 

ui^; width aroroximatlngtfiat 
^mg. narrow ; skin coarse, harsli 

.—Flank well let <k»wn and frflj 

neasnmiient rf «»nk girA equd 

■Flank tiyn, tutted in, or cnt up 

ak. 

deep, of medium lengUi; coming 

Objection*— Nar^o1^^d»ort; nm- 

«p at the .rump. 

igth', dtort. rather tixm J<««f J «* 

»ttsd« fall above ki»e and ha*; 

pMtems diort, and «*'*>«« L™o* 

ji, cowse, crooked; muscles liiBit, 

hoofs kmg or tt>rawlii«. 

ng. smooth; well set on. Objec- 

Mntnoit at the root 

ick. CHjJe^ons-Coarse; hwr too 

e spots on don and Mack specks 
ilowl. , . 

npt, fine and graceful. Objections- 



animal 
too 



i* 



'i ' (ai) S'ymswfry— Uniform build, and all points in ani 
""to proportion. Objections— Wanting in some ^points, and 
*«iuch developed In others. 

■,i Serious ObiecHoiu—Smail growth; upright ears; small, 
V cramped chest and crease back of shoulders so as to be readily 
jeen. Deformed and badly crodted legs; feet broken down 
^^ that the animal walks on pastern joints and dewclaws. 

''r ■ III. General Appearance -^The Chester Vfhite 
)8 a large, long bodied and yet strongly fcuilt animal, 
;vr«rith good limbs and sufficient action. 



* <'t> 



1'^': 



\ 



/" 



>, -#* 



'.«»-' 




^ 



"^ 



Ifpp 



MM, 



Lecture no. s- 



THE IMPROVED LARGE YORKSHIRES— ORIGIN AND 

HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS AND 

STANDARD POINTS. 



. -ik--' 



fH. 



■St 



ORIGIN AND HISTOR*. 

^^ ^^ it! In England there are three breeds 6{ York^ 
shire pigs at the present time., 

(I) These ar« kn6*n respectively in l^.^^^lj^^.^ 
Imptoved Urge Yorkshires or the Lirge Whites Ae M^ 
Y^ksh^^rThe Middle jyWtes; and the Small Yorlcshires 

" *^2f^y'S'fiwt and last rfientiooed have been^fetro- 
duced into North America, at least m any considerable 

" numbers. 

It Many are of the opinion that these breeds 
have come originally from the Old English hog, a 
large white animal or class of animals, mhabitmg 

f Yorkshire atfid other counties of England from a 

I remote period. 

I (I) The Improved Large Yorkshire of to^y is *»>« hnme^ 

t: diale descendant of the lirger and coarser Yoricshire of lornKr 

;' ^''^2) The Small Yorkshire owes its refinement in % meas- 

""Taf^MffiTYoAshire is th. outcome of * croM 
hotween the Large and Small Yorkshire breeds. 

III. Description of the Old Yorkshire. 

. (i) It was long in-head, in body and 1««8, was n»rrow, 
had vefv larm ears, attd was (XMrse of bon?. ■ ,, 

** Svit had a strong coat of white hair, with » J^V PiJ« 
W« tpdts on the skih. but thehair °0 tJjJf^*" •''fr"^*^ 

' (3) It was very hardy and prolific, but was wow W 

maturmg. 

295 



I 



■J** 



■MMMWMMHHaiiMiiiliiiiiili 



t9^ 



l ||| l |{WW! l l) l fWil!l« l I 



4te 



^ 



a96 



THE STUDY OF BREEM 




y 

IV. Improvement of the Large YorlcshKes. 

^i) The improvement of the Large Yorkshires com- 
menced, it is thought, fully a century ago, but ^ 

(a) They lacked somewhat in refinement and early mature 
ing qualities untfl within a comparatively recent period. 

V. How improvement was effected. 

(i) The White Loofsster, introduced early in the centui^ 
and crossed tq^on the Old Yoiksbires, effected scmie improve^ 

"*"(«) The Mood of Ae Small Yoritshires has also had an 
influence in carrying tlMs in^rovement still further. 

VI. The improvers of the Large Yoilcshires. 

(i) The i««>rovef8 of this breed do not seem to have 
worked in unison nor by jgrstwn, hence there is^ a conrid- 
eralde lack of uniformity io Uie breed. ... 

(a) A number of breeders w«« engaiM "> the work at 
the same time, some of them of the artisiui dass. 

VII. Yorkshire blood widely diffused. 

(I) Neatly all Oe white breeds of pigs in Encdand and 
America ai« probaUy pMsessed of the elements of Yotkshire 
Uood and also <rf the aflied bnwd. the Canrf>erland. 



W. 



name. 



tiieae are virtually Yoricshire under another 



VIII. Distribution in Britain. 

(i) The chief omters for the breed U Britain are the 
couitttes of Yorkdiire, Lincoln, Lancastershire and Leices- 

'^ Diori^ ncent years they have been &trodttoed into 
many of tbe cmmties of Great Britain. 

IX. Distribution in other countries. 

(i) The Inqiroved Large Yorkshires have been imported 
in tarfe numbers iiMo Camda, where duriw recent years 
b^onu being extenstvdy grown for the Brityi nuulcet 

(a) lliey have also been introduced into the Unit^ 
States, Argentina, New Zedand, Australia and several of the 
countries of Europe. > 

(3) The first importation to the United States was made 
Iw WScox ft Uggett of St Paul and Mtnntt|tUis, Mhm., in 

(4) Latge Yoile^res have been tatpM«ed to America for 
more than a oee^ty, bat not tnlhe inqptoved form. 



Urn 



'S- 












■wiiiiiiiiiiwwAaiM 



EDS. ♦ 

rge Yor^shiiis. ^^i 

gt Yorkahires com- 
>, but 

lent and early niatnr-f 
recent period. 

effected. ''. 

i early fai the century 
fccted aome improve^ 

lirea has also had an 
dn further. 

Large Ycwlcdiires. 

lo not teem to have 
there i»^ a consid- 

taged in the work at 
indass. 

f diffused. 

pigs in Endand and 
ilements of Yoricshire 
ndieriand. ' 
rkt^ire under another 



in. 

id in Britain are the 
sterdiire and Leices- 

been ihtrodttced into 



ktmtnes. 

is have been fanported 

durlmr tecent years ^ 

BritSA market 4> 

iMd itito the Unit«d .i> 

lUa and several of the .^ 

aited S^es was n»d« W 
Mimittjuis, Minn., in ,xi 

iported to America for 
xTved form. 



YORKSHIRES. 



297 



Organizations. 



' '^ (i) The Improved Large Yorkshires are protected by 
■^ijWristration in -the United States and Canada. . ' 

(a) The American Yorkshire Associatioii was organued 
in i^ 

XL Distribution in the United States and 
^<^]!anada. 

'W (i) They have already been introduced into several states 
\j^Bd they are kept in ^1 or nearly all the provinces of Canada. 
J^^ (a) They are most numerous in OnUrio, Minn^soto and 
ffSi, and in the order ramed. 

XII. Registration in the United States and 
ida. . ' 

record, 7,611 animals have b«en 



.AS 



(t) in the Onferio 

(2) In the American recbrd, i/)il animals have been 
recorded, of whidh 426 are boars and 58s sows. 

LBADINiJ CHARACTERISTICS. 

Rdativesize. 

(i) The Large Improved Yorkshires are probaWy the 
of the breeds, but they are not so broad as the Chester 
, and prtAaWy do not grow to such heavy weujfhts, but 
' They w«^r«narkaWy well for Aetta«pMeats«e. 

II. Adaptability. 
K (1) Since they ar« especially adapted to the pr«)duction 
lof bacon they can be kept with much advantage where lacon is 

to be grown for the l^ome or the foreign market. 
w (2) They have special adaptation to the states of the com 
-^jbelt. owing, first, to the excellent limbs which they possess; 
liecond, to their abUity to msUe. and, third, to the renovating 
linflneiM* ^rtiich they exert when crossed upon typ« of yitak- 
penetl stamina. . ^ 

III. Early maturing qualities. 

(i) They do not mature so quickly as the small ^rpea wiA 

tl^but 4 . . „_ ,^ 

(a) They may be made ready for market Tfrtthout difBcalty 
|«t Ox ages of six to nine months. 



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THE STUDY Ol^ BREEDS. 



IV. Grazing and feeding qualities. 

^) They graze and forage admiraMy. as thisy are active 
and yet of gentle disposition, and 

(5 TheyJfced equally well, but must be plentifully sup- 
plied with food. ^ * 

V. Quality of the meat. 

(I) The quality of >« meat from the Large Improved, 
Yorkshires is unexcellefl, aa - u«„- 

(3) Their long sides product much bacon and they have 
much lean in proportion to the fat. 

VI. Valuein crossing and grading. 

*ri) Wherever compjict fine-boned pigs exist, the croM^ 
the illili proved Yorkshire Will be found an excellent 

°"*' S) It will at orice increase the sire, i«ni»rt p««tervi»or, 
improve the quality of the meat, more especially tSe bacon, and 
■win increase prftlificacy. 

VII. Breeding qualities. 

(i) These'ate of the first order. .„^ .^ 

(a) They breed regularly, produce large litters and are 

excellent, nnrses. > 

VIII. Compared with Oiester Whites. 

i\\ fhe Improved Yorkshire is perhiys a little less in 
w««ht is wryirore^ve than the Chester White in foraging, 
ulftd oTf M a ftS-dass producer of bacon, and «,.!«> 
probably ahead ifa breedkig qualities. . . * , .,:».«. ♦t,. 

(3) In early maturity and in quick feeding qualltiea the 
Chester Whites may have some advantage. , _ . 

(3) In value for crosiing and grading they are probably 
not far diffewnt. 

STANDARD P6INTS. 

I. The following is the scale^f points adopted 
by the American Yorkshire club in i809- ^^^ 

^^ to width, but npt massive; slightly arAed.iivthJ 
back, symmetrical ind smooth, with body fifMT 
rapSwted by well placed legs of medium let^ S 

(a) SS or^*<id-Mo<ierate in length and vm, 
wSh lower jaw well 8prung.and considerable 



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iy, as they are active 

It be plentifully sup- 



the Large Improved, 
bacon and they have ^. 

rading. 

igs exist, the croM of 
e found an excellent 

, impart ffreater vigor, , 
;>ecially the bacon, and 



I large litters and are 



5ter Whites. 

lerhaps a little less in 

stcr White in foraging, 

of bacon, . and is , also 

k feeding qualities the 

ige. , 

ding they are prolwbly 

TS. 

te-of points adopted 

n 1809: 

KHNTS. 

eep in pnmortion 
htly arched, in. the 
, with body firinly 
of medium len{(Ui 
It length and vm, 
■and considerable 



YORKSHIRES. 



299 



4 
I 
I 



.VOIHTB. 

dish toward snout, increasing with advancing 

maturity' . ■ • • • •' * 
(i) Fowfcrad anrf /"oli-Wide ...... . • 

(4) Hy<— Medium size, clear and bright . . . 

(5) /ow<-Medium, not carried too far back toward 
neck, and not flabby . . • j^~~ ■„--,* 
5^M/_Turning upward with a short corve^^ 
increasing with age * . • • • ; " 
for— Medium in sia, standing well out from 
head, of medium erection and inclining slightly 

» « * . • • 

§heck-U)i medium length, "fair width and depth, 
rising gradually from poll to withers, muscular 
but not gross, evenly connecting head with 
hndv • •' " * ••• • 

OutKne of BoifcH-Ung. deep, and of mediuin 
breadth, equally wide at shoulder, side and^ 
hams; top line slightly arched, nnderhncstrau^t 
(10) Boc*— Kfoderately broad, even in width from 
end to end; strong ii^ loin, short nbs of good 

ill) ShmUder—inrfd '»«♦ not massive; not open 

(la) ir» cud TA^/i^-Broad and of medium length 
and development . . • • j ,.• 

(13) Bmfc<<— Wide and on a level with underline . 

(14) 5«&-Loa4, deep, stri^ight and even from shoul- 
der t6 hip • • • 



10 



(is) /?»*— Wdl atthed and deep • ^ ■. / •, 
\i6) Heart and FUmk Girths-Good and about equ^ 
(17) mndqturtert-Umg to correspond with shoul- 
der and side, deep, with moderate and gradual 
droop to tail . • • ',,:'. ^ -'^ 
H«»i-Large. well let down on thigh and twist 
and rear outline somewhat rounded . • • * • 
rw«f—W«31 down and meaty . •• • 
1201 TflJi-r-Medium, not much-inclined to curl . 
(2j4 L*«i— Medium in length, strong, not coarse, 
and standing straight and firm • • 
HoV-Abundant. long, of medium fineness, 
wiriiout any bristles • ' ' .'^ ' k..» 

S-Wfi-Smooth and white, without- scales, but 
dark spots in skin do not dlsiualify . 
vs6»; Color— White on every part ... 
(asy MovenuHi—Adiyt, but not restless . 



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THE STUDY OF BREEDS, 



II. Compared with Chester Whites. 

(i> Large Improved Yorkshires are relatively longer than 
the Chests; Whites, but are not so broad or massive. 

(a) They have somewhat stronger heads, with more dish, 
more spring in the lower jaw, and jowls somewhat more prb- 

nounced. .. . . .^ u 

(3). They have rather longer sides and not quite so moth 

girth in proportion to the length, and ' ^^ 

(4) They are slightly larger in limb and rather more active 

in movement 




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Wtes. 

atively longer than 

T massive. 

Is, with mora dish, 

mewhst OKwe prb- 

not quite so mudi C 

1 rather mora acthre 



LECTURE NO. 6. 

TAMWORTHa— ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHARACTBM9- 
TICS AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. . 





- ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

- I The Tamworth pigs derive their name from 
Tamworth,/ftrSb«4 Staffordshire, where they have 
been nvimeitously SflM for a very long term of years. 

f n Thev are not ^composite breed, and are thought by 
mani'tb Ke of the Jfi Sd purest breeds in Britam. 

?2^ £ toM ago as the beginning of the century they were 
«rt«d for the?.W Proporti^ of Se lean meat which they 
produced. 

JI. The Tamworths before improvement. 
(I) They wera long of limb, long in the snout and flat 
'" **Ci)*They wertr-SKtive. hardy, good rustlers and very pro- 
"^ S* They were slow feeders Wid late in maturing. 

**.. The improvement of Tamworths. 
(I) This has been almost entirdy effected through Selec- 
tion and judifcious breedfaig «* manaffement. 

(a) It is now pratty genwally conceded that »«. w«»rthe 
\Olher biteds has not been used to any appreaable extent id the 
improvement of Tamworttis. 

When improvement was effected. 

(i) They appear to have been improved to a considerable 
exteitUora thVmiddle of the ^^^\^A;^±^Z^ fj^ 
first honors at the Royal Agricultural Soae^s sho*r, *hen 
competintr with large breeds, as early as »847, but ,^ . 

(^lubseowent to this period they sank into obscurity, 
and wem only known in some local districts. /^ 

S Within the last fifteen years, or, ««'>»«J*J',H£ 
attendoe has beejr given to their improvem^it, owing to Uic 
d«nand for leaner baoMi. / 

301 



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TAM WORTHS. 



303 



The improvers of Tamworths. , 

(l) As with several other breeds, no individuals Jiave 
attained great distinction in improving them. 

(«) Many breeders have engaged in this work from the 
standpoint of economy. 

^ VI. Distribution of Tamworths. 

(1) They have been bred more or less for many years in 
CMtain local centers of the Midland counties, and 

(a) Now they are being brought into other counties, 
where, to some cxfent, they are displacing the more refined 
and delicate brcOds. 

(3) Oaases liave been ftiade for fheih at all the leading 
shows in England, including the Smithiield. 

Distribution in other countries. 

<r) Until quite recently they were almoB| wiknown in 
fM«ign countries. « 

(3) They were first imported into the United Sute« m 
l8fo by Thomas Bennett of RoMville. 111. 

(3) They have been \m0tKi into Ontario, CtfUida, in 
i^rfe numbers since 1888. 

Organization. , 

(i) Tamiworth swine arc protected by r^slration in. 
GttaX Britain, the United Sutes and Canada. 

(a) The American Taniworth Swine Record Association 
was on^mized.in i8i97| 

, IX. Distribjltion in the ^United States and 
Caniida. 

(i) Tamworth swine are now being recorded from seven- 
teen states in the Union and from nearly all the provinces of 
Cuiada. > 

(a) They are most numerous at present In the states of 
Michigan, Ilbnois a|id Iowa. 

Registration in the United States and 

(t)^In the United States there have .been recorded about 
($po animds. 

(a) In the Canadian record, 2,97a Tamworths have been 
recorded. « 



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THE .iTl^DY OF BBSBM. . 
LftADiNG CHARACriWIsVlCS. 



I. ' Relative size. 

(0 Tamwortht mn *t lewt a do«e tecond to the Lai«e / 
Imitrovcd Vor-k«hire» in we, whUe •ome cWta th«t they an , 
even ■ toffer breed, a*nd iA 

(a) Their natard vigor and hardihood at» t<i Icca^ai 
with thdr size. -f . 

II. ' Adai)l!a>)ility. ♦ 

* (0 Since T%mworUi« are without a sjiperior in the pro- _. 
durtion of baam they may be advan^geou»ly•rear*d by all who 
desire to prodnce |b sivcrior bacon product, and ; 

(a) Since thiey pqskh mnih vigor and stamina they may 
be kept with, much ^propriateness in the com growing tUtei • 
either pure or whep croMed upon other breedi or grades not of 
the tMcon type, l •. 

♦ ■ ' " ■ 

III. Eatllr maturing qualities. 

(i)1 Formerly they required both age and tinw to fatten, 
but in bith the«e reapect* they have improved much* during 
recent j^rs, yet ' * , 

(a) They are nrt e^yial to the raiall refined breed* m 
early maturing qualities. 

IV. Grazing and fecdin5| qtMilities- 

'(i) Since Tamworths arte, grand rustlers, they answer 
admirably where pastures are to berforra an imporUnt part in 
pork production. ° / 

(a) They will also stand;4ell under forced feeding mi 
they are not hard keepers, as rmmy imagine. 

h- 

V. Quality of. the meat. ,, _ 
(i)" They are said to excel ajl the English bre^s in the 

prtqjortion of the lean to the fat, but , 

(a) They have more bone relativdy than ^orne of the 
small breeds. , 

VI. *Value in crossing and grading. 

(r) When a-oss«d upon snudl, compact and over refined 
grade sows, they impart suee, all-round deve}<^ment, vigor and 
prolificacy, and 

(a) The offspring prodnce more and better meat and 
probably without increase in the cost of production. 



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' ' 'ft 

i second to the Lai«e '' 
« dtailn thftt they ^re 

luwd MS i«i iceping 



a superior In the pro--^ 
iu»ty-reat<6<i by all who 
net, and ' 
and stamina they may 
le com growing states 
>reeds or grades not of 



es. . s 

ige and time to fatten, 
nproved much* during 

(nail refined breed* in 



iiaUties- 

rustlers, they answer 
n an important part in 

ler forced feedti« wad 
igine. 



: English breeds in the 
rdy than -some of the 

gtadmg. 

mpact and over refined 
devel<;9m«it, vigor &nd 

! and b^er meat and 
F production. 



-^w 



Wf^'W^' 



TAMWORTHl. 



m 



VII. Breeding qualities. 

(I'i Tam worths are unexcelled for prolificacy Mid 



The young plgt possess the Jwrdihood chararteriMk 
of tbe breed. 

' Vin. Compared with Chester Whites. ' 

(1) TMnworths are probably ahead in what mi^y be 
termed fle^tibility in adiM^tion, are. more active grazers, are 
somewhat ahead in stMnina, produce a si4>erior quality of 
bacon and have even greater power to produce renovation in 
. delicate types when crossed upon them. . . • , ^ 

( (a) The Oierter Whites are probably heavier at imittt- 
Hty, are ready for slaughter ^t a period somewhat earlier, and 
more qtuc^y when fed for pork rather than for baom. 

PRINaPAL POINTS. 

I. In the absence of a suitid>le scale ot points, 

the following is submitted : 

(I) Cenirat OuiUtte—Th* frame is loi* and dwp ttrther 
tiian broad, and is well sustained by atrong limbs. * 

(a) ffeai^Loog, brtt Hi*it rather than heavy, possessed 
of very moderate dish, and having an appearance of leanocat. 

io} Forehead and poll, of medium fcidth. 

(b) Eye, medium, <;|ear. . ..... ^ 

(e) Snout, long, stnight and t^wring, but the aim la to 

ihorten it^ennewhat 

(4) Jowl, lii^t rMher than heavy. .... 

"(#) Ear, medium hi sijw, poin^ forward and fairly 

Ovct. 

(3) Afef !•■— Rather long than short, and deep than wide, 
and rising gradmlly from the poll to the withers. 

(4) Borfy— Long In the coupling and deep, slightly but 
negtthifly arched above and straight below. 

(a) Back, moderately wide, with a gradual rounding 
descent until the side is reached. , . ... 

(b) Brislwt, wide and on a level with the underime. 

(e) Arm sind thigh, brood but not overfull. 

(d) Shoulder, broad, moderately full, not rough, Mid 
about equiU in thickness to ham. 

(«) Side, iMig, quite deep, and retaining its thJidtness 
down to the bplly.' 

(fyWbt. well arched and deep. 

(f ) Fore and hind flanks, full, Mid heart girth and flMik 
girth, good and about equal. 




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THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



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(A) Htndquarter, Xaau, deep, 
the Buttock. -^ 



fairly full, and nranded at 



(i) 
Bqiwre. 

(i) 
(ft) 

straight, 



<b) 



Ham, large and gradually rounded off rather than 

Tall, medium strong, but not very long, and curled 
Twist, low, and moderately full. . 
L^ipj— Medium in length, raoderatdv wide apart^ 
strong and firmly placed undeir the body. « 

SftiM— Smooth and covered plentifully with hair. 
Hair, not coajrse and without any bristles. 
The color is a red or brigjit chesttiut, often termed 
sandy, and it usually ,dai1cenB with age. y\ 

II. Generd Appearance — In general appear- 
ance the Tamworth is long, smooth and at least fair- 
ly deep; the snout is too long to meet the popular 
ideal of beauty in the same ; the ham has a little more 
of depth than the shoulder; the legs are strong and 
straight and the carriage is easy and active. 

Ill; Compared with Chester Whites. 

^, (i) Tamworths are not so massive, not so wide, <keper 
m pr<9ortion to the width ^nd something more arched in the 

(2) Their heads are li|:hter^ snouts consideraUy longer, 
jowls something lighter, and ears smaller and more erect 
. (3) Their limbs are somewhat stronger, and there are 
the differences in color mentioned. > 

IV. Compared with Improved Yorkshires. 

(i) The Tamwordis have the same general form and 
lenigth find strength of limb, and the same easy and active 'car- 
riage, but 

(2) They are lighter in the h«sad, longer and straighter 
m the snout, have less of down spring ih the under jaw, less of 
sixe in the jowl, and more of rounding outward and downward 
away from the line of the back, and 

(3) There are the differences in coldrmditioned. 



. -fi 






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! HiM ii tf iii wi '''y""wwrT«!W*'*wy»' ", iiii '- ' "1^ 



OF BREEDS. 

Mp, fairly full, and roondedal^ 

tally rounded off rather than 

but not very long, and curled. 

erately full, , 

sngth, tnoderately wide apartJ. 

ed under the body. T 

overed plentifully with hair. 

without aiQr bristle*. 

- brig^it chestnut, often terme^ 

nth age. 

ance — In genef al appear- 
[, smooth and at least fair- 
long to meet the populai' 
; the ham has a little more 
r; the legs are strong and 
s easy and active. 

Chester Whites. 

» otassive, not so wide, deeper 
scHnething more arched in the 

er^ snouts considerably longer, 
rs soldier and more erect 
Bwhat ststmger, and there are 
ed. - ■ . '■ 

Improved Yorkshires. 

the same general form and 
1 the same easy and active "car- 
le head, longer and siraighter 
ipring ill the under |aw, less of 
inding outward and downward 

and 
ices in colornM^tioned. 



THE MEDIUM BREEDS 




LECTURE NO. 7. , 



THE BERKSHIRES— ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHARAC- 
TERISlricS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

^ t Berkshires are one of the oldest of the 
imprdved breeds Of swine. 

(i) They are so named itom the county of Bericshire, 
Bn^atid, in which they have b«en numerously bred, but 

(z) The principal improvement of the breed wa» rather 
made in Leicestershire and Sulford^ire. 

I J. The qriginalBerkshMTCS. 
« (I) The original BerttsWre was a large animal of jumilar 
ancestry, probably, with the T?wiworth. 

(2) It ytas somewhat coarse m body, but n9t so coarse 
as the Old White hog of the northern counties, and had large 
pendent ears. ,. . ,wv . ." 

(3) The color was t&wny, white or reddiui brown, ^pot- 
ted witib Wack. --a 

III. When improvement was -effected. 

(i) The Berkshires were brought to a considerable 
d<irree of perfection in the last century. 

(a) From i8ao to 1830 veiy marked improvement was 
effected by Lord Barrington and othws. . „ , 

(3) Th^ were first given a separate class at 4he Royal 
Agricultural Society's show in 1862. 

I\^' How improvement was effected. 

(1) the preciK steps taken at the first to improve the 
Berkshires are not very well known, but 

(3) It is now pretty generally conceded that Qunese, 
307 



•:-*H 




,-m 



T 




t [ i m< mtmm> .^ -- 



BESKSHIRES. 

SiMnese^M^SttieapoUtan crosses were useji, more especially the 
first mentioned. 

V. The early improvers of Berkshires. 
(i) The very earliest of the improvers of the breed are 

taifaiown. 1 J it 

(a) PrOTiinent among the early improvers stand the 
names of Richard Astley, of Oldstonehall, and Lord Bar- 

rUvtoo. . 

(3) Among the more noted of the-later improvers the 
inmes of W. Hewer, Sevenhampton. Rev. H. Bancy, Swindon, 
uid Russell Swanwidc, Cirraicestet, may be mentioned. 

VI. Two classes of Bericshires, 
(i) In one of these the color is white, of which the Coles- 

Un aiid Windsor breeds are examples. 

(a) In the other, npw more commonly Kiwwn as the 
Berkshire, the color is Mack, with some white markings. 

VII. Distribution in Britain. 

(i) Berkshires are niosl numerously bred in the south- 
we^em and midland counties of En«land, Wift -they are kept m 
Othet^^nties in considerable numbers, . •=* 

' (?) 1%^ have effected grwt improvement on several of 
the native races Of Ireland, and have also fwmd their way into 
^tbtfid. 

VIII. Distribution in other countries, 
(i) They have, been exported to foreign conntries mote 

csctensivdy than any other Britidi tjteed, more especially to 
the United States and Canada. ...» 

(a) They were probaUy imported mto America m 1833. 
but 1^ date usually given is 1833. 

* IX. Organizations. 

(i) The American Berkshire Association was orguiized 
ifi i^s, and the National Berkshire Record Association ip 189* 

(a) The recording of Beritshires in Canada comnwnced 
in 1876. 

X. DistrilMition in the United States and 
Canada. 

(1) Berkshires art kept in all. or nearly all, the state* of 
tile Uni<m and in ^1 the provinces of Canada. ^ -. . 

(a) They are numeronsly kept in the province of Ontario 



3IO 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



and in the states of Illinois, Indiana, New York, Ohio, Wis- 
consin, Iowa and Missouri. 

Xt Registration in th^ tJnited States and 
Canada. 

(i) The American Berkshire Associations have recorded 
01,327. animals, and 

(a) The Caiuidian Swine Breeders' Association has 
recorded 13,135. " 



\^ 



^ 



LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

L Relative size. 

(i) As now bred.'the^Berkshtres are {(robably larger' than 
the Poland-Chinas, but it is well-nigh impossible to determine 
this question at present - 

(2) The breeders are giving more attention to lengthening 
the form and even the limbs during recent years, but 

(3) There is no little difference in size in the various types 
of the breed. , 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) In what may be termed general adaptation, the Berk- 

Siires probably stand at the head of the list of the improved 

breeds, all the conditions considered. 

^ (2) Th^ may be reared in good form in almost any place 

adapted to swine rearing, and for pork or bacon as desired. ' 

III. Early maturing qualities. 
it) These are excellent. 

(2) They will fatten at almost any age that may be desired. 

IV. Grazing and feeding qualities.^ 

r ,.^l?- Bericshires are excellent grazers, as they are possessed ■ 
of hmbs with a good quality of bone. 

,>nk,^J!'Xt^^^'\}^^^^ strong digestive and assimilative 
ptrtwtrs «MWe them tor give a maximum return in flesh forlfhe 
tood consamed. 



V. Quality of the meat. 



(i) They produce excellent pork or bacon, as the fat and 
lean are fairly weU intermixed, and • *=" ' " ^« »» ««« 

(2) They alto dress well in proportion to the live weight. 



^ /■ 



"> 




•«w««ip||f««;«ra|o 



BE«KdHIitES. 



3" 



Value in crossing-and gradingi 

(I) None of the British breeds has be«en i^und more 
ttCfeful Ihwi the Berkshires "for crossing, and non^ has been 
used so much for this purpose.^ . . 

(») They have proved of great value m repnmg tne 
ibwrser breeds. 

Breeding qlialities. 

(i) These are at least medium, but of course they vary 
with the varying conditions to which they have been subjected, i 

(a) When not reared under enervating conditions they 
pixtduce medium large litters and rear them weH. 

STANDARD POlKfTS. 

I. The following'is the staindard of excellence 
adopt^ed by the American Berkshire association : 



POINTS. 



(i) Color— Black, but skin and hair occasionally, 
showing tinge of bronze or copper colorf with 
white on feet, face, tip of t;^l and occasional ^ 
splash on the arm . . . • • • 

(a) Face a«d 5»oi«*— The latter short, broad and 
meaty, the former fine, well dished and broad 
between the eye? • ■ • • 

\ 3; £k— Very clear, rather large, dark hazel or gray 

(4) Hor—Sometimes almost elect, but generally 
inclined forward, medium ^e . . . . 

(5) /<M*/— Full and heavy, running back well on neck 

(6) ATff*— Short and Broad on top . . . •■ . 
0) H«»-— Fine and soft, inclined to thickness in 

male . .' • 

.(8) 5A«i— Smooth and pliable . . . ' . 
(9) 5Aoi«W*r— Smooth and even on top and in hne 

with side, thick through chest .... 
(10) Soffc— 9road, long and straight or slightly 

arched, ribs well sprung . . ^ . ~ • 

(n) S'ufe— Deep and well let down, straight side and 

bottom Utte . ...... 

(12) Flank— Well back and low down on leg, making 

neatly a straight line with lower part of side 
(.13) JLoiw— Full and wide ... . . 

(14) Ham— Deep and thick, extending well ap on 

back, and holding thickness well down to bock . 



10 



5 
8 

ID 






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THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



nlfnrfs. 
AtS) Tii»— Wdl set up on line with buck, oot too 

fine, thort or tigering . . . . , a 
(i6) JLfdt v>td Fttt^Short, straight and strong, set 
wMw affut, with hoofs nearly erect and ci^pable 
of holding good weight "•'^. 

(17) Site lomd Symn^trh^-Siiit, all that is potdble 
without toss of 4iuui^ or sy m m e try , with good 
letwth . . . ' . ... . . f i , 

(18) i'/yft?— Attractive, i^rited, indicative of thor- 
ongh biieeding and C(Autituttonal<Yigor . .3 



Perfection 



100 



IL The foUbwing" acjdiliional points are sub^ 
mitted, induding some suggested modifications to 
meet the diangifig requisites in form : 

(l). Disk of snout, broad. 
. (3) Neck, mediam to short, oval and Ueqding evenly 
with the shoulder. ' 

^3) Brisket, wide « ' 

(4) Sack, of medium length. '^ 

(5) Side, medium in length and of nearly even |hickness 
above and beloiw. * I 

(6) Heart girth and flvik girth, good and equal. 

(7) Ligs, imdintt to i^KMi. 

III. In general appearance Berkshires are of 
good size, are fairly comp^t in form, regular and 
even in outline and easy in movement. , 






* 



'^■■i'. 



1% 



nMHTS. 

th back, oot too ' ^ 

• . * • » 9 ■ . I- 

it and ttroi^t. Mt :M 
erect and capable ' H 

. . . . % 
^t is possible 
nwby, with good 

dicativ« of thor- 
iial;<¥igor . .3 

. . . 100 

nal points are sub-< 
ed modifications to 
jnn: 



i and l^endinc evenly '" 

I neatly even Ihidmess ' 
9od and eqoai. 

e Berkshires ate of ^ 
I form, r^;ular and 
entent. > 



LECTURE NO. 8. 

lilD*CHlNAS — ORIGIN AND HISTOKY, CHARAC- 
TERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 

I. The Poland-China breed of swine, origi- 
nated chie% in the counties of Warren and Butler, 
in' the Miami valley in the state of Ohio. 

(I) For many years various names were applied to ani- 
mals of thir breed, as: Magie, Butler County, Warren County, 
Miami Valley, .Ptrtand, Poland aiyi China, Great Western, 
Shaker, Union Village, Dick's Creek, Gregory's qreek, and 
others. 

(a) It was (fecidel at the National Swine Brwders' con- 
vention held at Indiam^lis in liifa that the breed should be 
known as the Poland-China, and thiiS ded«nation.is now pretty 
gmenlly Msepted. 

'II. Formation of the Poland-China breed.. 

- (i) The foundation animals were the common stocks of 
flK country, essentially of very mixed {weeding. 

(a) "These were more or less crossed with ^e Russi% the 
Byfield and the Big Chinas, all of which existed in Warren 
county prior to i8ao. 

(3) The Berkshiw cross, introduced in 1835 and subse- 
ilttendy, ipive tti Mack.color, improved qrmmetry and increased 
ae^krtty, and impiirted addititmal strength t6 the limbs. 

(4) The Irish Grazier cross, introduced in 1839, gave 
tniproved grazing qwdities and increased faardiho«>d. 

^: (5) No out-crosses h^ye befn used since l845i 

til. The improvers of Poland-Chhias. 

(i) No one person stands out pre-enrinently as the 
sder ol the breed, ttu>u^ several nave sought that dis- 

(a) The Shakers of Union Village, Warren county, O., 
are to be credited widi much of the improvement mad&i^ die 
early y«rs of the centiiy. V 



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POLAND^CHl^AS. 



3IS 



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Distribution in the United States and 



IV. Organi^ons. , , 

(1) A number of oAanwAUons have been formed in the 
interests of the breed, alli.oi-oearly all. of which have a<^ed 
the same standard of, 90tjpits< . .Y .^. -,.. 

(3) Prominent amtidc^tiiese are the <ollowih|, vi*. The 
Ohio Poland-Chfaa Receard Company, organized 1878, at Day- 
ton, O. ; the American Poland-China Record Company, organ- 
i««d 1878. at Cedar Rapids, la.; the Central Poland-China 
Association, organized. 1880, at Indianapolis; the Northwest- 
ern Poland-China Swine Association, ongnized in Washington, 
Kan., in i88t. and the Standard Poland-China Reeord Associa- 
tijrti, organixed 1887, at MaryviHe, Mo. 

Canada. * ■ *■ . ' 

<i) Poland-Chinas are probaUy found in every State in 

the- Union. . " . ^ \ ^t. 

(2) In the central, western and northwestern states they 
are more numerously kept than any other breed. 

(3) They hjjve also been introduced into several of the 
provinces of Canada, though-net in large numbers. 

VI. Registration in the United States and 
Canada. 

(l) The associations mentioned above under Note IV 
havt: recOTdfd approximately 350,000 animals, of which about 
3oper cent M« males. " j ^ 

(a) Iaf>C8ffiidB, a.7M anunals have been recordeo. 

LlpADIN^ CHARACTpUSTICS, 

I. 'Relative size, 

<i) Formerly \the Poland-Chinas were lai^^er and les* 
refined than at the present time. _ , . 

(a) Though reduced in absolute size and improved m 
form, they are stjll among the largest of the medium breeds. 

\ 11. Adaptability. 

(1) They have pro^pd well adapted to com growing coun- 
tries, hence thei,r great popularity in the west, but . . ^ 

(2) They are adapted to any conditions that furnish 
j^entifHl supplies of food to produce quick growth, 

III. Early maturing qualitiw. • 
(1) They possess these in a hij* degree, so that 



Bailli|-i>-hiifir»-rii. 



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316 



THE .STUDY OV BftBKDtl. 



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-V 



(a) The tndiiution wWi VtAMoA-Oiita* now it to w^ww 
io quickly as to interfere with •oAdendy l«ife growth. 

IV. Grazing and feeding qualities. 

(1) When grteing th«r want good MUrtares. 
(3) Thvy are free feeders and easy keepers. 

V. Quality of the me^. 

(i) Poland-Chinas kill well, and the nwat is fine in 1 
and tender, but . . 

(a) The pn^rtim of the fat is larfe and of b«eon -only 
medionk.' '^ ' 

VI. Value in crossing and grading. 

(1) Ptdand-diinas cross admiraUy on common stocks 
(kfictent in compsctness, early maturity Juid good feeding 
tjtKilitiei, but 

(a) They woidd not he suited for crossing on the more 
refined breeds. ^ 

VIL Breeding qualities. 

(i) These are only fair. 

(a) The too free and prdonged use of a com diet has had 
the effect in too .m»m intfanoes of impiHring tlw breeding 
powers, undD^y weakeniag the hone and injuring the stamina. 

VIII. , Gimpared with Bericshires. 

(i) In producing meat with hot a small percentage o| 
offal, the Poland-Chinas may have some advantaige. 

(2) In gtunina, rustling qnalities and pn^iieacy, jthe 
Berkshires have probably some advantage. 

~ (3) In other leading essentials the two breeds resemble 
each other clmdly. ' 

STANDARD POINTS. 



I. The following is the scale of points adc^pted 
for Poland-Chinas by^ the National associi^tic^ of 

/ expert judges of swine: ^ 

vtanr*. 
(i) H^ad cmd Face . . . . . . .4 

(a) Byes a 

(3) Ears a 

(4) Neck . a 

(5) Jowi 4 a 

(6) Skdufders . , . . . . . . .6 



t 



•~> 



BitKEDS. 

rChiiiM now b to antH^ 
mdy l»rg« growth. 

r qualities. 



t the meat ia fine te 

I hUfe and of bAooatmlf 

Id grading. 

-ably on common ttocka 
turity knd good feeding 

for crossing cm the more 



use of a c»m diet has tuid 
f impdring Uie breedii^ 
and injuring the stamina. 

nicshtres. 

itt a small percentage of 

ome advantt^e. 

:ies and prciiikaey, the 

antas^. 

the two breeds reaanUe 



INTS. 

caleof points adopts! 
itiotuil associi^tion of 



> 



POLANIVCHIMAS. 



317 



roiim. 
V Cfutt . ■ " 

1) 5Sm mU Ribs . . . • 10 

[loV Betty attd Phuk s. 4 

fill Ham mid Rump 10 

ria) Feri and Leg* .10 

(13) TaU . t 

(14) Coat 3' 

(is) Color -v 4 

(ih SiM . X 

(17) AcHon tmd Style 3^ 

ri8) ComdiHoH . ^ . a 

(191 Ditpoeilion » 

(») Symmetry of' Points a 

Perfection . .100 

tl, Tlie foltowing is tiie detailed description 
drawti up by the Nation^ asscciation of expert 
judges of swine : 

(i) Head and Face— H«lGf short and wide; cheeks full; 
jaws broad; fqre^itead hi|^ and wid«; face shprt, smooth, wide 
etween the eyes, tapering from ejres to point of nose and 
siMtly di^d, surface even and regular. Objectionft— Head 
l(Mlg, narrow, coarse; forehead low and narrow or contracted, 
lo^r jaw extending beyond upper; faux long, straight and 
nam»w between the eyes; nose coarse, thick or crooked, ridgy 
or didied as much as a Beriadure. 

(a) Myes—taLtfst, prominent, bright, lively, clear and free 
fnwa wrinkled or fat sunoundiidigs. Objections—Small, dull, 
bloodshot, deep set or obscure; viaion' impaired by wrinkles, 
fat or otiier cause. 

(3) £arx— Small, thin, soft, sUky, attadied to the head \,y 
a ahort and small knuck, tips pointing forward and -slightly 
cMtward, and dte forward half droc^ing gracefully, fully under 
coj^rd of aninnd, both of same sice, position and shape. 
Ob]ect&ms--Laige, strun^t, stiff, coarse, thick, rotuid, long or 
large knupk,. drocH^ng close to face, swinging and, flabby, dif- 
fetenee in form, SHte or position. 

(4) JVrc*— Wide, deep, short and nicely ardied dt Xs^, 
from^poll of head to shoidder. Objections— Long, narrow, 
thjn, flat <« top, not extendiiw down to breastbone, tucked ur- 

(5) /«wt— Full, broad, deep, smooth and firm, ciarrying 
foBhess back near to pmnt of shoulders and below line of lower 
jaw, so that lower line will be as low as breastbone when head 
is carried t^ level. Objtetions— Light, flabby, Ain, wedge- 



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i i.li'i i | Pii» j. 



318 THE STUDY OF BRUDS. 

■haiKd. deeply wrinkUd. not drooping below Ijnf ofjo**' i*^i 
anJnot carrying fulln s»« back to thoulder and brtikct 

r- 16) 5Ao«W«— B) oad. deep and full, not ejrtendmtf abov« 
line ol back and being as wide on top a» on »>**'.«J"y*% ?*" 
down to line of belly and hawig good lateral width. ^Objec- 
tion»-Narrow and mA same depth »«»»<»y. """^w attof. or 
bottom dr- extending above 1 ne of back, le.. *^J°m'^ 
breadth at top or bottom portion«, or lacking m lateral wkHIi. 
•hieldt on boars undsr eight months of age. or large, l»»vy 
•hielda on hogs under eighteai months of age. , 

(7) Chest— Utv% wide, deep, roomy, indicating pirilty 
of room for vital or fans, making a large girth J«t m«J« 
shouldeA, the breastbone extending forward so as to rtmw 
slightly in front of kgs and extending in a straight line MCK 
to end of breastbont, showing a width of not leas than six 
inches between forelsgs irt a large, full ifrown hog. Objec- 
tions-Flaf, pinched, narrow at top or at «thf r Mid of ^;««- 
bone; brouitbcme crooked or not ext^Ui« slightly m front of 

(8) Baek and I, m— Broad, stralgjit. or slightly arched, 
carrying 8«ne widtl from shoulder to ham, surfaee even, 
smooth, free from lumps, crease or projecttons, not too long, 
but broad on top, inlicating wdl sprang ribs, should not be 
higher at hip than at shouider, and should fill out at junction 
with side so that a slWght-edge placed along top of side will 
touch all the .way frbm -point of shoulder to point of ham; 
shmtld be shorter thaii lower belly line. Objections-;-Narrow, 
created back of shoulders, swayed or hollow, draiopmg below 
a straight line, humped or wrinkled, too Itmg or aatAA diapcd. 
loin high, narrow, depressed or husnped up, surface loiniW. 
creased, ridgy or uneven, width at siite «« as much as ■boultfa^^ 
and bam. P^ 

(f^SUes and J?ffc»-Side8 full, smooth, firm and deep, 
carryfaig size down to belly and evenly from ham to Mioalder, 
ribs long, strong, well sprung at top and bottom. Obierttons— 
Flat. thin, flabby, pindicd, not as full at bottom as^at top, 
drawn in at sho'ilder so as to prodace a crease, or {inched and 
tucked up and in as it approaches the ham, lumpy or tawvtn 
suribce. ribs flat or too short. 

(10) Belly and Fhnk—Wm strakftit pxd Mi, md drop- 
ping as low as flank at houxm <rf chest, pack <A fore leg making 
a sumigfat line from f ore l«» to hind N^a; flank full and out 
even^th surroundKiw portksns of body, die belly at tto* point 
dropinng down on a line with lower HSwfcof chert; the loose 
skin connecting h«»B imd brsBy beli« «m a line even wtth w>ttom 
or side. Obje^ioWt-^Bdhr narrow, pjndhed, Mggint ot flabby. 
Flank thin, tncked up or drawn in. ... 

(ir) Hams and ^i«»^-B»m8 brca4, faU, long and wide,- 









.-^ 



Mxm. 

lelow line of low«f JiW, 
ler »nd brt^Kt. 
11, not extendinif mbove 
I on back, carrying ri« 
, lateral width. Objec- 
body, narrow at top or 
lek. !«•• than bodfrin 
acking in latenU wimh. 
it age, <M- largt, bMvy 

of age. 

omy, indicating plenty 
irge girth just back of 
orward so as to show 

in a straight line bacfti . 
!h of not less than sin; 
ill grown hog. Objec- 
at either end of breast- 
ing d^htly in front of 

jht» or slightly ardied, 
to ham, »vtriMt evm, 
ojecUons. not too long; 
mg ribs, st^uld not be 
o«ud ffil out at junction 
d along tqp of tide wUl 
alder to point of bain; 
!. Objections— Narfow, 
hollow, dranroing hdom 
} IcMig or sunmi shaped, 
ped up, snrfaet \mmf, 
not as biiKih as dtouloisr 

smooth, firm and deep, 
r from ham to i^HMd<^, 
d bottom. OW«ctfon»— 
ill at bottom m at top, 
a crease, or pinched and 
! ham, lumpy or uneven 

Irfit lurd foil, and drop- 
teu^ of fore 1«« tmintm 
ii^pt; flank fun aud out 
ly^ the belly at that point 
ifc*. of chest ;_ the ioo«e 
I'M line even with bottom 
s<iMd. si«ging or flabby. 

»»d, hM, long aod wide.- 



POLAND-CHINAS. 



319 



the loin to root of tail ; 

full on each side of anl 

I narrow, short, thin, not 

to hock ; cut up too high 



flMf yhoclld be as wide a{\point of the hip as at the -swell of 
the nam. Buttocks large annflHun, should project beydnd and 
come ^own upon and nil full between the hocks. The lower 
front jwrt of the ham should be lull and stifle well covered 
with fiesh, and a gradual rounding toward the hock. Rump 
should have a rounding slojpe fron 
same width as back and filling ou 
above the tail. Objections — Ham 
projecting beyond, and coming dowl 

m crotch or twist; lacking in tuUnesskat top or bottom; lacking 
in width from stifle straight back, tower fore part thin and flat, 
straight from root (A tail to hock, buttocks light, thin or flabby. 
Ritmp flat, narrow and peaked at r6ot of tall; too steep. 

(u) Legs and Peei—lMs medium length, straight, set well 
apart and squarely under body, ta|^ring, well mussed and 
wide above knee and hock, below hock and knee round and_, 
tapering, capatde of sustaining weight of animal in full flesh' 
without breaking down, bone nrm and of fine texture, pasterns ' 
short and nearly upright Feet firm, short, tough and free 
from defects. Objections^Legs long, slim, c<»rse, crooked, 
mnsdes small above hock and knee, bone large, coarse, as large 
at foot as above knee, pasterns long, slim, crooked or weak, 
the hocks turned in or out of straight line, legs too close 
tofether, hoofs long, slim and weak, toes spreading or crooked 
or aotble to bear up weight of uiimd without breaking down. 

(13) Totf— Well set on, Imooth, tapering and c- ■-'"-' in 
a carl. Objections— -Cparse, long, crooked or hansi) it 
down like a rope. 

(14) Coa^-FJne, straight, smooth, ly e to and 
covering body well, not dipped, evenly oistisbuted over the 
body. Objection8~-Bri8tlc8, hair coarse, hmb, thin, wavy or 
cuny, swirls, standing up, end« of hair split and brown, not 
evenly distributed over ^1 the body except belly. Dipped 
coats should be cut 1.5 points. 

(is) Color— 'Blaiik with white in lace or lowet^ ji(w, white 
00 feet and tip of tail, and a few small, clear white $pots on 
body not objectionable, Objections-^SdSl* black, more than - 
one>fourth white, sandy hairs or spots, tlr%rizzied or speckled 
appearance. 

(16) Sist—lAtgt for age ami condition; bomn two years 
da and over, if in good flesh, Should weigh not less than 500 
pounds. So^s, same age and condition, not less' than 450 
pounds. Boars eighteen months old, in good condition, not 
less than 400 pounds ; sows 350 pounds. Boats twelve months 
old, not less than 300 pounds ; sows 300 pounds. Boars and 
sows, six months, hot less than 150 pounds, Other ages in 
prc^rtioo. / Qbjectbns— Overgrowth, coarse, gangling, or 
hard to futten at »ny a|^ 



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320 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(17) Ac^nvtd. 5<iy/*--Action vigorous, easy,* Quick aad 
graceful. Style attractive, high carriage, and in males testicles 
should be of same site, carriage, readily seen and yet not too 

-large. Objections—Slow, dull, dums;^, awkward, difficulty in^ 
getting up when down, low carriage, wabbling walk. In males^ v 
testicles not easily seen, not of same size or carriage, too large 
or only one showing. , 

(18) Co»id(Wo»i— Healthy, ddn dear of scurf, scaWs or 
sores, soft and mellow to the touch, flesh fine, evenly laid on 
and free from lumps or wrinkles. Hair soft and lying close 
to body, good deeding qualities. Objections— Unhealthy, skin 

'^oily, wrinkly, scabby or harsh, flabbiness or lumpy flesh, too 
much fat for breeding. Hair harsh, dry and standing up I'rora 
body, poor feeders, deafness, partial or total. 

(19) Z?|i^o«VKM»-— Quite gentle and easily handled.. Objec- 
tionsrMTross, restless, vidous or wild. 

In. General Appearance — ^In general appcar- 
i^nce the Poland-China is compact, symmetrical, 
regular in otitline, smooth and almost massive in 
build. ^ 

IV. Compared with Berkshires, / 

(i) The two breeds resemble each ojktr noi a little in 
general outline, but the Berkshires are a mtle longer in limb 
and not quite so massive in form. , 

(2) The Poland-Chinas have h^ds If-little finer and less 
dished, snouts rather finer, ears lari^|||d moWdrooping and 
more of evenness in the relative uaop shoulder and hams.. 

(3) They are also less •Wjfuli^ in their distingui^ing 
color markii|gs. f 



# 



... if^-'-.i-i 




V 1 



DY OF BREEDS. 

-Action vigorous, easy,' quick and 
ligh carriase, and in males testicles 
riage, readily seen and yet not too 
ull, clumsy, awkward, difficulty in 
:arriage, wobbling walk. In males, 
of same size or carriage, too larip: 

f, dcitt dev of «cur£, scad^s or 
he touch, fle6h fine, efventy laid on 
rinkles. Hair soft and lying close 
ities. Objections— Unhealthy, skin 
»rsh, flabbiness or lumpy flesh, too 
ir harsh, dry and standing up from 
5, partial or total. 

gehtle and easily handled.. Objec- 
la or wild. 

iearmce — ^In general appcar- 
la is compact, 83nnmetrical, 
toth and almost massive in 



'ith Berkshires, 

esemble each ojSher not a little in 
rkshires are a fittlc longer in limb 
form. V* 

s have h^ads |r 'little finer and less 
ears lara^L p>d moTtlTdrooping and 
atTve «i^^ shoulder and hams., 
ss >M|^1«^ in their distingmsliiiqt 



^ ■ 




V " ' .-'■; ' j/^'.' '' ;.f.',v'. ' '- ' ."iV---- -" ':.! ' 



rrrs^ 



LECTURE NO. 9. 



THE VICTORIAS— ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHARACTER- 



ISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 



I. The name Victoria has been given to two 
breeds or types of swine, essentially distinct in their 
origin. 

(i) The finrt of these originated inihe state of New Yoric 
and the second in Indiana. 

(a) The latter only appears to be protected by tm assocu- 
tton and by registration. ... • .^ 

(3) Both are of mediunr-stz^ althourfi the latter is the 

T of the two, and both are whitein color. 

Origin of the Victorias of New York. 

(1) They orighiated with Col. Frank D. Curtis^ ffirby 
Home^ead. Charlt<m, Saratoga county, N. Y., about the 
year 1850. 

(a) Tf»y were formed by crossing suceessivtly the tiative 
bfceds of the county possessed of the Grazier strain with the 
Byfietd. the Yorkshire and the Suffolk.** 

(3) They i4)pear to bear consideVkble resemblance to wt 
Saffolks. bat have finer heads and with not so much of dish. 

Ong^n of the Victorias "of Indiana. 

(l) The bleed of white hogs in the ignited Slates, now 

wore generally recognized as Victorias, originated with George 

Pavis, Dyer, Lake county, Ind., about 1870. 

" (3) Tribey are the outcome of the annlgvmation of four 

inct breeds, viz: The Poland-Chinas, the Chetter Whiter 

Berk^ires and the Suffolks. 

IV. Recognition in the show rings. 

(0 They first appeared in the show rings in 1878, when 
ral specimens were exhibited at the coonty tain of Inf^ana 
Illinois, and also at the Chicago Fat ^ick show. 
21 321 



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w«>»J l ^^M' j gy^.';t(;.^^-^■!!l■;i<^g^':g■■;^^. ' vi ^■ ;^^;';^^!^^^ ^ 



VICTORIAS. 



3«3 



(arTh^y were first acknowledged as a distinct breezy 
♦h.. Tninois state board of agriculture in 1882, and since that 
toe ?bTha?e rSvJd recStition irom several other state 

organiratkms^ have teen quite successful as pri^. winners, 
notably at several of the Fat Stock shows h,;ld m Chicago. 

V. Or^nizatipns. 
(I) The Victoria Swine breeders' Association was organ- 

^^ t^/ tKs" vdSme of the Victoria Swine Record was 
published in 1887. 

VI. Distribution in the United Statw. , 
(I) Victoria swine'have already b^n recorded in a con- 
siderable number of the states of jhe Whton. 

(a) They are most numere|Mttndiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, 
Michi^ and niinois, »"i PS^HK^^'^ °^^^' "*"'**• 
RegistrationlWIwJunited States.^ 

( 1 ) About 1,600 animals have been recorded or entered for 

record. ^^~" j £>. 

(2) Of these about 40 per cent are boars and Co per cent 

sows. 

LEADING CHARACtEBISTICS. 

Relative site, 
(i) The Victorias probably come next to the Poland- 
Chinks in size, but they vary much in this respect m the hands 

of diSEerent bree4e". hence , . ; _^ . . ^. t*«««. 
(2) In many instances they do not outweigh the Uuroc- 

jferseys." -- . 



II. Adaptability. 



(i) It is claimed for them that they are well adapted to 
the field and also to the pen, but 

(a) Further trial is necessary \o the unrwerVed acc^tanw 
of the claims made in their behalf. 

Early maturing .qualities. ^ 

(1) It has been said of them that they wfll matwe and 

*^7af M«encl to this also, judgment should be held 
iftttwpaise. 



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324 r THE "STUI^Y OF BREBDS. ^g 

- IV. Grazing %nd feeding qualities. 

(i\ Their arazing qualities are at leas^ aver^^ and 
" i t£ ir ?S^ feeding qualities find dtmOttstration ill 

their w««P 4 *e American- Fat Stocl^ shows. 

V. Quality of the meat. , 

(I) The quality of the meat is said to be.V^ry good. 

'"^%' By the fact that they have won high honors in the 
dead dUes »t the Fat Stock show* m Chicago. 
VI; Value in crossing and grading. 
(I) FW crossing and grading uses they should not as y«i^ 

"* 1.? T? the^trt fflwhich ha. elapsed sfaKX the bre^ 

iwas formed. 

VII. Breeding qualities. 
(1) It is claimed that they mate good p^re. and 
(i) In uS we shall know this also iHth ceftamty. 

Vin. ^mpared with Bedcshires. 
(I) The vSortas art not quite so large nor ^ uniform, 

"°' SV£j'othe?7SSi c^iracterUti*. the ^^^^ 
them is not striking. 

STANDARD POINTS. 

I The following is the scale of points adopted 
by the Victoria SWine Breedefsi Assoaation : 

/ POINTS. 

(1) Co/or— White, with occasional dark spots in ^ 

(2) H*a£sii»all, broad, and.fa« dished medium • 3 
(a) £or«— Fine, pointing outward • • ' , 
(a) /ow<— Medium siie and neat • . • • , 

(5) iVfcfe— Short, full and well arched • • I 

(6) i^fconWw— Broad and deep • ■ ' I 

(7) Girth ArouniHtaVt ■ , : • ■ • ' ° ' 

(8) Bar*— Straight, broad and level . • . • , " 

(9) S»(f**~I>«ep and full ° 

(10) /?««~-WeU spruag . . • • • ■ / 

(11) Low»T-Broad and strong • • • • »* 

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ir BRE9DS. 



ing qualities. 

re at leas^ average, and , 
lities find dimonstration in 
at Stock- shows. 



it is said to be.V^ry gooA. 

jve won high honors in tl» 
w% in Chicago. 

: and griniing. 

J uses they should not as y«f 
•h has dsHPsed since the bre^d 

ies. 

ake good fwdiers, and 

liis also #ith certainty. 

1 Bejicshires. 

uite so laige nor ^ unifomi, 

cteristics the contrast between' 



POINTS. 

he scale of points adopted 
def^f Association : 



:castonal dark spots in 

idLface dished mediuna • 
lutward 

i neat . . ■ • 
well arched 

deep . . ■ • 

and level • . ■ 




VICl'oIUAS. 



325 



vojxn*. 



O2) 
(13) 
(M) 
(IS) 
06) 

(17) 
(18) 
(19) 



Ftoitft— Well let down . . ^ 

Horn— Broad, full and deep, without loose fat . 
Tat^Medium, fine and curled ' • 

Leg^—Fitit and straight . .-' ■ . V , 
Frrt^Small , . . • • • 

HoiV— Fine and silky, free from bristles . . 
Action — Easy and graceful . . . , 
5ywim^/rjF— Adaptation of the several parta to 
each other . . . . » 

Perfection . . • •y\- 



3 
13 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 

io 

100 



> 11. General Appearance— In general appear- 
ance the Victorias are strong and growthy and in the 
typical specimens are of smooth and equable outline. 
, > IIL Compared with Bwlcrfiires. 

(i) The Victorias are not quite so Iftrge nor have they so 
much of uniformity in size or symmetry, and 
* , (a) They aw white in,50ipr, while the Beikshirea are 
- Mack. J ^ ' 

(3) The Victorias bear no Utile teiemblance to the Suf- 
'folks, bufthey are larger. 




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LECTURE NO. lo. 



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THE DUROC-JERSEVS— ORIGIN AND HISTORY/ CHAR- 
^ ACTERISTICS AND STANDARD POINTS^ ;: 



ORIGIN AND HISTOfY^ . 

I. The American Dufoc- jerseyS arc appar- 
ently the dutcome of the uftion of two classes of 
swine, known respectively as the Durocs and Jersey 

._,::#ed8. .^. • • - . , . . 

,? (i) The Durocs, of medium site anil Botoe, have been 
^lired for many years in Saratoga county, New York. 

(3) The Jersey Reds, large in size and coarse m bofW, 
hair and flesh, have been br«d in New Jersey |or the past 50 
, ffeafs. 

1, 11. The origin and early development of this 
Weed is not apparently well ktiown. ■ ^ . 

(i) Writers have variously represented thenr as origi- 
;,|imting ifi the Tamwortb, the Red BeAshire, and the African 

iSbr Guinea hog. t ., . . ji-.„„i., 

•■% (a) It would seem probaMe that they are possessed largely 

§^f the blood of the old race from which the Improved Berk- 

^jrtiires have been evolved. . "^ 

; ^' 111. The improvers of the breed. 
\^ (i) As with nearly all the American breeds of ^wine, the 
^JAnprovers of the Duroc-Jerseys have been farmers m certam 
•fceighborhoods, who sought to improve the pork-producing^ 
qu^ities of tHfe animals which they fed. , 

(2) The history of the amalgamation of the two original 
branches of the breed does not appear to havft been ' very 
clearly written as yet. 

IV. Organization. 
(i).-Two leading associations, viz, the American Dufoc- 
jgjersey Swine Breeders? Associsftion and the National Puroc- 
«ier8ey Record As»o<;iation, have been organized m the 
iterestt of At breed in the United States. 



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327 



I 



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3«8 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(a) "nie foniier of theae wu organized in '1889 and^the 
latter in 189a 

V. Distribution in the United States and 
Canada. 

(i) Duroc-Jerwyt are now being recorded in nw>rt than 
half the itates of the Union and in -several of die provinces 
-of Canada. H ^ 

(a) They are bred most numerously Ur the stales of 
Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Nebraska a|id Michigan. 

VI. Registration in the United States and 
, Canada. 

(i) The two associations named umier ]Mote IV haye 
recorded 35,085 animals, of which 10,5^ are males and 24,498 
are femalo. 

(a) In the Canadian Record, -790 aoiinals have btea 
recorded. 

,^ LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Rdiative sizA^ 

(l) The Duroc^ Jerseys are now temsiderably reduced in 
size, but, they vary not a little in this res|Mct in different 
Ipcalities. * 

(a) Though not quite eqtial to the Berlcshires 01^ the 
Pdand-Chinaa in size, they bear no little resemblance to these- 
breedl Ui form, though th«y differ so radically f ronv them 
in color. 

•> .II. Adaptability. 

(j) >They have proved themselves wdl adapted to '1 
wher« good rustling qualities are iraportutt,. imd 

(i) In regions where the a^Iity to stand the pressur 
hMvy ami feedmg is of iottdi consequence. 

III. Early maturing qualiti^. 

(i) Tliese have been greatly improved duriilg feoent 
years, but 

(3) They are not yet qtdl^ equal perhaps td those of some 
of t^ ttiedinm breeds. 

TV. Grazing and feedkig qualities. 

(I) Thdr (trazii^ qualities are good, as they «ne an active 
and -har^ breed. 






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ers 



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BREEDS. 

srganixed in 1889 and^the 

United States and 

ng recorded in mprc^ than 
I'^wveral of tlie provinces 

lerausly W the states of 
iska aitd Michigan. 

I United States and 



led under Note IV have 
),S87 are males and 24,498 



LCTEKISTICS. 



r eonsi^rably reduced in 
t^is respect in different 

o the Berkshires 01^ the 
Uttle resemblance to these 
' so radically f ron% them 



» well adapted to ' 

iportant,> imd 

r to stand the pressur 

eqnence. 

litie?. 

improved daritig recent 

! perhaps to 'those of smne 

;qualiti». 

;oo4 as tbey are an wttve 



duroc-jehseVs. 



329 



\/ 



(a) While they do not fatten so quickly as some breeds. 
i||Ky can well endure a forcing ration. 

-»^^ V. Quality of the meat 
y (I) The meat has more lean than sMne of the other 
tmed; of fhe same class, but 

(a) The relative amount of bone and ofltal may also -be 

rething mote. 
VI. Value in crossing and grading- 

'''' (1) They answer, well for crossing upon bVeeds more 
refined and more ddicate of constitution, but 

(a) To cross them upon large, vigorous and somewhat 
^rse pigs would probaUy be a mistake. 

Vn. Breeding qualities. 
(I) These stand high relatively -among the% American 
l^veds, and 

(a) The young pigs are possessed of a fair degree of 

trdibood. 
VIII. Compared with Berkstires.^ 

(i) The Dnroc- Jerseys are a little leu in size and are 
Apt yet quite so well adapted for bacon production. 
^. (a) In other essentlu characteristics the two breeds arc 
4pt £ar''differei^ 

. STANDARD POINTS. '^' 

I. The following is the revised scale of points 
lopted by the ^^nerican Duroc- Jersey Swine Breed- 
Association: * 

POINTS. 



(O 
(2) 

M 
(10) 

(n) 
(w) 



Head and Face 
Eyes . 

Bars . . . 
Neck . 
Jowl '. 
Shoulders 
Chest . . 
Back and Loin 
Sides and R^s . 
Belly and Flank 
Ht^m* and Rump 
Legs and Feet 



'*-«v' 



4 

a 
a 
a 
a 
6 

12' 

'I 

6 
10 
10 



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330 



THE STUDY OF BKEKD8. 



(13) Taa . . . 

(14) Coat 

(15) Color . 

(16) Si»g . 

(17) Action and Styl* 
fi8) Condition 

(19) Disposition . 

Perfection . 




100 



II. Detailed description drawn up by the 
American Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders' Associa-" 
tion: 

(i) Hiad and Face — ^Head sroall in proportion to size of 
body; wide between eyes; iift nicely dished (about half-wav 
between Poland-China and Berkshire), and tapering well 
down to nose; surface smooth and even. Objections — Large 
\|Uid coarse; narrow between eyes, face straight, crooked nose, 
0t , too much dished. 

" (a) £y«*— Lively, bright and prominent. Objections- 
Dull, ^eak or obscure. 

{^TUors — Medium; moderately thin; pointing forward 
and down^vard, arid -slightly outward, . and also attached 
to head neaUy. Objections— Very large; round or nearly 
so; too thick; sSwinging and flabby; not of same size, or 
different positionSk and not under control of animal. 

(4) Neck — Shdr^; thick and very deep; slightly arching. 
Objections— Long, shftUow- and -thin. 

(5) /owA— Broad; ^11 and neat; carrying fullness back 
to point of shoulder and oh line with breastbone. Objections— 
Too large, loose and flabby^<^r too small, thin and wedging. 

(6) 5Iion/</^^ -Moderately broad, very deep and full, 
and not extending above line of back ; brars under imt year 
old heavily shielded. , \^ ^ 

(7) Chest— hiTgt; very deep; filling full behind shoul- 
ders, and breastbone extending well forward, so as to be 
readily seen. Objections — Flat, shallow, or not extending well 
down between the forelegs. 

(8) Back and Loin — Medium in breadth; straight or 
slightly arching ; carrying even width from shoulder to ham ; 
surifacei even and smooth. Objections— Narrow, creased, 
behind shoulders, swayed or humped up. 

(9) Sidis and /?i6j— Sides v^ry deep ; medium length ; 
level between shoulders and hams, and carrying out full down 
to line o| belly; rihi long; strong, and sprung in proportion 



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BBEBOS. 



DUROC-JEMEYS. 



33» 



miNTi. 
I 

. 2 

9..'' 
■ '$ 

4 

4 

3 . 

100 



• i 



I drawn up by the 
le Breeders' Associa- 



ill in proportion to size of 
ly dished (about half-way 
birc), and tapering well 
even. Objections — Large 
ice straight, crooked nose, 

prominent. Objections — 

y thin; pointing forward 
ivard, , and also attached 
large; round or nearly 
ly; not of same siie, or 
DntFol of animal, 
^ry deep ; slightly arching, 
I. 

It; carrying fullness back 
(i breastbone. Objections — 
small, thin and wedging, 
lad, very deep and full, 
,ck; bears under imp year 

filling full behind shouN 
ell forward, so as to be 
low, or not extending well 

in breadth; straight or 
th from shoulder to ham; 
ections— Narrow, creased , 
id up. 

ry deep; medium length; 
nd carrying out full down 
and sprung in proportion 



to width of shoiilders and hams. Objections— Flabby, creased 
and not carrying proper width from top to bottom^ 

("o) BtUy andPkmk-Stnittht and full, and carrying well 
out to line of sides. Flank well down to lower Ime pf sides. 
Objections— Narrow; tucked up; sagging or fUWiy; tlank 
tiraced up or drawn in. . ,. . ^ t, i,. 

( 1 1 > Hams and Rump-Btoud, full and we" dow" to hock ; 
buttocks full and come nearly down to and fill full between 
hocks; rump should have a rounding slope from lorn to root 
of Uil Objections— Hams narrow; short, thin, not project- 
iM well down to hock; cut up too high in crotch; rump nar- 
nlr, flat or peaked at root of taU, or too stMp. 
«S7ia) Legs and Feet—tAtAivan m sue and »«>I%; "*)[°"8 ' 
nicely tapering; wide apart and well set under fI*a,body; 
pasterns short and strong; feet short, firm and tough. Ob*fl 
Sons— Legs extremely long or short; shins, coarse; crookeii 
as Urg« below knee and hock as above; srt dose together; 
hocks turned in or out of straight line^^ hooii, long, slim, and 
weak ; toes, spreading or crooked. ,. . , , 

(13) ToO— Medium large at base and nicely Upering, and 
rather bushy at point. Objections— Extremely heavy; too 

long and ropy. — . . . . 

(14) Coffl/— Moderately thick and fine; straight; smootii 
and covering the body well. Objections— Many bristles ; hair 

Urse, harsh and rough, wavy or curly; swirls, or not evenly 
d over the body. 
- (15) Cofor— Cherry red without other adnruxtures. Objec- 
tions— Very dark red. or shady brown ; very light or pale red ; 
black spots over the body; black flecks on belly and legs not 
desirable, but admissible. 

(16) 5«<^Large for age and condition; boars two years 
old and over shotdd weigh 600 pounds; sows, same age and 
condition, 500 pounds; boars eighteen months, 475 pounds; 
i^ws, 400 pounds ; boars twelve months, 350 pounds ; sows, 
Sbo pounds; boars and sows six months of age. 150 pounds. 
These figures are for animals in fair show condition. Objec- 
;,ttw>s— Rough and i^wrse, and lacking in feeding qualities. 
W (17) Action and Style— Action, vigorous and animated; 
style, free and easy. Objections— Dull and stupid ; awkward 
Ad wabbling; testicles not easily seen, not of same size or 
rriage ; too large or only one showing. 
" (18) Condition— HeaHthy; skin free from any scurf, jdJes, 
sores and mange, and flesh evenly laid on over entire body and 
fcom lumps. Objections— Unhealtfiy; -scurfy; scsl^ 
ftres or tmnge; too fat for breeding purposea; hair harsh and 
inding up ; poor feeders, etc - '- ■ 
(19) Disposilion— Very quiet and gentle; easily han41ed 
or driven. Objections— Wild, vicious or stubborn. 



• 



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HHHMIilllMPWii^Pliillli^^ 



333 THS STUDY OF BUEEDB. 

in. Gttural Apptarance—Tht puroc- Jerseys, 
with their rather light, straight heads, drooping eari 
and smooth and neat frames, bear no little resem- 
blance to Poland-Chinas in form, but they are some*., 
wl^t larger and stronger in limb. 

IV. Compared with Berkshires. 

(1) The Dttroc-Jemey* are not so Urge nor quite M lonf 
in body, though equally wide for the size. . ^ , ', , ,, 

(a) They are lighter in the head than the Berlokmafe 
have less dish and less development of jowl, longer and ra*« 
pe&deflft dra and not so much relative length of Mde, and 

(3) They ve sandy in odor, while the Berlidiires ate 
black. 



V 




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BBBEDB< 

—The Duroc- Jerseys, 

; heads, drooping ears 

bear no little resem- 

m, t^t tl«^ are some-. 

mb. 

kshires. 

so targe nor qnite M long 
e size. 

ead than the Berkshfrei*. 
of jowl, longer and fti«re 
re length o< ude, and 
while tlie Beiluhiret ate 






« 




LECTURE NO. ii. .. , 

tPS CHESHIRE—ORIGIN AND HISTORY, CHARACTBR- 
.¥ . ISTIC8 AND STANDARD POINTS. 

'a - ' ^ — 

4, ORICaN AND HISTORY. 

''% I. The Cheshire breed of swine orij 

"Jefferson county, N/ Y., ^d since the mi 

century. 

(f) The origin of the Mune Chcaliirt it not fulljr lotown, 

4ooe '^' 

(a) The old English breed of this name is vtrtnaMy extinct, 
twviHV been crossed u]^ V on^H^ ^<1, esrlier maturing 
breeda. ' - 

^; II. Formation 9* tlw breed. 

(i) Cheshires are the outcome of crosw^s beti^een 
. Large Improved Yorkshire and th^ Suffdk breeds upon the 
Bttive white hags of the neii^borhwil ^ 

(a) The extent to which the yH^m^ tbtjmported breeds 
was used i* not fully known, but^ it is, vit^ probabie that no . 
out-crosses have been made since 187$. 

III. The improvers of Oieshires. 

"% (»>A. P. aark of Beltevaie and S. P^ HufTstater of 
^atetftown, N. Y., Wc^ the nHMt distinguislied of tfie early 
ibriginators Af the breed, but . . ^ 

(a) To E. W. Davis bdloi«s the honor of i^scutng Che- 
ires from the temporary' obscurity into which they fell, 
upon' the finandai crisis of 18^3. 

ly. Whfen improvement was effected.- - 

(l) CheshtKS were first exhibited at the New York state ': 
ir m 1859 l^, A. P. aarit, and during the fHir inun«diately 
llowii»,di^ grew n«)idly- in favor. - 

(a^In i8jo they W«n tfje Pork Packers' prize bf $500 for 

best pen of pigs exhflWtdl at the St Louis ( Ma ) fair. 

(3) E. W. D»vi« began his work of imp«Mi»ment in iwa^ 

' r ,333 - ■' - . ' 



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CHESHIRES. 



335 



V. Organization. 



(i) The Cheshire Swine Breeders* Association was 

""^ST The 'fiSi volume of the Che^shire Herd Book was 
' published in 1889. 

i' VI. .Distribution in the United States. 

(i) Cheshires are now kept in nineteen states and also 

in Canada. . t. 

(2)- They are bred most numerously m th^ eastern states, 
but sohie of the central states are also possessed of a consider- 

-*. * ti) New York sUte lias probably njore breeders than all 
the other states combined. > ^ 

,. VII. Registration in the United States. 
• (i) There have been recorded 2,^7 animah; malie and 

"^ (a) Only a few specimens of the breed have been mtro- 
dAeed into Canada. 

LKADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

Relati>5f size. r 

(i) Though by no jneans a small animal, the Cheshires 

ate probably the smallest of the middle breads. ■ 

(a) It is claimed that they can be made to dress from 500 

10 600 pounds when fully grown. , * 

II. Adaptability. - .. 
(i) cheshires are well a&pted to what may be terme<l 

tverage conditions. . . ,. i .•..• 

N. (a) They seem to possess at least medium quiUities m 

l^nost every respect 

III. Early maturing qualities. , 
(l) They possess these in a marked degree. . ^ 
(a) Numeix)us instances are on record wherein they have 

made to dress 400 p<Minds when nine months rid. 

IV. Grazing and feeding qualities. 

(1)" Their grazing qualities are at'least fafr, and 
(a) Their marked docility and early maturing qu^ities 
them very satisfactory feeders. 






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V 



336 TflE STUDY OF BREEDS. 

V. Quality of the, meat 

(i) The flesh of Cheshifes is fine in the grain, and hence 
solid and firta in texture, and « 

(a) It is also well intermixed, more especially when fed 
upon such pc(rk-making pro^ucU as are most freely produced 
in New Er^uid.,^^ 

(3) As bacon producers they ratdc high among themedinutti 

breedi^ ' %, 

VI. Value in crossing and grading. 

(i) Cheshires are best adapted to crossing tq[>on roughly 
made and slow maturing pigSi 

(,i) When so crossed they refine the bone and promote 
early maturity and easy keeping qualities. 

VII. Breeding qualities. ^ 

. (0 These are only medium, but 

(2> As with aft breeds, much depends upon the way in 
which they are )cep& 

VIII. Compared with Berkshires. ^^ 

(i) The Cheshires are con»dcrably less in weight and at«' 
even more refined in frame and bone. 

(2) The Berkshires would seem to have a wider field m 
which the;y may be sficcessfltlly tued for crossing.^ ' , 

(3) Vb other respects Uiey considerably resemble pne 
another. 

STANDARD POINTS. 

L The following is the scale of points adopted 
by the Cheshire Swine Breeders' Association : 

roiKTs. 
(i) /frotf— Short to medium in lengthf short in pro- ' 
portion to length of body . . . . . .8 

(a) Face— Snnewhat dished' and wide between the 

eyes . $ . . . ; . • • . . . 8 
(3) /^atf— Medium in. fullness . . . . • . 3 

:. (4} £ar,^— Small, fine, erect, and in old animals 

slightly pointing fo.rward . . . . . 5 

(5) JV«fc-— Short and broad . • . . . .3 

(6) ShovAders—liroaA, full and deep . . . 6 

(7) GirtK Around Heart . . . . .8 

(8) £af J^Loag. broad and straight neariy to root 

of tail . .10 






tm^fimfii '.4^"'«^^^'' "-^iSiS 



tmmmmmmtmmtm 



mmm 



mmm. 



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BREED9. 



CHESHIRES: 



* 337 



fine in the grain, and hence 

i, more especially when fed 
as are most freely produced 

■ank high an^ng the inediuat 

and grading. 

;d to crossing upon roughly 

efine the bone and pronMipe 
[ualiUes. 

but 

h depends upon the way in 

Berkshires. 

c^ably less in weight and are 
me. 

em to have a wider fidd in 
:d for crossing. 
consideraUy resemble one 



OINTS. ^ 

; scale of points adopted 
iers' Association : 

POIMTS. 
In length? short in pro- * 
i . . . . .8 

and wide between the 

»s . . . • ' • 3 
, and in <rfd aninols 

I S 

• * • • • * 3 

nd deep . . . o 

. • • • 8 
straight nearly to root 

... lO. 



MINTS. 



(9) SW^—Deep and full, nearly straight on bottom 

line . . . • ■ • •.'.«,■ 
(lo) Ffcm*— Well back and low down, making flank 
girth nearly equal to heart girth . • . ,• ^ •, 
(ii) Haww—Broad «id nearly straight wift back 

and running well down toward hock . 'w . 
(la) L^«*— Small and slim, set well apart, support- 
ing body well on toes . . • • (p • 

(13) Taii-^Small, slim and tapering . . 

(14) How"— Fine, medium in thickness and quantity 
Os) Co/or— White, any colored hair to disqualify . 

(16) 5*»»— Fine and pliable, small blue qwts objec- 
tionable but allowable . . • " • • 

(17) S!yt»M»*/ry— Aniwal well proportioned, hand- 
some and stylish . . . . . • 



10 



Perfection 



^ v« 



100 



II. General Appearance— In sgexAx^X appear- 
ance the Cheshire is neat, reBned, smootl^wwell pro- 
portioned and active in*tnovement fP 

III. Compared with Berkshires. 

(1) The Cheshires are not so large, not so heavy of build, 
nor quite so strong of limb. ... '■• • 

(3) They are something lighter in the head, ev«- more 
erect in the ears and not so deep in. body, and 

<3) There are the differences m color. ,, 

I IV. Compared with iPoland-Chinas. 

' (1) Cheshires are less massiW rdativdy, hare mofe 
length of side, less of upward arch from the poll to the witheps 
and from the tailhead to the loin, and arc less rounded at 
the biittock, _-i j 

(3) They have much smaller and more erecP-eam, ^and 
finer limbs and bone. 

(3) They are more active anid stylish m appearance, and 
are wiute in color. 

22 * 



9 




^ 



% ^tr- 



V 







1( 

V » 




THE SMALL BREEDS 



LECTURE NO. 12. 

THE IMPROVED SUFFOLKS— -THEIR ORIGIN AND HIS- 
; -lORY, CHARACTERISTICS ANb STANDARD POINTS. 



4 

3ver 



• ' I. No little obscurity hangs ovfer the origin of 
the Improved Suiffolk, but it is probable that it is the 
outcome of crossing one or more of the sniaU white 
breeds uixni the old Suffolk breed. 

' (i) The old Suffdk 9wini~were white with rather Ibng 
legs, loiiig heads, flat sides and much coarse hair- 

(a) the Improved Suffolks as bred in England were also 
whit^, but had short heads and long cylindrical bodies, short* 
legs'smd fine, long' apd thin hair. ■> 

II. The Improved SuflFolks, though possessed 
of no little popularity at one time in England, are 
not now numerpusin that «ountry. 

(i) Since the middle of the centuiy they have been grad- 
ually allowed to drop out of the orize lists of the leading 
English showsi. ,'.".- . 

(2) They have probably been largely absorbed by other 
snudl white breeds, hotobly the 5mall Yorkshire. 

III. The only breed jiow genei^lly ilebgnized 
ds Suffolk in England would seetn to be a small black 
'breed, kept most numerously in the county M 
Suftolk. 

1^ (i) They resemble the wruJI white btwdS in form an^ 
^Mntial qnalities, but > . 9 ' 

I (a) It is claimed th^ are somewhat larger, more nq^ 
i^P more prolific. 

339 



\ • 



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OF BREEDS. 



Wr 



ft 
ted; 



< IV. Imaprtations imb the Uaited- StatI 

(m Some obtteurhy woultfyiMin to r^pii>n the cDfte of 
the fi^ importations nude intlilmerica. '■)if^ 

Xa) As e&lv as iSsSr Suff^w^ were> |ii||j|ed intQ.^ 
state of Illinois by die Hon. Jl^Ht^p^entwo^ ' ' 

(3) Occasional importa«i66r»|iave been ma^l tlilt (lut<i^^-*] 
be said that Suff^s are aaP*»^w^ lfc*tr. i si 

bf t|ie brffiHireeds are!" 

/-'% ■ ' *"" , m ■'m 

liza^n lie ikngland ttf protS ^fi 
ktion keeps records for. 

,^^^_^^,^^, the IFnited States. %^ 

^ .'*'->9iii^'*!!^'i»;-»t''«*i Uttmbers. " " . • , ^Tr 

. C^nfh# #e pr&bably best established in the states ^W 
^ilcM|MI. Illinois, l^m Vork, Ohb and liidiana. 



. I%ytiiation in the United States and 'i 

- 1 '■ ..'" ■ ""'.'% 

»Hao9iethif« mbr^ ,tfian i,ioo animals have been , 
&A ^. recorded in the United Stdte^ of which about 30 per cent are k, 

l^^i-;.., 'males'. ■ ■ ■ ^. ,^ > ,' "^ '% 

''^ (a) The regi^r^ons ^i Canada number 737. 
/ LEAD](lrG C^Aiy^GTERISTICS. 

1. " Relative size. , 

(i) The Suffolks are ccmsidembly larger atid longer dmn 
the Small Yorkshires, and they weigh well, but 

Xal At maturity they do not reach so great a siie as ai^ 
of the mediu!^ breeds. . ^ .- • • -- 

n. Adaptability. ^ 

(1) Suffolks are best adapUsd to Intensive conditions 
where g^asing laAd; are scarce lind d^r and where soiling 
^P^ food is much used in addition to pasture. 

fa) They also have special adaptation for producing 
nice quality of pork that can be quickly grown and made read 
for maiicet at any age. 



% 




j(a) WSSn 
rdand out a^^ 
under the^ 

- ****"'^*»nn< 
1 
I to 
^'ta) "Kilty ai 
: return for the ft 
« marketable age, 

V.% Qui 

(l) TSie mt 
when marketed 
tioo of the fat b 

(a)^4t is p 
retailers who wi 

VI. Vj 

(i) Suffoll 
in % United S 

Xa) When 
iariter maturity 

VII. i 

(1) They 
breeds and the 
former in vigoi 

(3) Breed! 

rth 



O^ I. Th* 
by the Amc 
"ticai: 

ii),H«aA 
thin, uprtriit, i 

{a) Nieh 
almost as if se 

(3) Chetl 



m 



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BREtCpS. 

&\ 

he Upted. Stad 

n to ri^ y^B ^< ^^ o^ 

lerica. /-;.i^Hf\ ■■ •'' \:m 

|vwer«< liiPl'*! iota tibe. 

pfwitrwortp'.'f-:. 

ave been' liiaoi iBiK lliAt^i^i- «! 

igg^g are ^ 



|( Ibigland tof' pirot^ ^^ f 



"'A 



Kxktion keeps fecoi^ for. 
United States. %. "' 

■'* ' i ■■■■ !:'!,« 

lev^ral sUtes of the Ui)||i|{^r < 

lUblished in the state* <» 
apd liidiana. ' . u 

ic United States and 

"' ■." '^' 
,100 animals have been , 
hich about 30 per -cent are. ^ 

Lnt»hber7^. 
rSRISTICS. 



Uy larger atid longer dmii 

jh well, but ' 

ach so great a size as any 



I to intensive condittmis 

I dd^r and where soiling 

ture. 

aptation for producing 

tljr grown .and made readi 



t^ 



wmifmmmmtini'^W^'^ 



, s 



^^ 




! IMPKOVED SUFFOLK8,. 



irly maturing qualities. 



341 



,i!, t 



/l^HMIiAreSf the first order, since 
Ha) WhS properly fed they keep m good condition and 
rd«nd out **#Wy that they ma» be profitably marketed 
under the^#|^« six months. 

r^^azing iuid feeditig qualities. 

annot be said thkt the grazing qualities of SuffoBcs " 
iry best, owing t6 the shortness of the»r limbs and 

'^¥a5"tRy a«*teS'easy keepers and give a quick and high 
return for thi food given up td«he limit of the most profitable 
Sa?£table age. wbkh is under rather than over six months. 

(I) -nie meat is tender, fine grained, juicy and excellent 
when^ rtaSSed while the pi^ are yo<m?,bttt later the propor- 
tion of the fat becomes excessive. ^ ^.^^m-rs of 

(iil4t is probably most m favor with the customers ot 
Ktailefs who want what may be termediight weight pork. 

VI. Value in crossing and grading: 

(1) Suffolks have not been greatly used for this purpose 

••^^afwin^rusS ft'^Sid be to^impart rd5nem«.t and 
taflier maturity to animals lacking >n these qualities. 

VII. Breeding qualities. \ 

(I) They usually produce «n»n«^ ""«^, ^ JlJ* J*3[! 
breeds and le offspring is not always equal to that of the 

'^^^aVVrStf iualities are probaW, influenced more by 
environt««at'than by inheritance. 

M; STANDARD POINTS. 

I The following is the scale of points adopted 
by thi American Suffolk Swine Breeders' Associa- 

.^. - * . - - ' 

turn: 



1: • 

<i) Hwi-Small, very short; Jowl fine; ears fl^rt, small. 

*^"'(;?1J5^*^VJ^& and thidc. the he»d app«ri«g 
«lmc«t as if srton feont of the shoulders, no archmg cre^ 
7lra«^WiS Md deep, elbows standing^ut 



) 



/ 



# 




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d 



/' 



im 



y * 



342 



THE STUDY OF BREm>S. 



(4) 5mi^#f— Wide but not deep. ^ 

(5) SAonirffri— Thick, rather upri^^t, rounding ootwcrd 
from top to elbow. 

(6) Cro/»j— Wide and full. 

(7) Sidts and ' Flanks— Long ribs and well arched out 
fmm back, good length between shoulders and~ hams; flank 
well filled out and coining well down at ham. 'j 

(8) Boc*— Broad, level and straight from crest toUiil^ ho 
falling oflf or down at tail. 

(9) /fafwj— Wide and' full, well rounded out, twist very 
wide and full all the way down. ' ■ 

(10) Legs — Small and very short, standing wide apart; in 

sows just keeping the belly from the ground; bone fine; feet 

small ; hoofs rather spreading. ^ 

(n) TatA— Small, long and tapering. % 

(12). 5'Wlif— Thjn, of a pinkish shade, free from color. 

(13) Hair—Fmt and silky, n«jt too thick; color of hair, 
pale yellowish white ; perfectly frte from any spots ol: otSMt- 
ccMor. T^- 

(14) S'tf^— Small to medium. 

11. General Appearance-^The Suffolk is a 
shbrj-legged pig with a body moderatdy long, some- 
what cylindrical, very wide and deep and a head very 
>^ticfa dished. 



.D 



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**' 



LECTURE NO. 13. v J 

«' IMPROVED ESSEX iSWINE—ORIGIN^ AND HISTORY, 
CHARACTEBIStlCS AND STANDARD POINTS. 

^ ■■ 

I. The Iropfoved Essex swine are the outcome 
l.of crossing the Neapolitan upon the old Essex breed. 

(i) The old E^sex breed, native to the county of Essex, 
were black and white in color, large and coarse in build, long 
in the leg and snout, ffat-sided and roach-backed, unquiet in 
disposition and were grMit consumers of food. 

(a) The Neapolitans were first imported from Italy by 
Lord Western in 183a 

(3) For a number of years Uw-progeny were designated 
Essex-Neapolitan. 

Effects of the Neapolitan cross. 

(i) I^' changed the color to black, reduced. the bone and 

;^ offal generally, shdrtened the leg and snout, improved the 

^tf generis form and increased the aptitude to fatten, but 

'"^: ' (a) The EAsex-Neapolitans became less vigorous and less 

' prdific beoiuse of the closeness of the breeding, and they were 

reduced in siase,.- . 

How 'iurther. improvement was effected. 

(i) ImpairiM qualities were restored by crossing the 
Essex-Neapolitans upon selected sows essentially of Essex 
blood. » ' , 

(a) This ^ork bef^n about 1840 and was chiefly eftected 
by Fisher Hobb^ Otte of Lord Western's tenutts. 

Distribution of.the Improv|| Essex. 

(1) The 1 Improved Essex have not been distributed so 
widely as many other breeds; . 

(3) In Britain thw are most numerously found in the 
counties 0^ Esmx and Si^olk. 

(3) They have also been exported, but not in large nuip- 
bers, to several Ang^o-Sjuon lipeaking countries. 

^^ -^43 . 



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iiii.i|iiiiiii ii .!ti i |i|i i ]i i iii,iij p 



ipmur 



III PROVBD BSSBX SWINK. 



V. Introduction intd'tfie United States. 



345 



i) The infortnatimi on this quettkMi is meager, but ' 

.3) There are good reaa6ns tor believing that they were 

introdnoed into New England about, or previous to, the middle 

of the century. 

VI- Organization. 

i^l) It it onl^^^ring reqmt years that the Improved Essex 
tmlUi have attractecl much attention in this country. 

(a) The American Essex Association was organized in 

VII. Distribution in the United States atvil 
Canaida. 

^i)' tte ImproveJlEssex are aow being recorded from 
thMeen states and from Che province of Ontario. 

(a) They are mdst numerous in the stages of Michigan, 
Nebraska, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana and Georgia, and 
probably in the order named 



(x) There have 
(a) 




ation in tlw United States. 

recorded in all 4^8q animaijk 
re boars and 2,570 are sows.^ ' 



abact: 



tkais' 



ncs. 



Relative si 




lafver than the Small 

'er thaii the Suffolks. 

pei^ 600 pounds. 



.1) In site the Es9ex are 

Yoiluhires, «iid pfobably som< 

(a) At*n»ttmty they may 

II. Adaptability. 

(i) They are best adapted to small 4iddings eontiguous 
to markets with a specid retail tram. 

(3) They meet well the purposes of the ^larket gardener.; 

nii Early maturing qualities. „ 



(1I These are markedly_pronoun<xd. 
^a) la ■ 



this respect the Essex are fully equal to the other 
'binidt.' ' ' 

IV. Grazing and fee^ugj^ qualities. 

(t> Bectiuse of their contented disppsitioh they may be 
' or fei soiling food, as may JHt^destted.' 



mmmmmmmi 



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346 



THjt 9TUDY 0*. BRBXDS. 



) 



V- 



(a) They ut easy fedbrs, and when wel^ fed may be • 
marketed at almost any age. 

V. Quality of the me»t. . ^ 

(i) As with the sm^I Yorkshires, the meat is asually 
tender, juicy and well flavored, hcAce . 

(2) The meat is specially adapted to family use and Ip ^. 
select trade. ' ^ <^ • 

VI. Value in crossing and gradinjg. ' t . 

(l) As with the other small btveds the Essex, are best* 
adapted to crossing on larger and coarser types. ' ,,'A 

(3) Such crossing refinca the system, haitens maturity ^ 
and promote easy feedif^ qualities. '"^ :. 

VII. Breeding qualities. . ' 

(i) Though not so prolific as the kii^-bodied breeds, the -~ 
Essex cannot be called shy breeders. 

(a) These quatities are largely influenced by environment 

VIIL Compared with Suffolks. 

(i) Jn their essential characteristics, the Essex breed does ' 
not differ greatly from the- Suffolk. - •" 

(3) To so great an extent is this true that distin°ctions are 
not easily drawn between them. *i^ 



K 



STANP.ytD POIl^TS. 



I. Tlie following is the scale^o^^ints adopted 
by the American Essex .Association : 



Co/or— Black . ... j. . . 
HeadSmaW, broad and face dished , 
fiarj— Fine, erect, sltghdy drooping with age 
/owf— Full and neat . . . 
iVircfe— Short, full and slightly arch^ 
Shoulders— Bro&d and deep . . . 
Girth Around Heart ..... 
BdcA— Straight, broad and level 

Sides— Deep and full 

Ribs—yfeW sprung 

Loin — Broad and strong . ^ . . 
Fiawfc— Well let down .... 
Hdffi— Broad, full and deep 
rai^-Mcdium, fine, and curled 



Fonrra. 



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V 


1- 


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I. 


DS. 


'- 






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tl 


wd} 


fed 


any be 


• 



the meat U ania^ 
family use and to V 

■adiijjg. I 

the Easex. are ImM' 
' types. ■_ 'm- 

n, haatens maturi^ 



C-bodied breeds, the 
iced by environment. 

^^- %. ■ 

the Essex breed ddlt ' 

that distiriictions n 



o^>points adopts 



. ' 


potmra. 




^ • • 


• »,". 




bed , 


3- 




ing with age 


• » 




• > » 


J 


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ii«h<|d 


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• ■ • 


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• • • 


la 




• • • 


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IMPKOVKD/K^dkX tWINXr 



347'. 



CiS) /.e£*rrPJne, ""Straight and Uiw4n4 ., . .3 
[16) Feet— Small • . . . n . , . . J 
Hair— Fine and silky, free from bristles . . ..3 " • 
/^rfion— Easy and graceful '/ . -. .' ^,' 
(19) SymfMlf^— Adatiution of the several pkrts to ' 
e%ch otihet . . . ...... . 'tq' 



Perfection 



MO 



II. Below is givcit the descrifrtion of scale of 
points adopted by the American Essex Association : 

C%) Head and Face-^ " > ' '. 

(a) Head, short, coming well forward at poll. 

C*; Face, short and well dished, broad between the eyes, 
tapering from eyCs to poifit of nose, surface smooth arid 
r^iular. - 

' . (3) £flr*— Fine, erect, slightly drooping with age, thin, 
soft and smooth. " 

(3) /owi-r-FuU and neat, carrying fullness back to shoul- 
ders, solid, not flabbr> "- 

(4) AT^i*— Sh6rt, full and slightly arched. „ 

' (5) Shoulder*— Brc^d, deep and full, not.exCending above 
the line of l»ck and being as wide on top as back, carrying 
siae doWn to line of belly.' 

(6) CAm«— Large, deep, so as not to cramp vital organs, 
full in girth around the •heart. ' „ ' 

(7) Bocfc— Straight, broad and level, canrymg same width 
from "shoulders to hams. 

(8) 5«<f«— Deep and full, smooth and firm, cvfying out 
fidl to line of bdly. 

<0) Hibs—yftiil sprung in proportion to hams and sboul- 
d*ra. " 

Loin — Broad and strong. 

F/a«*— Well let down to jower line of sides. 

Horn*— Broad, full and diep. 

Tat*— Medium, fine and turled. ' 

Legs-^¥'mt, straight and tapering. 

Fe«(— Small, with hoofs erect. 

Hoir— Fine and silky, free from bristles, smooth, cov- 
aring the body well, not clipped. 

(17) Co/or— Black. 

(18) /if#io*»-rEasy, graceful and attractive. , 

(19) £)i'^oiii<«Mf— Quiet, gentle and easily ha^jd 
(ao) Symmetry— Tht proper adjustment of "* 

pirts to each other. 



(10) 
(n) 
(la) 
(13) 
(»4) 
(IS) 
(16) 






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BREEDS. . 

litional points are s)d>^ 

fcl with the underline. "S 

. . / f 

Ht'tf — ^The Essex are 

■th, nicely turned at the 

cal and hapdsome.' 

Suffolks. 

dler and idiorter, and rather 

newhat less pnmpimciedMd 

v&i]e the Soffollc's are all 




:ii))i!f!a»Ttiipi(i 



LECTURE no: 14. ■ * 

-„■..• " •«}. 

SMALt YORKSHIRE SWINEr-<JRIcm„ AND HISTORY, 



CHARACTERISTICS AND STAwBARD 

> : \' - 



POINTS 




ORKBN AND HISTORY; 



r^L The History of Small Yorkshire sWine c^- 
not be traced with certainty beyond the year 181 8. 

' ^ . (1) ehas.' Mason and Rflfet Colling, boA of Durham, kept 
pi|p of this breed at that date.. 

, (2) Thej; were thed dfsigaaied Chinpse, from which it is 
'inferred that they w«^ possessed of much of the blood of 
that breed. 4, ^ ' - 

II. Eafriy i^.thft^jCentury there were sever^ 

breeds or %train of si^l ^^ite pigs in England, as 

the SmaU^Yorishires, the Cumberland/ the.Solway 

' and thef^^cester. ' >' . 



4»\i 



Eolation at 
(a) The 
asd vigor. 




these was apparently comraii^ed to the 
ij^as^k exists at present, 
altd Cumberlafid strains gavie added si^e 



■> 



III. Other, small v{hite varieties. 

(i) Several qOier varieties or sub-varieties. with onlji; '» 
I r«blH»»><w>-ba*« appeared from time to tfme, as the Mid- 
. dlesei^, Coleshill sM Wftdsor, hot . - ^ 

• *, (a) ^These are^now generally looked upon a* variations of ^ 
> the SmaU White, YorkshiiJJ. ^ , 

** 11^ IV. Di8trib«ti|oi6f»nall Yorkshires., ^ 

, (1) They hHvt h«i» itt^H sw^nd iSpttnttes of^flEngland . 

aad have also bee#^ported,-^!on|ir i» lsQltt|4 mtmbers, to ^ 
. /ntfiotts fordgn countries. ^^ ' . ' 






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SMALL YORKSHIRES. 



(a) They have been a favorite breed with certain noblletnen 
in £n^and, owing probably to the great symmetry of form 
whidi characterizes them. 

V. Introduction into the United States. 

(i) Information on this point is not plentiful, but 
(a) Within the last two decades considerable attention has 
been given to breedii^ them in the eastern states. 

\. VI. Organization. 

'•(i) Two aiteociation's are recording Snwll Yorkshires in 
the United States. 

(a) One of these, the American Small Yoritshilie Club, 
has headquarters in New York <;ity. 

(3) The other, the American Yorkshire Club, has head- 
quarters in St. Paul, Mihn., and it records also Large Improved 
Yoncshifcs. 

VII. Distribution in the United States. 

(i) Small Yorkshires are now bred in more than half 
the states of the Union. 

(2) They are probably most numerous in th« states of 
New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Minnesota. 

1^ VIII. Registration in the United States. 

' (t) In the American Yorkshire record there have been 
Recorded 762 Small Yorkshires, 'of which 346 are boars and 
416 sows. , , 

(2) The o^her association, %he American Small Yorkshire 
Ottb. has probably recorded a larger number. 

LEADING CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Relative size. 

(i) The Smalt Yoricshires are proba|dy the least in ske 
of w die j^igreed breeds of swine m America, but 

Xa) Owing to thfcir compactness of form, they weigh well 
in prc^Kntion to their apparent size. 

11^ Adaptability. 

(i) The Small Yorkdjtres have highest adaptation for 
intensive conditions wlwre rapid growth and cfirfy maturity 
are important consideradons, ^nd where there are markets 
which ettf I for pork of light weight. 

(a) Th^f wilt qaicMy convert into mofM^ valte Ae waste 
vtf^ttrite rtrow of tibe tntck farmei' ahd the maricet fardener. 



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THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



III. Early niaturing qualities. 



(r) No breed matares more quiekly or at an wlier age 
(3) They can be marketed at almost any age desired, but 
more proffly at an early age. because of thestower relative 
develc^ment that follows the first months of growth. 

IV] Grazing and feeding qtialities. ^ 
(1) Because of their short limbs and compact forms tfigr 
are not so well able to rusUe on pastures as some breeds. , . 

U) No bre*d feeds more easily or grows more rapidly 
aotil Ae uSuS maiketing time, which shodd be under rather 
tliui over six months. . . j * 

(3) No breed gives a higher percentage of dressed meat 

V; Quality <jf the meat. 

(I) The meat is fine in teattuns and delicate in flavor when 
properly fed, and the proportion of bone is small. ^^^^^ 

(3) It is well adapted to what may be termed high-«!^ 
retafl trade, nrore or less local in character. 

VI. Value in crossing and grading. 

(I) The cibss of the Small Yorkshires may be used wth 
decided advantage in refining coarse types and m improving 
their easy feeding quaTtties. _, . , „ j.„rtn«*«i#<.H 

(3) Their value in this respect has been well demonatratert 
in the use made of Small YorCSire Wood in the evolution of 
the IfWHOved Large Yorkshires. 

VII. Brewing qualities. 

(i) They do not produce litters so Jai^ as s<OTe of die 
large bieeds no? are th?y, as a rule, such *b«ufwtaJU^. bu 

(3) With judicious mana»en»nt they wdl breed regoiany 
and with a fair measure of pro^caqr. 

VIII. Compared wi& tW Suffolks. 

(1) The resemblance be»a*«en ^ two bfeeds U dpse in 
aU letting essentials, but " , ^ 

(p) The Sm3l Yortcshii:^ »» «* to'Iarge *oA 9St tmn 
inpce r^ed. 

STAHDAKD |K)1M1F8. 

t Thelonowii^isthcatiWidardscaleofpoiats 
adofrted by the Amerfcan SmaM York^ire a»A : 



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kly or at an earlier age. 
i08t any age desired, but 
se of the slower relative 
iths of growth. 

qualities. ^ 

and compact fonns thigr 
■es as some breeds. ,, ~, 
or grows more npim 
I shoold be tmder rattier 

entage of dre»8ed meat 



ad delicate in flavo* when 

ine is small. 

nay be termed |igh-d<Bs 

racter. 

id grading. 

kshires may be tued with 
i types and in improvihg 

as be«i well demcMUtrated 
blood in the evolution of 



s so large as sfflne of the 
soch a^tmdaat milkers, but 
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SMALL Yorkshires. 353 

■ - '/'.'• P0WT8. ^ 

^§1^ Head— Smaller the better ... a 

Nose, shorter the better . . 5 
Dish, greater the better . . J 3 
r Width between ear*, greater the bet- 

ter ...... 3 

Ears, small, thin, erect, more so the,. 
i better; may be pricked forward, 

not iqpped 2 

... — »5 
(a) Trunk— Top line^ straighter the better, from 
riioulder to tail . 5 

Bdly line, the more level the better s 
Girth in excess of length, more the 
better, if not more than lo per cent S 
'; Dqpth, greater the better , . .5 

* Width, greater an^ evener the. better, 

— from shouldi^r to ham . . ,5 

Loin, broader the better . .3 

Flank, deeper and fuHpr the better a 

—30 

(3) Hams^ Length, longer the better .. lo 

Breadth, broader the better . . lo 

Thickness, greater the better . .5 

■» - , -~23 

(4) Shoulders— heagth, longer the better . . a 

Breadth, broader the better . 3 ' 

Thidoiess . . . . . 5' 

— 10 
4s5 Leg*— ^jorter the better . . . -^ . 3 
Straifl^ter the better . ' a- 

— S 

(6) Sfcwi— Smooth, flexible, fine, more so the 

better . ... . S . 

' ' ■ — S 

(Mwt not -be too thin, nor ridgy and 

coarse, nor show ^discolored spots 

<4 fnmi.dd sores, not lale and ashy, 

but healthy in color and free from 

eruption.) 

(7) um— Even«', finer and thicker the better s » 

■ , ■ ; . ' — s 

0) Ckmtrai Appemmme-* , » ^, 

* ■ S^Btnet^ and evidence of vigorous 

nealtifi . . . . . . 5 

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BREEDS. 



II. General Appearance~Tbe Small Yorkshire 
is very contact in form and fine and short in head 
and limb, and usually carries with it much smooth- 
ness, fullness and symmetry of form. 

lU. Compared with SuflFolks. 

(i) Smid Yorkshire^ are smaller, shorter in the ban^ 
and have even smaller and finer limbs. 

. ./*) In other ewBwiala of form the two breeds arcsyi 
similar. »< »i 



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'he Small Yorkshire 

e and short in head 

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orm. 

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APPENDIX A 



DEFINITION OP TERMS MORE COMMOIfLY APPLIED TO 
ANIMAL FORM. 

t-'i'!. '■' I. H*od— The whole of that part in fr^t of the forward 
neck line. 

. a. f Off— The whole front of the head from the muzzle 
to' the poll. 
■ 3. Po/I— flft top of the head from side to side. , 

" , 4. Forehead— the whole of that part of the f ace oetweMi 
the eyes and the poll. -: 

,-si< S. Eyes — The or^ns of vision. 

'"Mv. Dish — Depression in the face between the eyes and 
mo between the poll and the muzzle. 

7. iV^ox*— The part of Uie faoe between the eyes and the 
muzzle. 

& ilf««jt/«^The lowest part of the head always devoid of 
hair. 

9. Nostrils— The outer openings of the air passages con- 
cerned in respiration. . , . , . 

10. Cheek— Tht whole outer surface of the side of the head 
below the eye and forward to the mouth. * 

III Horns — Bony protuberances coming out from the sides 
of Hie poll and variously curved. 

12. £orj— The organs of hearing. 

13. Neck— That piTt between the forward and rear neck 
lines, or between the head and body. 

14. Forward Neck LiW-rThat line which marks the junc- 
tion of the h^d and neck. 

.15. Rear Neck Line— That line which marks the junction 
of the neck and body. 

t6. Throat— That part where the upward curve meets the 
lower neck line. ■ . , i , 

,^ 17. Body— All that part of the animal backwara from the 
rear neck line except tfc legs and tail. , 

i& Bocfe— The whole of the top of the body frt>m base of 
the neck to the tailhead. ... 

19. Withers— The part of the back above the shoulders and 
between the "tcm of the rear neck line and the chine. \ 

IK>. CW»r— The part of the back bet1(reen the withers and 
tSiloin. . _« . 

jri. Loin— The part, of the back over the shott ribs and 
b^ireen &e chine and pelvic arch. 

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T.HE STUDY .OF BKEEQS. 



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^ aa. Hooks-*Tl» rounded ptOomun<»» at the outer cdgoR 
of the r«ir pkrt of the loin. 4 

r 23. F^teMT Arch— The portion erf the back. UBUallv mtre or 
leM eleva* ' -VVh is placed between the loin and th* «itmper 
and abovt <;tion of the pelvis with the spinal colunuL- 

M- Cruyyr, /Hc otttt of the l»K!k above the h^s and 
between the pelvn arch and tailhead. i 

as. Tailhead~Whm^ the tail joins the body. 

a6. Shoulders— The parU of the forequartcrs behind the 
rear neck line, in front of the crops, below the withers and 
above the arm. * 

». Chest— Thk part which endoMi the cavity between the 
showders and behind the breast. 

«L Breast— The part of the body in front of the chest. 

aa Brisket-fTht part below the breast and extending back- * 
ward between the forelegs. 

aa ^m—That part of the leg below the ahoalder and 
above th^ kn«e. ■ 

31- i(n«<u-^e forward part of the middle Joint hi the 
front 1m[. 

3a. CoHnon— The part of the front leg betivcen the Imee 
and the ankle joint 

33- Hoof— The homy substance which cndoSes t^e foot. 



34. Barrel—^, 
frooi the shou; 
andr between 

35. t/n* 
ward f roi 

SlS^Cro, „ 
that lies imnii ^ 
the back downwarl 



irt of the body which lies backward 
J arm, forward from the^hip and thigh, 
If of the back and the underline. 
|'l«wer line of the body, extending back- 
1 point of the brisket. 
t"of the barrid. usually a little depressed, 
behind the snoulder and extends from 
foward the cenn*^ the body. 



37- PoreAank— That part of the barrel Usually more or less 
depressed, that lies . immediately behind the arm. 

38. Ribs — The bony rods arching outward and downward 
from the spinal column and thus tending to encircle the barrel. 

39- HindAank—Thkt part of the barrel, usually more or 
less depressed, which extends for a short distance forward 
from the thiffh and upward from the underline. 

40. Hip—Thait pasMtl the hindouarter that lies' backward 
from the barrel, ab«ve the thigh, forward from the buttock 
and below the crupper and pelvic archi ' "" 

41; r/i«f*--The part of the hin^uartier that lies b^ow 
the htp and above thie h^ck. 

4a. Hock— The prominent rear part of the middle joint of 
the hind leg. 

43. ^/ocft*— The rear part of the body below the tal]he«|L ' 
' 44. PjH-bdnes-rThe roiyided prominences at the rear part 
of the pelvis and on either side of the rectum. 

45. i?wm^j— The part which includes the plnbones and the 
tailhead. 



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e back, usually mbte or 
the loin and tM mhfmcr 
ith the spinal colttmnu— 
^ above the bip» and^; 

the body. '/ 

foreqoarters behind tlW 

below the withern att^ 

I the ctvity between the 

1 front of the chest 
Mut'and extendinji back- * 

elow the shoidder aqd 

be middle jo'int in 

t leg between the laieil 

Itch endoSes t^e foot. 

r which lies backward 

from thajhip and thigh. 

id the unaerltne. 

e body, extending back- 

isket. 

sually a little depressed, 

tder and extends from 

>-«f the body. 

rel Usually more or less 

d the arm. 

•utward and downward 

ig to encircle the barrel. 

arrd, usually, more or 

short distance forward 

inderline. 

rter that lies' backward 

ward from the buttock 

fc ~ " 

[uarter thlit lies h^ow 

of the middle joint of 

Hjdy below the tallhead. ' 

nences at the rear part 

rectutn. 

!8 the pinb<me8 ud ibt 



APPENDIX A. 



359 



^ Twiff-— That part which extends for a short distance 
award and outward frwm the junction of the inner thighs. 
, 47. Escutcheon— Th&t part of the cow between the peri- 
neum and the udder on which the hair is fine and lies outward 
trora the center rather than downward. ; 

48. Udder— Tht glandular vessel between and m front of 
the thiirfis in which the milk is secreted. 

49. Teatt—Tht fleshy covered ducts through which the milk 
is drawn from the udder. 

50. Milk Frtwj— Those diicts, usually more or less tortuous 
and branched, which extend forward from the udder along 
aiid underneath the barrel. , . ... 

51. Milk Wells— The openings through which the milk 
veins enter tiie abdominal wall. 



mnwendvi of tERMS less frequently applied to 

ANIMAL FORM. 

- i 
¥ I. Frontal Bone— Anothtr name 'for forehead, but more 
restricted in the space indicated. 

3. Orbit— The cavity occupied by the eye. 

3. Rim of the Orbit— Th* bony prominence encircling the 

^t 4. /aw— The lower part of the side of the head which 
elAends backward from the" muzzle to the throat. 

S. Topline— The line that extends alon^ the upper ppr- 
tiM of the body and mOre or less parallel with the underline. 
'6. Topline of the Neck— Tht upper line of the same which 
«]|Mtnds fron^e poll tb the withers. 
;. 7, CrMf-*E3evation in the topline of the neck. 

8. £w*-iwc*--Depression in, the topline of the neck. 

9. Dewlap — Loose, pendulous skin usually found forward 
fnMn the breast and underneath the neck and throat 

la Colter— Another name for rear* neck line. 
II, Neck f'wjt— Another nape for collar. 
1 I* Forequarter or Frontquarter— The whole of the body 
forward irom the center of the barrel to the forward neck line, 
but sometimes that part of it only which lies between the for- 
ward girth and breast •* 

13. Hindmiorter— The whole of the body back^ward from 
the center' of the barrel, but sometimes that part of it only 
backward from the rear girth. 

14. CoK^KMg— Another name for barrel. 

15. Forward Girth, or Heart (^irth— Tht measurement 
around the body immediately behind the shoulder. 

^16. Rear Qirth, or Flank Girth— Tht ineasuronent around 
the body immediately in front of th^ hip. 







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3(^ THE STUDY OF BBSEDfl. 

19. Vmh^nM—thtX vdxA in the central tnd lower jpart 
o^the abdomen where the timbHlail cord of the foetue is 
attached. . «. n 

la tiartei Depresnon—'X>M tiianguiar depression that lies 
below the loin, behind the long ribs and^jn front of the hlP- 

la ShottUtr Bhde—Tht triangular bone "f the shouMer. 
more or lew flat on the surface, which extends downward i^d 
forward and covers the forward portion of the «de of the 

ao. Top Shomidtr Poiifr-The upper point of the shoulder 

Made. 

at. Pront Shoulder Po»»f— The rounded point located at 
the frtmt and lower part of the shoulder Wade, where the 
latter ioins the arm bone. < , 

M. £/b0tif PoiHf— That rounded prominence at the upper 
and back pOTtion of the forearm. j .. ,. d *i. 

03. For#fe|^The whole of the forward limb bdow the 
top of the jinte. ' ^ ..... .. 

44. Wwdfef—The whde of the rear limb below the i^^r 
extremity of the thigh bone. ... -....«, 

as. S*iw*— That Wnt immediatdy back of the hmd flank. 

aj5. T&nr/— The hip jdtatlocated toward the rear and tiw>er 

portion of the hip. ..J . • i. 

37. S'flcruiiH—Neftrljr synonymou* with the pelvic arch. 
S0. Incurvini TA/«A--rForward curve of the rear part of 

ao. ?^v t/drffr-^Thf! two forward quarters of the udder. 

aa HM Vdier—tht two rearward quarters of the udder. 

31. Pohe T*a»*— Miniature teats in the male placed more 
or less diMaal frwn on* another and immediately m front of 
thepurae. 



JlteflNITION OF TERMS RELATING TO ANIMAL FORM 

WHICH ARE UABLB TO IBE MISUNDERSTOOD 

BECAUSE OF THEIR INDEFINITENESS. 

I, A Clean Cut Head^A head that is light rather than 
heavy, fine rather than coarse, nicely curved out below the 
eyes and in a less degree aboVc them, and free from suj>er- 
fluous flerfi in evefy part. . . .u *t. » 

a. A- Head Well Set Oth-One that is carried with that 
degree of erection that is pleasing to the itye and that jojM 
nicely at the junction with the neck. 

3. A Neck Well Set 0»— One that is of proper elevation 
for the sac and breed, and that joins nicely at the head and 
Mends oicelv at the shoulders. * ^ , ^ v u *i. k^„ 

A. Parcilelogrammic Fon»»--,That form in which the body 
from the rear neck line backward resembles a paraiWogram. 



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5. CyKndrkal FoffW— That form m which the b 
ttw' r«r neck line backward resembles a cjrlinfler. 

rsS^rsSm-Shoulder blades with but litUe cover- 
ina of flesh underneath the skin. , , . . 

?. J?a« LoiiM-Loins with but little covering of flesh 

*""' a*D^o^ii« Rumps^A downward inclination of the top- 
line from the pelvic arch to the tailhrad. 

gPi4*«/>*«nB««oc*J— Buttocks that are protuberant, that 
is to sav rounded out backward toward the center, , 

if^AGhnMarUdder^An udder so numerously suophed 
withglMids as to be capable of much distension when falf and 
that is pliable and elastic when empty.' - . 

II. A FUshy Vdderj-Aa udder po9M8tedk)f »« «»o«J,™3 
tissue fs to be"^ incapable of large d^nsion when full and 
that is undulv large and unyielding wnen empty, 
thatisnna^iym^ skin of proper color and suitable 

thi^iefs forthe bSthat is easil? li^ed up from Ae under- - 
IS tissues or moved laterally over them. a»d that » cov- 

la'iiVao^ J-HaiJl'Jfficiendy abundant to protect the 

''^Vfecr&^^frHr^kt.iZi.6i^r »«b»tan«. which 
conS'to the outer /ttrface of the skin in cattle, more particu- 
larly within the ear* and at the escutcheon. ..^.. . ^u 
U >4 Good Fi<f^<r^--One that IS of even and suitable lengtti. 

texto^rtrength, density, crimp and elasticity for the breed, 
tff MSfsuPPUed with yolk, and that covers the frame 

^"*i?"&-Oily secretions deposited on the skin of sh*ep 

and distributed over the wool fibers of the fl«*ce. 

17 Br^««-Strong. stiff and more or less erert hai« 
somSim^ found on file topline of the ne«* and withers of 

'"Tr CW Handling Qf^i'f'^'P'V^J^}''^! t^S^^^lr 
yielding and elastic condition o* »»« /^^h of^«e «»ay ""^^^ 
He pressure of the fingers, a ready vibration of thtjkm 
5wr the ribs under gentft lateral movement of the hahd^ 
mdy K oUhe h Jd when the skin over the "b^ is^ped 
by Ae »mi. and a nice, soft, mossy condition of the c^t 

la ^ Good HandUng Back-A back in which the skm and 
flesIPcon^ a nice sensftion of softmas and spnngmess when 
gently pressed with the tips of the fagers. . ^^ 

ao Generai Oi.»Kf«-Ceheral oirtHnerelates to the vaort 
essential features of form «»»»«*f«^ *°««"1'''. .^„„, „ ^ 

31. 5ym«w«nt-Symmetry^rdate8 to Ae han»ony^„*° 
form that^itfKeen the different members of the body. 

33. General A^eamnce-Thit impression as *<> P^jC™. 
,ut^e andSmnirtry conveyed to the mind when an ammal 
lii viewed at test and in motion. 



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THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



^_ 23. CorrtBf#-Carriage relates to the moreraent of the ilif- 
ihln irmoUon.^ ^^ ""** *° *** '""*'°" °* *^' "^^ 

th^'^.mh^!['^*^I'i! fc*"*'^",'"'* .ca'-'-^e w graceful when 
ttie members of the body are kept in correct position when in 

Srd. "" ^ movement of the sa^i i, easy^and. 

}. fiLi.„^''^''*^''"^€'"~'^J'*.~''!?*fi^* " ^^^ ''hen the step 

wh-^fk a«=t've, when the head is carried well erect, and 

"Iwk ^^* »»Itk«wise possessed of a bold and determined 

to iS^^^V^^ definitions thus submitted the aim has been 

to interpret them m the light of common usage rather thail 

to h,rmon^?e and locate the varioua parts that relate to e*teS" 

JI«*. k'"*^" ****^^ consonance with the names given to thoM 
-parts by the anatomist » • «/ uiuoc 



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BREEDS. ' 

> the moTement of the dif- 

> the position of ihe same 

carriage is graceful when 
n correct position when in 
of the sam« is eas^ and. 

»ge is bold when the step 
is carried well erect, and 
of a bold and deternained 

ibmitted the aim has been 

smmon usage rather thaii 

parts that relate to exter- 

the names given to those 



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APPENDIX B 




CATTLE 

FACTS REGARDING THE ANIMALS ILLUSTRATED. 

~ FroHlispiece—Tid% picture represents a herd of pure bred 
Shorthorns owne<^by Samuel B. Gorwill, near London, 

° Ditti-Purposf Cow—iio. 3965, Mayflower i^ uu Bred 
by Georw' F. Taber, Paterson, N. J., owned *y V. T. HjUs, 
Delaware, O. Winner of first prize at the Ohio state dajnr 
test in 1891. Milk record for one year, 11,508 pounds, which 
at 4.SO per cent, the average of her official test m butter fat. 
' would produce ^ pounds of butter. Milk yield from August, 
1890, to December 30, 1893, three years and five months. 
3736? 1-4 pounds, which averaged in butter fat «5 |(j(*r Cent. 
Mayflower A. la is a pedgrced Red Poll. 

Shorthorn B«i/i-Nominee laiafa. Bred by E^ (Aunt & 
Scms, St. Helens, Ontario, Can. Owned by H. F. Brown. 
Minneapolis, Mirni. Winner of grand sweepstakes P»«eover 
all breeds at the Trans-Mississippi exposition held at Omaha 



Wflliam Cummings s son. laier oy \.-. m. i"*'S?' .S- w-lT 
still later by George Harding & Son, Waukesha, Wis. Win- 
ner of first prize at several leadingstate fairs. . . T, 

Htrefoiri BnU-^ontcUfT 48*6. Bred and owned by T. 
F. B. Sotham, aiilHcothe,.Ma His record as a pnze winner 
in the leading showrings of the United States and a^ a sire 
of prize-winning animals is probably unepualed by that of any 
oflier bull now living. Corrector is the sire of the two fwrious 
show and stock buffs. Sir Bredtwfl 6368< and ThKl^t^?«5. 
At Kansas City, in 1899, Sir Bredwelf sold for $S00Or the 
Ugbest price ever reached by a Hereford sold at auction. 

Hereford Coa^-Benita 48542. Bred and owned by T. F. 
B. SotibaiB, ChHlicothe, Mo. Winner of first pnae at several 
of the lealifiir State fairs from 1894 to i8g8. 

Aberdeeit-Angus Butt-^im Jams 13896 .(JSS30). Bred ^ 
O. C Wallis of Bradley Hall, Enrfand. selected by «» late 
WiDiam Watson and Imported by W. T. Otxvey, tt«n of Tur- 

363 



•0 



A 



-< 



mtt 



mmm 



/ 



3^4 



TfiE STXJDY OF BREEDS. 



r 



"^ 



i^^ 



^ 



lington. Neb, Owned subsequently by J. Evans, Jr., ft Son, 
^merson, la. . 

/" Aberdeen-Angiu Cow—Vine ad' of Skene 3047(3390). 
Bred by George Hamilton, Skene House, Aberdeenshire, Scot- 

^d. Inqiorted and owned by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hill- 
•st, P. Q.«Vine izd was a prize winner at the Highland 
Agricultural 'Society's show held at Sterling, Scotland, in ^i, 
and the same year won first prize at the proinncial &tr ndd 
at Montreal, P. Q. 

Galloway ^m7^— Crusader (3858). Bred by Thomas Bigr 
gar ft Sons, Chapelton, Dalbeattie, Scotland. Winner of 
champion cup as best Galloway bull at the Highland and Agri- 
cultural Society's centenary show in 1804. 

Galloway Cot*— Corlina 10734. Bred by S. P. Oark. 
Dover, 111., and owned by T. J. Davis ft Son, Triumph, HI. 
Winner of third prize As best cow of any age or breed at the 
Trans-Mississippi exposition, held at Omaha, Neb., 1898. 

Gfoup of Sussex Cattle— Tht bull Roval Surrey (7ao) was 
bred by Jos^h Godman, GodalminV, Surre;^ ^ig^and; and 
imported by Overton Lea, Nashville, Tenn. The cows, May- 
wood {3532) and Maywood ist (3790) were bred by Mr. Lea. 
All were noted prize winners »t teadin; state fairs at sundry 
times between 18B5 and 18^ 

West Highland Heifer— l^iy Flora. Owned by the Rt. 
Hon., the Earl of Southesk, Suotland.— From "Live Stock pf 
Great Britain." ' 

Holstein Buff-Chief of Maple Hfll 4th. No. 17224, H. F. 
H. B. Bred by 14 E. Moore, Cwneron, Mo. Owned by W. 
B. Barney & CavTiaoipton, la. Winner of many first prizes 
at the leading^ state fairs in the west from 18^ to <8g& tn 
i8g8 he was placed first in his class at the Trans-Miamwqtpi 
exposition, had at Omaha, Neb. 

Holstein Cow—}ttxm». 2d. No. 733, H. H. B. Bred tor 
M. D. Kddijk, Wirdum. Friesland. Imported by Thomas B. 
Wales, i879i Winner of first prize ia 1882 and 1883 at several 
of the leading state fairs in the west. Jepma 2d is of the 
mflk and beef form. 

Butch Belted Cotc^— Httl<b|fa No., 141. Bred by the late 
Williahi Amout of Orange county. New York. Owned sub- 
sequently by H. B. Bichards, Easton, Pa. Huldah made for 
several years a milk record- of about 12,000 pounds a year, and 
was also a first prize winner at severe state fairs. 

Ayrtkke Bij/*— Sir Thomas Bnice 4161. . Bred by Thdmas 
Guy, Oshawa, Onterio, Can. Subsd^U«ntly owned by Coldren 
ft Lee, Iowa City, and later by F. M. Watson, Roseville, 111. 
Winner of first prize at the Minnesota state fair, 1888. 

Ayrshire C<w— Duchess of Smithfield 4256. Bred trtr 
Henry .E. Smith, Enfield, R. I. Owned by H. it C. Watson. 
Brandon, Vt«, Winner in 1885 of the Ayrshire Breeders' Asao- 
datkm's prize for the largest amount of milk a^ven in seven 



o,. 



iiiimi ijpipwpiii 



mmmm 



BEDS. 



r ]. Evans, Jr., & Son, 

of Skene 394^ (3339). 
se, Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
M. H. Cochrane, HtU- 
rinner at the Highland 
irting, Scotland, in Mi, 
the provincial &ir tidd 

Bred by Thomas ^mt 

Scotland. Winner ol 

the Highland and Ag#; 



red by S. P. Clark. 
s & Son, Triumph, 111. 
any age or breed at ' 
)maha. Neb., 189& 
Royal Sunrey (730) 

Surrnr, Ejiigjand; a 
Fenn. The cows, Ma, ^ 

were bred by Mr. L<5f 
Of state fain at sundry 

•ra. Owned by the Ititt 
—From "Live Stock «r 

114th, No. 17224 H. F. 
>n. Mo. Owieo by W. 
ler of many first pr?-*- 
from 1889 to ifigS. 
t the Trans-Miawssi^ 

LI, H. H. B. Bred 
mported by Thomas . 
1883 and 1883 at seve(._. 
t. Jepma ad is of the 

141. Bred by the late 
ew York. Owned sub- 
Pa. Hnldah made for 
!,ooo, pounds a year, and 
stati: fairs. 

4161. , Bred by Thdmas 
sntly owned by Coldren 
Watson, Roseville, 111. 
state fair, 1888. 
Afield 423S. Bred by 
dbjrH. R. C. Watson, 
.yrsnire Breeders' Asso- 
of milk i^ven in seven 



APPENDIX B. 



3^5 



consecutive days. She gave 463 3-4 pounds of milk which pro- 

'*"'^J^'7 BuitKrI'- Stranford 2x87. A. a C C 
SdeS^dTn'klsland of Gaern^ for Ae grd o* go- J-J 

Ln^JrCi^V hTw rVl^avKl^nlTrci?^^ 
gr JalS B^oJikS Somerville, N. J. Winner of sweepstakes 
^ tiie World's Fair, Chicago, m i893- , . /- ^ r Hr»A 
Giumsey Cott^-^Rutila's Daughter 66». A. G. C. C. Bred 
hv Frw?^ Shaw. Wayland. Mass., in 1891. Owned by H. 
&c£ TwpnfbleTlXdLnr^^^ Winner of "jeep't^^^J 
the New York stote fair, r«97; •even days butter record, 

" ^erVvBull-Ciir Coomassie 41036. A. J- C C Bred by 
O L &A C Da^is, Port Jefferson, N. Y. Owned by John 
t Rofbins. LoS m, Greensburg. Ind. Winner of fim 
^Zl «* tuJ Naw York state fair in 1807, also of first prize ana 
-iSS^&^nhloh^^^^^ I&s and Missouri state 

;^"/*^yT^Teasel 75358. A. J, C C Bred and owned 
W H r Tavlbr the proplfletor of the Brown Bessie herd, 
fefordvVWis'' T^^l ^s the only Hving^^feVJr^^g!? 
¥eMie 74007 champion butter cow at the World s Fair, 1893- 
In Jm.J:%i. tSi gave 294 lbs. 4 o«. of milk m a seven 

. days' test, which made 20 lbs. 4 oz. butter. ^^^ . „v 

. French Canadian Cow-La Coiintesse St^orbcrt (918). 
ftrtd bTArsene Denis, St. Norbert, P. Q. OwieA by Chas, 

. RColburnTorfflviUe, N. Y. Winner of firsi^pnze at 

•^^'S^^ aSllhp^'^'SlnS'by Martin J. Sutton, Read- 
Inir eST Wta^r of first prize at the London dairy show in 
IS5 mS aSrfn i887.-/rom "Farm Live Stock of Great 

®'^id Durham Cow-Lorena 73. A. P. D. H..B. Bred 
by WW SSe, Tippecanoe City, O. ^Subsequendy ow^ 
K J H Miller, Peru; Ind. Winner of first prize al *e s^ 
M^ of Ohio. Indiana and Illbois. lg;«» jw of ^ b«f 
type and was a cow of great scale. Her weight at matuniy 

tw-ia hi CtttcasBt. November, 1891, Bnenz ma three days test, 
Sve isl!^ Sr milk wki^conuined 9.32 pounds of but- 

by George Bafcer.4 Sons, HujHsford, Wis.— From Vol U, 
Devon Herd Record. 




-•^ 



>""'^"WI4^- 



f. 



^ 



366 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



SHEEP 



AvurkaH Merino Ewe— A pure Atwood Spanish Merino. 
— From Re|)ort on Sheep Industry in the United States, iSjp, 
p. 614. 

Delaine Merino Ewe— Ho. 40& Ear tab, No. aiOt 
Owned by James Mcadland, Canonsburg, Pa. Winner of 
the silver cup offered at the West Virginia and the westeim 
Pennsylvania state ifairs in 1887 for the best^Delauie Merino 
ewe of any age. - ^ ^ 

RambouiUet £w«— Gilbert No. 31. Record No. 8456. Bred 
by Victor Gilbert, Wideville, near Crespines, France. 
Imported by George Harding & Son, Waukesha, Wis., in iSsp. 
Subsequenuy owned by C. H. Ballinger, Lexington, Neb. 
Winner of first and champion prizes at the Minnesota state 
fair, 1899, and also at several other state fairs. 

Southdown £wff— Jackson ewe "aaB" 10248. Bred and 
owned by John Jackson 4k Sons, Abingdon, Ont. Winner 
of first pri«e in her class and sweepstalws as the best sheep 
in the show at the Ontario Fat Stock exhibition held at Brant- 
ford. 1898. 

, Tunis jeam— Gladstone No. 7-. Bred a^nd owned, by 
Charies RonntrecCrawfordsville, Ind. Winner of first priic 
and sweepstakes once at the Vvisconsin state fair, twice at 
the Missouri state fair and three times at the Indiana state fair. 

Dorset £a»^— McCulmufs 90, 715 C D. C. Bred by H. 
M. McCulmut, Bishopswood, Ross, Eng. Imported by George 
Harding ft Son. Waukesha, Wis. Owned by R. Stuvveaint, 
TnuiquiUity Farms. Allamuchy, N. J. Winner of grand 
sweeptstakes for best ewe of any breed at the Trans-Mississippi 
exp<Mition, Omaha, iSoB. 

Shropshire fiw*-— Nancy 5719. Bred and owne^ by John 
Campbell, Woodville. Ontario, Can. Winner when a shearling 
of first prize at the Toronto Industrial exhibition in 1886, also 
of other first prizes at important fairs. 

Cheviot fiw^— Wild Rose 103. Bred and own«d by How- 
ard H. Ketm,Lad<^, Ind. ' 

,Suffolh Down Ewe— Bred by the Marquis of Bristol, Tud- 
denham Hall Farm, Mildenhall. Suffolk, Eng. Imported; by 
the agricultural college, Guelph, Ontario. Can., in 1891. 

Hampshire Down Ewe—TSAT tag No. R. M. 4208.' Win- 
ner In first prize pen at the Royal Agricultural Society's show 
in England in loOO- Imported by George Harding & Son. 
Waukesha,^ Wis. Winner of first prize at the Minnesota and 
other atatt fairs in i899- 

Oxford Down Btte—Daisy. Bred and owned hy Smith 
Evans, Gourock, Ontario, Can. Daisy was one of a trio of 



.^ 




V. 



im. 



wood Spanish Merino. 
e United States, 1892, 

Ear tab, No., aio. 
)urg, Pa. Winner of 
linia and the westcifn 
! best^Delaine Merino 

Record No. 8456- Bred 
Creapines, France, 
lukesha. Wis., in i8ga ,. 
ger, Lexington, Neb. 
t the Minnesota atate 
; fairs. 

iB" 10248. Bred and 
ngdon, Ont. Winner 
ikes as the best sheep 
hibition held at Brant- 
Bred %nd owned , by 
Winner of first prize 
n state fair, twice at 
: the Indiana state fair. 
Z. D. C. Bred by H. 
Imported by George 
iwd by R. Stuyvesant, 
F. Winner of grand 
: the Trans-Mississippi 

d and o-svne^ by John 
inner when a sheaiiing 
exhibition in 1886, also 

d and €>wned by How- 

srrqt^s of Bristol, Tad- 
k, fing. Imported, by 
>, Can., in 1891. 
o. R. M. 4308.' Win- 
:ultural Society's show 
orge Harding & Son. 
at the Minnesota and 

and owned by Smith 
was one of a trio of 



APPENDIX B. 



^mmmm!iftmmi(mi*m 



367 






Oxford Downs that won the silver medal at the Ontario pro-" 
vincial show held at London in 1899- • . , _ , 

Uk*ster /?a»H-Royal Chester 7f. ^red by Lord Pol- 
worth, Mertoun. Scot. Imported and owned by John Kelly, 
Shakespeare. Ontsirio. Can. Winner of sweepstakes as rwn 
of any^ at theAVorld's Fair at Chicago, 111., m 1893. aid 
also of many other noted prixes. -^ ... »? _i j 

Lincoln Erve-l^^y. Bred by Mr. Budding En^and. 
Imported and owned by GibsoffA Walker. Denfield, Ontario, 
CaT A prise winner at the World's Fair. Chicago. 1893— 

Breeders' Gazette of Nov. JS. i893r « j v«. o * w 

Cotswold /?am-Garne'8 34. i6o8j. Bred by R. & W. 
Game. Aldsworth. Gloucestershire, Eng. Imoorted by George 
Harding* Son. Waukesha, Wis., in ii9a Winner of.»w~P- 
Stakes ai bent Cotswold ram at six leading state fairs that 
^e'year. . ._ , 



''M 



SWINE 



Chetter White Soto— Hodgson's Qioice, Nd. 9804. Bred 
j»d owned Ly.L. C. Hodgson, Luveme, Minn ^y^nner of first 
|Pze at the Minnesota state fair in 189* Mso m herd which 
Won first prize at the same fair. j r /-i ' . 

Large Improved 'Yorkshire Sow— Donna .id of Clover 
Crest, No. 573. Bred by A. G. Wilcox, Hugo, Mmn. Owned 
by the Minnesota university expiertment farm. . , „ „ 

Tamworth Sott— Katie Bell 345- Bred by John Bell, 
Amber, Ontario, Can. Owned by the lowa agricultural exper- 
iment station. Winner bf sweeostakes prize at the Trans- 
Mi«M5«ippi exposition at- Omaha, Neb., i^ _ 

Berkshire Sow— Cherry Blossom IX 36274- Bred and 
»ned by A. J. Lovejoy & Son, Roscoe, 111. Winner of«first 
ize and sweepstakes at the Illinois. Minnesota and «ahsas 
ate fairs and also of other important prizes. „ _ _ ", 
Poland-China Soa;— Rose Glen 30666, S. P. C. Record. 
Bred by J. A. Shellenberger, Bedison, Mo. Owned subse- 
quently by W. T. Garrett, jSfaryville. Mo. o 1 c» 
Victoria Sow— Beauty. Owned by George Stark, St. 

Louis, Mb. ' _ . .», T> J J 

Duroc-Jersey Sow— Oar Choi« No. 1S774-, Bred jnd 
owned by C. H. Searle, Edgar. Neb. Winner of first prize 
at the Minnesota state fair, 1899- • Sht was also m the herd 
that won three first prizes at the Trans-Mississippi exposition 
held at Omaha, Neb.. 1898. « ^ . j u 

Cheshire Sow— Daisy 2d No. 143- Bred and owned by 
E. W.* Davis. Oneida, N. Y. Winner of first prize at t^e New 
York state fair and also at other important fairs. 



.-*• 

'■•v 



.*! 



:M 



tt 



••■n 



M 




* 4tr 



% 



^.^.y ..-4- 



O 



i 



368 



THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



. ^"i?*'* ■^2«^Whu« Rose No. 68% Bred and owned by 
A. C. Green & Son. Winchester, Ind. WInntr of first priie 
,and sweepstakes at the Indiana state fair in 1898-99, and of 
first prize at several other state fairs during both years. 

Essex Stftt^-Royal Best No. 3508. Bred and owned by 
A. C. Green & Son. Winchester, Ind. Winner of first prize 
and sweepstakes at the Induna state lair in 1899 and Mfirst 
prize at several other state fairs. 

Small Yorkshire Sow— Chenmzo'n Choice aoAi. Bred 
V^J'^'Hf ^^ ^■?, ^*'*";J' Espyville. Pa. Win1i?r of first 
^rJt *!?« ?^'^|P'♦»^" »t the New Yorfci and Pennsylvania 
h^A lV?u * '*'^' .j'^.*»'?*> *='*2« »•"* *"» ^n the winning 
I^Sr»t **"^ '*"■ ''*'** ** Madison Square Garden, New York 
city, the same year. 






/ 



/• 



■MH|MMI^ 



REEOS. 

^ Bred aad owned 1^ 
1 \Winner of first prite 
I tnh in 1898-99, and of 
during both years. 
36. Bred and owned by 
L Winner of first prize 
fair in 1899 and iimfirst 

o'a Choice 11041. Bred, 
He, Pa. Winner of. firai 
Yor\s, and Pennsylvania 
and was in the winning 
uare Garden, New Yorit 



INDEX 



rAOm 

AtoOTdeen-il&WjwJsatae. ...... •«-« 

' ^ SmmUiic charactertstlOB M 

i|S»'r!!^'::::::::::;x«^ 

"ignition of tf »J» n«»"tf,?!?I 
monly appUed to animal ^ 

aeflnltlon' of' Verms ">e"* fre- 
quently appUed to animal 
form • .^....«» 

dtflnltjon ?',t«™lJ;S,\f*lS5 
to animal form which arj 
liable to be misunderstood 
because of their indefinite- - 

^••E^iiSM^Jig 

cattle S 

sheep SS 

Ayrshire cattle. l<a-J» 

oriKln and htetory....^ m 

leaSltns char»eterlsUC8........1W 

aunaa.rd PolnU.-..- H^ 

Beef breeds of cattle... j^8^ 

Berkshire serine ""-Ill 

origin and hUtory.....-..- 
leadlnc characteristics.., 

standard points. • • • • -,« Sg 

Brown BwlftB cattle «1-1K 

ori|dn and hlsto^. ...^- • -^ • • • • Jg 

leaStnc eharacteristlos ;..ira 

standard points ••»« 

Cattle ■•"••lis 

beef br*eds i »« 

dasslflcation • il']-^ 

dairy breeds. ..^....... ;•.•»•}*« 

duat-purpooe breeds...... .l«-i« 

i' IndlcaUons of correct form 
V comnto* to the beef 

/'■ breeds ..........M-B 

* indications of correct form 
?,.. and function common to 
;■ the dairy hreeds^....."J8-M 
Jf indications of wrrect fom 
>■'' and function In the dual- 



purpose breeds »-» 

origin of the British breeds. ..4-* 
origin of the domesticated 
races ..-. iii'ldl 

Cheshire swine .....I»-MJ» 

ortstn and history.... m 

iMdlng characteristics W 

sUndard points.. •••in-SS 

Chester White swine *^S 

origin and history.... «T 

leading char»otertotlos IM 

standard points. ili-sI 

Cheviot sheep. ""^'S 

origin and history.... M 

leading cha«i6tert»Ucs..5^....^« 
standard potnu..., :i;-2» 

CotsWbldMeep.... "^'K 

origin and history tn 

leading characteristics., in 

sUndard points. tit 



sUndard points. -.«• 

Dairy breeds i^lsi 

Delaine Merino she^o MI-IOT 

origin and history.... JM 

leading characterisUcs... MJ 

Standard points. ::;H: 

Devon cattle ^•'"l^ 

origin and history.... IM 

leadlnfi^ Characteristics -..}£ 

standax<l points vzirSi 

Dorset hom^rtieep 117-1" 

origin and history... 
leading characteristics j, 
prtndp^ points 

Dual-purpose breeds.. 

Duroc-Jersey swine... 
origin and hUtory...... 

leading characteristics, 
standard points. 

Dutch B«lted catUe... ... ...«8-lJ0 

origin and history..... » 

leading characterisUcs.. j,. IJ 

standard points * «• 

Essex swine, Improved 848-MB 

origin and history....^ va 

leading characterisUcs »« 

standard points....' ......we 

French Canadian cattle ^*»-Jg 

origin and hlstonr....^.. ig 

leading characterisUcs... ij» 

standard points..... w..4« 




24 



369 




.^ 



V 



I 



Y 



/ 



<. 



I 



-^ 



370 



IMDXX. 



9Aam 

QAiloway eattl*..... W-n 

oiictn and history «•....« 

' laadinc oharact^rlatlai, n 

■Undard potnta t :"-'™ 

Quarnaay oatthi 1M4n 

orlstn and history Ill 

loading eharaeit«rUtt«a 118 

•tand«rd pointa......'. "i'M! 

Hampablr* Down ahaap.^ • •MI'M 
ortein and history.... >....., ^..ta 

leading charaotaHatloa IM 

, standard pirfnta. -KT 

Uarefbrd cattla....; ..17-48 

oriffin and history..... *l 

<. laadlnc charaotaristkss 48 

principal- pointa ^.44 

BS»!steln-7rlaatan (mttia itH^ 

orioln and history 8S 

-I«adlnir ebaraotaristlos 80 

- standard'Mpolnta...., -i^^Ji 

IniprtJvaw TBssax s^Wlna. .... .MB B48 

oriain and history.. 843 

laadinc charaetarlatics.. ...... 846 

standard botnta. 84$ 

Impronrad Xarc* Torkshlre 

awlne Me-aW 

orisin and history 896 

laadlngt oliarikotertstles........887 

standard pointa.... ^ vn*** 

• bnprovad ■uffolk awlna 189-841 

orlidtt and talatocy 880 

laaSinr oharaetertstlcs 840 

pilnelpal potnta 841 

Jersey oattle; 1]8<181 

origin and history US 

la^ng e)iaract«rtattai 187 

stasdavd points. <^...1S0 

Kerry cattle W-144 

i;»rigln and history 188 

leading charaotertstlos... ...... 141 

principal points. ..........m... .141 

Leicester sheep....'. Wl4ti 

origin and history 

leading' charaoterlstlos 
principal points. 

l<fneolB' sheep..... 

origin and history.......... .....M 

leading chamoteristliqs MB 

standard points.. ...^. MT 

Ue^o, AnaHcati^.... ..189-180 

origin and history 188 

leading charaoteristles 188 

prtn«lpal points... 188 

ICerino IMalne, lH-ltT 

origin and history.. Ul 

leading eliaraeteristles 194 

standard p<mita. ..198 

Oxford Down aheap >^9 

origin And history. W 

leading 'ctaaractM4atl«s lEI 

standard polntib 






Poland-China jn*taa.'...i. ttMIO 

origin and hiatory ,....m 

leading eharaoteriatles...>....nK 
aUndard points.... iU'SS 

P4IMI mrham oattia i.Mi-MB 

origin and hfeitory ..,.;146 

leading otiaraeUristlos. . .V . . . .147 
pstndpal points;... ..J .1.148 

Rambofiiliet sheep a8l-8l>4 

ddidn and history ....W 

wEdlng characterlatlea lOi 

prlnolpal potnta. ns^ 

Hid PoIloaTue M»4m' 

orMn and hiatory.... W 

lea^ng charaet«risttea.......«U<r 

standard |t<dnta ttS 

Sheep.. ITWTR 

fine woolad breeds ., .1»404 

Improvement and'olaastlRoa- 

tton ..vrt'in 

jn6«duotlon into Am«t- 

toa ..; ^..IW-IW 

leading essentials aa to torm 

and wool m-ltt 

lonf woolad liraeds .'...IIT-3IS' 

medium wooled breeds.. ..188-K6 

Shorthorn cattle 18-16 

orwln and Ustory 13 

.distrtbntlon in other «ava- 

trfes .....;..M 

leading oharaoterlatlas .11 

prinelpal pointa 14 

Snropst^ staaap .....W-flU 

origin and hiatory HE 

leaiding ohara4>teristloa ...W 

standard points JB8 

Small Yorkahlra awlne t49-K4 

origin and hiatory. , JMB 

iMMfrig eharactertsttea IBl 

standard points... .....M 

Southdown alMMA MC-ttO 

origin and hlatiai7 M 

leading otmraoteilsttoa M 

s t a nd ar d points. 108 

Suffolk Down ahaep. 817-Ml 

ori|ln and history .W 

lenltng ehankctert8tIoa........llB 

standard points ."....Ml 

Suffolk swine. Improved. . . . .nO-Ml 
origin n|d hiatory .... .V ...... .no 

, laadliig 9liaraet»ristios MO 

standard paints. ..„j......Ml 

SueaDX eattla .-Tt-TT 

origin and Mstory 71 

IMiong otiaracteria^ia 74 

prllMpal points 7S 

Swine n8-«4 

improvement «tod claasillM- 

tkm .. 
leadmc 

form , i^i^ 

mtdtum taraads ..^......M'r-IlT 



^u 


E- 


{ 


4: 


p 


1 

V 








\ 



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rf3'w^m ' nm 



BWilll **■ 



a-Chtna »ilta».\.X UMK 

In and hfatorr- f 

Ini oharaot«rtetlOi •«(> 

diurd polnta .;..«6 

I mrlMm c»tU« k.Mi-M9 

hfi and hfilory ,.,.;i46 

inir <)twra«t«rtatlM...H....U7 

cipal points;.....^ ill-!* 

wtUUt nhtv- • ^m-to* 

tn and hlatory -■••W 

in|C oh*ract«rtoUM..*r>-'-sl 

oipal «olnta. ......'..»JtS 

►oHoaUla »la« 

In and hiatonr IM 

In* cbaraeUrtatUw.. 4w 

idard iMnta. «nI«S 

woolad bf«ada..!!!<.'fUMIM 
rovemant and'olaaatiloa- 

>n ITT-m 

adueUon Into Amar- 

k ..; ^.vn-in 

In* oaaantlala aa to torm 

d wool W-IM 

: woolad bra«da......*...MV-375' 

Juin wooled br«ads....M-Wi 

horn eattia tMI 

In and Uatorjr ...IS 

rlbutlon In otbar oovm* 

tm ioM 

Ins cbaraoteriatlo«........>U 

olpal polnta. M 

•Mra abaap... .r...W-W 

In and lUatonr tm 

Inc obarftotaHatlca ...W 

tdard polnta Jtt 

Torkahira awlna MMM 

In aod biatory. JM 

itng ahanustartattea In 

Idard polnta. .....M 

idown abem Mt-UO 

In and blaMrjr IM 

line obaraotariatloa MS 

tdai4 polnta. M 

Ik Doira abaap... II7-MI 

In an4 btatorjr .W 

ltn« obankatatlBtl<w........W 

Idard polnta ."....ail 

Ik swine, 1inproTa^..vnB4a 
In and biatory..... V.. ,».... M 

Unt «b«rae(krlati<M tm 

Idard polnta. .i......Mi 

X eattla , .'TI-TT 

In and btatery It 

ItoK oharafitaHstles n 

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» m-m 

rairement 4hd claaalfloa- , 

m l§»-iai 

llnf eaanntlsls •■ Jb»^ 

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prlttolnU polnta. iii'Si 

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standard points. -: j- 

Waat Highland «attto..,...M>--7*-M 

toaSnc ol^^rMtarlaiUcw!'..! 7* 

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TSrkshfijr swt*. tap^tovad 

Tnd hlatory. 






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Ckreenlunise Coattrncaon^ 



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By Prof. 1* R. Taf t. A complete treatlM <m fTMiihouse 
■tructurea and arrangementB of the varloiM forma and 
atylea of ptant houacB for profewrtonal flortata a» well 
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GreenlMmM Hanaeement 



Biilto and Tii1)enNi»-Rooted Maats. 



By l* R. Taft, This book forms an almost Indlspensa* 
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It the author gives the results of his many ye«f"' «I«4 
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un^et glass. So minute and practical are the varloui 
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■'■'■■■. I 
By C. I^. Allen. A complete treatise on thfe hlstorJi; 
description, methods of propagation and fiUl dlrectton* 
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<nie author of this book has for many years made bul% 
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cultuna directions are plahily stated, i^ractieal and to 
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bTieatleii Farminr. 

By XiUte Wilcox. A handbook for the practical apvM , 
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teclal chapters are devoted 
wing of one kind of planta 
Ion Of hotbedB and framea 
in. Over one hundred eXcel- 
Dgraved for thla worlc, make 
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le book. Cloth. 12mo. $1.50 



(orma an almoat Indiapenaa- 
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\A practical are the varloua 
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Maats. I 

ete treatise on Ab titatbm 
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• for many years made bulb 
■ a recogntaed authority on 
agement. The illustrations 
ave been drawn from nature, 
ipeciaily p>T 0hi book. The. 
nly stated, i^ractieal and to 
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M)k for the practical i^tpUca^ 
iction of crops. A. complete 
lanal conatructlon. reaervolrp 
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W the commoner problema of ^rA^^^ne. Ji^ery ja^- 
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jliaects and Insecticides. 

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how he grows mushrooms., and how they are p«wn tor 
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Handbook of Plants and General Horttenltnre. 

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concise InstHictions for their propagation- and culture, 
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technical terma. Plain instructions are aiao jpvwi for 
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HMTftsUat, Mtfkdiac «a4 



QHs^r* Iti Citttratloe, 
■'' lurkttyalie. 

By ifkoriea 6. J^mbui. with a rtwi* •ccount of lt« hl«tory 
Sf* hSitoT It^Sooww* to » praotloai w«y how to 

^|!nSu«tloii. plantiiw and m^^tatenjuwo ot th« bwta. 4rti. 

kSan* for loiproTenwnt, PwP^JjttoSjo' f^i^'J^t^t 
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?St"ii. we "and proftSely iHuitratod. «»« "Jw-W be 
to the handi of aU who expect to "^ J*^J^^ 
■apply the export trade, and to add a new "« P"^****? 
tolnStry to their farm. and«arden* without toterferta* 
with the regular work. Umo. . . • , • • • •"" 

A handbook for fanmM on the prtocl^ ""f * "'Sf*!^ 
^ dralrt^. by ManJy Wle* «lTto« the wf«Jt»J<,^ 
^t»>^^rtenoe to laylnc tOe drataa Th« a*'*?**®"; 

tartb» iMfint out and the <»i»*»««!^l»' »"• *3lS? 
^ mahfe Vtm fanner to avoid the errora of imperfect 

i^ follow. Thle manual for vntta<Mtwmm»jwai 
atehe found eonvenlent for refwmcee to resafd to many 
' onea^aa that may artoe to crop «rowln», a^ frOTa. 
2SMS^«bJecU of drainage of which tt treat* Cagjj. 
Umo. ,.,..♦*• 

leMsnai^ fnctkil pvriciatare. 

By Feter Henderaoa. A guide to the rawajwifiil WNWI»- 
SJn and Sltivatlon of llortata' plantok The woik to not 
SSe.^flortot. and gaMenera o»ay*JJ»*5j."»»*?S!2 
wwata are conetently kept In mind, gnd we hare a ▼ery 
c^BSetTtreattoe on the oolUvatlon of flowera under 
gtoaa. m In the open air, suited to thimwlw grow nowera 
STpieanire aa wH aa thoae who mi*e them a matter 
of. teadi. Beautifully Ulnatrated. New and enlaced 
fldltfam. Cloth, Itoo. . . . • • • • '*••'' 

MhiGot Lett 

By J. B. KOlehrew *»« »«*«l,«:r**- ?*«2S!SS 
ud Cute. Marterttag and "ttrntfaotimj. A V^^^to^ 
handhook on the moit MiproVed methoda Ip vrowing, 
SSrvS^, onmw; packing, and aanteg tobacco, wt^ an 
iSSSnt^ ttewoCTtlona to eirery d«»artment <>£tohacoo 
iSSwtnre. The contenta of thto book are baaed on 
^mn experlmenw m fleld, curing barh. !>«»"»« *«"a 
Srt^ and laboratory. It to the only work of tte WUd 
toaStimS. and to dittoed to be^the rt^f-rtlpSS^ 
ixA actontlilc authority on the whoto aubject o« to*"** 
tot many yeara. tJpwarda of MO pagea and MO o^^lcto^ 
■Bgrwrtoga. • • •*''"' 




E8. 



tiBg^ Mtfkdiac «bA 



!t •ceonnt of its history 
praotloal way how to 
ilU oBtamte and location, 
nanca of tha beda, 4rU- 
ntoa, aelectlon for mar- 
•atlon for aale, and the 
hia booklet la oonoiaely 
Itrated, and should be 
, to trerw thto dru« to 
dd a new and profitable 
•na, wtUiout Interferlns 



pHaotptea and WPftlee 
iTinv tta* reaolta of hia 
I dralna. The dlrecUona 
atmctloa of tile dralna 
the errmv of imperfect 
tment that nMiat necM- 
praetleal fannera wUI 
rcncea In regard to many 
op srowlnc, Mlde from, 
if which It trwta. Cloth. 
. . . . . UM 



I the sai^ewtful propaga- 
^anta. Tbo work la not 
only, hot the amatenr'a 
ind, and we have a very 
ration of flowera under 
9 thofie who grow flowera 
ho oiake them a matter 
ed. New and enlaned 



m Hyriek. itM Cvatan 
nufaietiira. ▲ pr«ottoal 
ed methoda Iq growing, 
1 ■dllttg tobacco, with an 
ry department of tobacco 
thla book are baaed on 
Inv barn, paoklng honae, 
le only work at the kind 
be the atandard pmettcal 
whole aublect vt tobacco 
90 pages and IW oMglnal 
• • •, • • ei«w 



I 1 11 n .1.11 ' i 1 1 1 1 m " 1 1 1 I u Wf i i g UH * m ' ii ' i\i m "H> •' , , ' ,"" ?■ ", ' ■ : ' ." ■ v ' i ' 



WtAXDAMSt BOOSI. 

Play aoA Pw« to My G«rt«- " 

By B. p. Boe. The author takea ua to his JfM^^oj 
S rwto hUlBldes In the vicinity of West Point, and 
SowMU how out of It. after four years' experienoe. he 
"Sad a profit of W.©* and this while carrying on paj- 
toSllnd liurary labor. It la very rarely that so mujA 
^«ry taate and sWU are mated to m much agrtoultural 
SJperience and good sense. Cloth, Umo. . . •!•«• 



Foreit PUmtiiic- 



". .':'-T't^>:=V^''-' 



By H. Nloholaa Jarchow, IX. D. A ta«atlse «»**•«*" 
ofiroodlands and the restoraUon of the denuded tlmber- 
SbdSOTr^lna and mounUlns. The author haa fuUy 
deserlbed those Buropean methods which »»^ P|;?^*« 
" to be most useful In maintaining the auperb tormtt^V^ 
tM world. Thla experience haa been adapted to the a«- 
SSent oUmaW »nd treea of America, full Inatructlong - 
•'■■ being given iw foreat planting of our various kinds oTi 
aoIT SAd subsoU. whether on mountain or ▼•"«».'' 
nitlstrated, Iteio. ......••• eM* 

SoOt aatf Crops of Uie Fami. 

By QSmve B. IConow. M. A.. aB(d Tbomaa F. Hunt. The 
mu^aSm c< making avaUabie the plant food »n «« ■<»»J 
are deacrlbed In pc(pular language. A abort history of . 
each of the farm crops Is accompanied by a discussion 
of Its- culture. The useful discoveries of science are 
•l^cOalned aa applied In the moat approved methods cMC 
ddture. niuatrated. doth. Umo. .... wl.W 

Amerloii Pratt cmtnrist 

By >oha J. Thomas. Contatailng practical directions fOT 
the propagation and culture of aU the frulta adapted to 
the United SUtes. Twentieth thoroughly reiflsed and 
greatly enlaived edition by Wm. H. a Wood. This new 
edition nuikes the worit practically almost a n«w book, 
containing everything pertaining to large and small 
fruttn aa well ai sub-tropical and tropical frulta Wenly 
Ulustrated by nearly 800 engravings. 76S pp.. Iftno. IM* 

VerVBtatfu ^ 

Br Bdward B. Vow4iees, dlreetor of «ie New Jersey Agri- 
(^tnral Bzseriment Station. It has been the aim of 
flw author t» pelot out the oaderiylng prlndplea and to 
dlsMiss the Impttftaat M)>ieet8 connected with the use 
ot ftrtaiser materials. The natural fertility of the soil, 
the functions of manures and fertilisers, and the need 
<a artWdal fertilisers are e^lsMistively discussed. Bepa- 
rata ohap<:^ra are devoted tSa the variooa fertiUslnir ele- 
ments, tc- the purchase, chemical antfyses, methoda of 
using tertUlMrs. and the best fertUIaers for each of the 
most Important tMA, ffutden and orchard cr<«a. ^^„ 
SH pp. • •• • • .ei.se 




'.f 



ttiJtDASD BOOXi^ 



>> Gardodac for Prellt 

B7 P*ter Hend«rw>n. Th« atandwrd'work on niftrket and 
: ( tamlly sardenlmr. The auofieMful ezpflrtence of the author 

for more than thirty yean, and hta wtlllnKtieaa to tell, 
aa he doem in thia work, the aecret of hia.aucoaife for 
' the benefit of othera, enablea htm to gtve moat Yaluable 
Information. The book la itrofusely iUuatrated. Oloth, 
IJnio. ' '• > • ' • • '4 ' • ' t • • ' 91<B0 

Herberts Hints t» Hone Keepers. 

By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Toreater). 
' Thla la one of the beat and moat popi)lar worka on the 
horae prei>ared In thia country. A complete manual for 
boraeuMn, embraoins: How to breed a horae; how to buy 
a horse; hpiiwto break a horae; huw to uae a horae; how 
to feed a horae: bow to phyato a horae (allopathy or ho- 
moeopathy); bow to groom a horae; hbw to dHve a horae; 
how to ride a horae, etc BeauttfoUy illnatrated. Cloth, 
12mo. .....«>./ 91M 



r 



4 



Bsrn Plan «ii4 Ontbnildiacs. 

Two hundred and flfty-a^ven llluatraUdaa. A moat val^i 
uable work, full of ideaa, talnta, auggeatl^na, plana, etc, 
for the cbnatructlon of bama and eutbulKUBsa, by prac- 
tical wrltera. Chaotera are - devoted to the economic 
erection and uae of bama, train oami, houae bama, 
cattle bama, aheep bamal com bouaea, amoke houaes, 
tee houaea, piir pena, arranarlea. etc There are llkewtae 
chaptera oh' bird heuaear doc houaea, tool aheda, ventila- 
tora, roofa and roofing, doora and faatenlnga.' workahopa, 
poultry houaea, manure aheda, bcuuyarda, root pita, etc. 
Cloth, Unio. . . . . . ... . <-$LM 

Cranberry Cnltvre. 

By Joaeph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history 
of ctUtlvaUon, choice of location, prepuing the ground, 
planting the vines, management of meadows, flooding, 
enemies and dllBcuItiea overcome. oleUnr. keeping, pro- 
. fit and loss, aotb, ISmo. .... . . ILOO 

Omamentel Gardenlnf for AmedMns* 

vBy Bllas A. Irfjng. landscape arc^iltiact. A treatiae on 
l>eautuylng bomea, rural distrlets and cemeteries. A* 
plain aiid pratetlcal work wtth..namerous illustrations and 
Instructions so plain that they may be readily foHowed. 
lUustrated. Cloth. l2mo. . ... . . I1.B0 

Ompt Cnttorlst 

• By A. 8. Puller. Thla la one of the very beat of works 
on the otdture of the hardy grapes, with full directions 
for all departments of propagation, culiun^ etc, with 
160 excellent engravings, innstniting pluitlBg. training, 
gtaf tiag,- etc.' Cloth, Umo. .' .' . .' • ' * liM 



li ii i iti i ' i Hi iii i iWtn if i i i w l 



.,1 tiiiiilriMMiiiiif 



£ 




XML 



dard work on MtrkM and 
II experience of the author 
Id bia wilUnffneaa to tell, 
■eoret of bia.BUoo«^ for 
lim to sive iDOBt valuable 
fuaelr llluatrated. Olotta, 
■4 ■■ . ■ i . . IL60 

tU, '■' 

erbert (Frank Forester), 
oat popiflar worka on the 
. A complete manual for*' 
t>reed a borae; how to buy 
huw to uae a horse; how 
El horse (allopathy or ho*. 
trie; bow to diive a horse;.- 
ittfully llluatrated. Clotbr 
4 • . .' tl.iO 



liustratldiw. : A moat val<^ 
I, sunrestl^ns, plans, etc., 
md eutbuildiBirs. by prac- 
levoted to the economic 
nUo tMrni, house bama, 
m bouses, smoke booses, 
\, etc. There are likewise 
ouses, tool sheds, venttla- 
nd fast«nln«s,' workshops, 
barnyards, root pita, etc 
. . . -ILOO 



: ITatnral history, history, 
m. preparing the ground. , 
tnt of meadows, flooding, 
me. otoklur, keeping, pro- 
. . \^ . . n-fltt 

dap. 

arcpltact. A treaflM on 
rlcts and cemeterlea. A' 
lumerooa illustrations and 

may be readily followed. 

. . . . . 11.60 



of the very best of wwrlM 
rapea, with full directions 
latloli, culture, etc., with 
trating planting, training, 
.■ . . . . tl.M 







KTAKDABD BOOKS.' 



Tnrkejs and How to Grow Thea. < 

Bdltcd by Herbert Myrlck. A treatise on the natural hla< 
tory and origin of the name of turkeys; the various 
• breeds, the best methods to insure success In the business 
of turkey growing. With essays from practical turkey . 
' growers In different parte of the ynlted BUtea and Can- 
ada. Copiously illustrated. Cloth, Umo. . . |LM 

fnifltsr Ponitry. 

Usetuf and ornamental breeds and their profltable man- 
agement. This excellent work contains the combined 
experience of a number, of practical men In all depart- 
. ments of poultry ralalng. It la profuaely Illustrated and 
forma a unique and Important addition .to our poultry 
- " literature. Cloth, Umo. . . . . . • 9LW 

Bow Crops Grow. 

P By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson of Tale College. New and 
revised edition- A treatise on the chen^lcal composition. 
Structure and life of the plant. Thla book la a guide to 
the knowledge of agricultural planta, their composition, 
their structure and modes of development and growth; 
of the complex organisation or planU. and the use of 
the parte; the germination of seeds, and the fo^ of 
plants obtained both from the air and the soil. The 
book la indlapensable to all real students of agriculture. 
With numeroua illustrations and tables of analysis. Clptb, 
Itmo. •• • •*"W 

Colmni'8 Swiae Hustandrj. 

By F. D. Cobum. New, revised and enlarged ^Itlon. The 
breeding, rearing, and management of awtne^ and^the 
prevention and treatment of their diseases. It Is the full- 
est and freshest compendium relating to pwine •breeding 
yet offered. Cloth, 12n)0. f ^^ 



Stewart's Sliepherd's ■aiiiiaL 



By Henry Stewart. A valuable practical treatise on the 
9heep for American farmers and sheep growers. It Is 
so plain that a farmer or a farmer's son who has ,i»ovet 
kept a sheep, may learn from Its pagef how to manage 
a flock euccessfuUy, and yet so complete that, even the 
experieiraed shepherd may gather many suggestions from 
It. The results of personal experience, of some years 
with the characters of the various modem breeds of' 
aheep, and the sheep raising capabilities of many por- 
tkms of our extensive territory and that of Canada— and 
the. careful study of the diseaaes to which our sheep 
are chiefly subject, with those by whiota they may even- 
tually be afflicted throngli unforeseen aceldenta— as well 
as the methods of management called for. under our. 
cironmstances, are cartfully described. Illustrated. Caoth, 
umo. ... . . . . . * . **'W 



ii 



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Feeds «bA Peedtaf. 

^MTindKA on olant growth and aBtinai 'W*r'*~?L2??I 

I.hVm. and ifl tlw molt valuable contHbtttlon to ht« 
!?SJk^rit«?2tiii« In many >e*«- All the lateat and beat 

to? Uw wort totflapM«abla to •▼«rfy owner o« Mw -Igcfc 
•U pa«M. 8TO. Cloth, . •^*' 

Baiur.tuid Trapper. 

By Halaay Thraaher, an old and ««peirt«noad aiwtMMa. 

ptainaS; and foxea, d«or. bMU* otc^ftjll »«*» hia trap* 
Sa^by tollowliw h»a directlona. Cloth. Umo. I •• 

neiceCn^ , 

By Thwm t. Hllaa. How to b*'**!!' "S'^^SL^!! *£i 
A coiwlatc. practical treatise for '*•«<«• **|,7''*JSJ2? 
a;SS? prXcTahlppera. meat P»«**"^<» JSHS 
imd an iBtererted In Ice bouww. cold •*<»»«•"• ••"J?? 

reoloea for Iced dlahea and beveragea. too oooj •■ 

fl^strmted Uy cuta of the tooh •n«_"»«'"«SL."f5? ,S 

ho^ and sold storage buildings. HI PP,. lU., l^M^ 

~ aoth. • • *^ 

ptidleil Porertiy. , ,.,««^m«. 

«k— A.j>«» a vniier. A. treatise on the propagauoiif 
SL.fil'Si 5j-!SSn.^Uh^»J*P*«^^ 
^imd popiflar names o« all the «»»«»^2^'2^-^«2t 
SStS mates, and notes on a large number of 4he img 
valuable exotic species. . • .- • • • • ""^ 

I^ricBtlMi far tte Pttin, Girtea and Ordttrt. 

vanr fiittiii»t««. Cloth- >*»0' 

Nutct SwteiMr >M I'm K**<^ ^ ^^^^ 



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[ (or •Mdtntf soft ttiMk 
ot prmotlcal tM. uwrful 
aalnwi iintritioii, fMd- 
ev«ry dateH pwttladiiC 
thoraosb. fooar*t««iia 
ble contMbtttlon to lire 
All the latMt and b««t 
•ttoally |iH»oiit«d.-5»«- 
e^ owner (tf Hvo itM)^ 




i a«|»erl«nocd iportMaMii. 

|ntrspirtii> M» "»•*!'■ «*" 

etc. toU into hto Umwi 

IS. Clotli. Umo. • t M 



ir (armors, dalrym*!!, lo« 
t paokers/^ cold storsn^ 
B, cold storsc*. aod the 

way. iBdndlac msnr 
)«vera«««. t1»« book to 

and maclilBary wad in 
IS. different (orms o« *ee 

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Use ott the i^vpsnUon, 
MnrUittoni and Um botan- 
w lndl«eiious*tr«M <>( tta« 
arge number of 41»e awist 

lasdOrduurA. 

te <^ered to tbeee Antr- 
tmrs of the soil who, f«wn 
ppMetete the lossei^Wch 
htu'^it ortttcal pavtCNabk 

. . . „ fL» !« 

itct. 

mem and ohMTvattoa for 
rest io thelmnatenr ijar- 
norel (eatuie of the hoof 
utden «p««tto«» for e«)^ 

tars on l*'***Sg»«' SSSr 
Ion of ofow, «*• ^•*'Kfc 
MtaMss iMn be wpeobOly 

Mbhttna . . »»*« 



eCAVDiLBB B06XI. 



Hie Prolt GtrdcB. ^' 

Br F. Barrr. ▲ standard work on fmlt «Bd frott trees, 
the author havlnc had over thirty jreara* praotleal ezpe- 
rlenoe at the head of one of (hit largeet nursertee in 
thla oouBjtry. laTaloable to id! fmlt crowers. Ulostrated. 
Cloth, llmo. . ... tl^W 

Ike Hit cnmulit 

By Aiidreir 8. FnUer. A 4re«tlse on the propagation, 
piantiag and oulttratlon of nut-bearing trees and shrub<| 
adapted to the climate of thOk United States, with the 
soieatlflc and common names of the fruits known In 
ooauneree ai edible or oth«rwlae useful nnta Intended 
- to 1^ the fanner to Inerease his Income jKltlMi|t adding 
to Us exp^aaes w labor. Uao. Cloth. IL60 

>mfrtf»i Gripe Qirowlif a^ Wbie lltUiff^ . / 

S George Husmann of California. Ne# and enlarged 
tUm. With contrtbuttons from weU-knO|irn grapO grow- 
er*^ giving If Ide range of eiverlence. The' author of this 
book le a recognised authority on the aubleet. Cloth. 
Iftno. . . . . ILW 

l^mt^ bllirtoiis Insects of tlie Fsroi vA Gardei. 

By ttrs. Hary Treat. An orlgtnaYN|nve«tigator who hiM 
«dded much to our knowledge of boW plants and Insects, 
and those who ate lamlHnr with^3DiUrw|fi's worlu are 
aware that he give* her credit for important obaerva- 
tlon and diseoveriee. New and enlarged edition. With 
an Illustrated chiuiter on beneflotai -taseeta Fully illus- 
trated. Cloth, Itme. . .•, 7 . . . . n.60 

The Bees of Grett .Brttsfiw Americt wd. Otber Cmm- 



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New. enlarged and Mvised mlltlon. Their breeding, tnln- 
tng and man a g e m ent, in hMlth and disease: comprising 
an tile csMtttiat parts of'^tlie two standard worlm on 
dogs by "Stonehenge." It deeeribea the best game andi* 
fauatla* grounds In America. Contslas over igoie hundred ' 
beantttat engravings, embraclhg most noted dogs In both 
continents, malclng. together with chapters by American 
writmsk the most complete dor book ever pulrilshed. 
doth. Umo. . . . . . . . . . ^80 

Serris et tte Ne. 

- By JoMph Harris. New edition. Bevised and inlarged 
obr tbe author. The points of the various Bngltsh and 
American breeds are thoroughly discussed, and the 
gvest adviA^ce of usingr thoroughbred males clearly 
shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer 
who keeps but few plgs^ and to tlie breeder on an exten- 
Stae scale. »!i!»tf|>^ Cl9tt», l««no. . . . ILOO 





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(•rtUWnc graWnf. »nd "4*1 «■,.«» of withering and 

Tfce secrete of Health, or How Not to Be Sick, n4 
How to Get WeU from SKAness. I ^ ^^^ 

By 0. H. Piatt ^^>J:Jf-^Urt{re* N^tUi»%2S«? 
- neoMcut »<>>•«"«-- .1.7 h^rory member of the Nation- 

the 9MV^*^^^M^J!^'I^MlttM' for the common, 
all whcol. of heading ™»J^»'Xe without humbut.^ 

rre pp.. wMaturtrationfc rtJioth. .' • • • ♦*•■• 
Ci«rdail]ie tor ^•"* ttil Old. - ' ^ _^ - _';;i 

nrifltoble form ot Mf^''""^'*- ..^J^^n the author'* 

ket «*'««»•''* ^ rflJS«. muatrated. Clot4iiB«2l 
experience tor • t«™» o* y«*™- *"•"■• ^a™— .,.— 



Tlie PraBbiir B«ok. 




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UtUae. on thla f^^f * '"Jf^US of S operation ^ 
Sur pains *? •Si2i«« ^-^ to S^en on the pnintor J* 

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Iculturirt. Te«»hli«» how 
Id with the bwit rMulUK 
>f th* •oil. the be«t meth- 
varletle* to Btlect unfler 
o4M of plantln«. prpnlnit, 
n« the jround betore tn« 
flUlly. of gathering and 
I, Cloth, Umo. •IW 

(r Not to Be SU*, «« 
kness. 

late member of the Oim»|- 
Bty. the National H}cle<\tl«? 
„y member of the Nation, 
merloa: our ">•«»«** JI^'J*? 
r Doct«<' and "?«f H**14J 
ProhiaeV UluatrateA An 
vr topic may be Inatanuy 
tti medical knowledge for 
I secrets and practloeB ot 
available for the common^ 

K nature without humbug, 
nee without fraud. Iftma 

th. . ' . • • •*** 

tended to Intereat «•""«*'' 
li means a better and more 
The teaching* are glveaa 
ran known In the •nthoi'i 
•arm.""- lUuitratad, Clot^ 



glvea In a plalp. vnetle^ 
lOnot although cloaely con- 1 
lu-the kitchen garden, mar-/ 
I from auoceiaful prafl^loal, 
a. niuatrated. Clot 



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1 flrat American wo 
It dlffera from mfc-. ----- 
tat the authortakes PM««S; 
Bclplea of each operaMon » 
"Tb given on the P^nto* ^ 
,nd ornamental tree*, '^ra^ 
ace to devoted to the vrarAWK 
both Amerloan and ««>"»'«»; 
made ao clear »«« P**'",^* 
by even the roereat heglnw* 
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